. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "2020-07-14"^^ . "L'Ontologie CWRC est l'ontologie du Collaboratoire scientifique des \u00E9crits du Canada."@fr . "The CWRC Ontology is the ontology of the Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory."@en . . . . . . . . "L'Ontologie CWRC"@fr . "The CWRC Ontology"@en . "cwrc" . "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#" . . . . "L'Ontologie CWRC est l'ontologie du Collaboratoire scientifique des \u00E9crits du Canada."@fr . "The CWRC Ontology is the ontology of the Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory."@en . "L'Ontologie CWRC"@fr . "The CWRC Ontology"@en . . "0.99.86" . "Testing"@en . "L'Ontologie CWRC est l'ontologie du Collaboratoire scientifique des \u00E9crits du Canada."@fr . "The CWRC Ontology is the ontology of the Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory."@en . . "L'Ontologie CWRC"@fr . "The CWRC Ontology"@en . . . "Abigel Lemak" . . . . "abusive name"@en . "nom abusif"@fr . . "A name constructed with the intent to abuse, satirize, or slander. For example, Constance Gore-Booth was known in the press by the nickname of \"Red Countess\" and this nickname had negative connotations."@en . "Un nom invent\u00E9 dans l'intention d'abuser, de tourner en satire ou de calomnier une personne. Par exemple, Constance Gore-Booth \u00E9tait connue dans la presse sous le surnom de \"Red Countess\" qui avait une connotation n\u00E9gative."@fr . . . "Deprecated with no current equivalence."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver sans \u00E9quivalence."@fr . . "actor"@en . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . "A person performing a certain role within an event."@en . . . . . "additional name"@en . "nom additionnel"@fr . . "An additional name, \"such as a nickname, epithet, or alias.\" This term is derived from the Text Encoding Initiative P5 schema for the addName element. See TEI element addName (additional name) ."@en . "Un nom suppl\u00E9mentaire, \"tel qu'un surnom, une \u00E9pith\u00E8te ou un alias\". Ce terme est d\u00E9riv\u00E9 du sch\u00E9ma Text Encoding Initiative P5 pour l'\u00E9l\u00E9ment addName. Voir l'\u00E9l\u00E9ment TEI addName TEI element addName (additional name) ."@fr . . . . "CWRC address is the equivalent of a schema.org Postal Address and uses the predicates from schema Postal Address."@en . . "address"@en . "adresse"@fr . . . "A mailing or street address."@en . "Une adresse postale ou de rue."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "adfeminam response"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates that a response to the author's work was predicated on their identification as a woman, and that it was driven by a pre-existing opinion of the author as distinct from the work, and of her as a woman rather than a writer, for example, if the circulation of a malign stereotype of a particular author is reflected in a critical response."@en . . . "Alliyya Mo" . . . . . "androgyne"@fr . "androgynous"@en . "\n Indicates gender ambiguity or indeterminacy, and the adoption or presentation of a blend of both masculine and feminine gender attributes and behaviour. The term is strongly associated with the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when it was redefined by Jungian theories and later by Jungian feminist psychologists (Elizabeth Wright, 1992). Androgyny may involve cross-dressing, or appropriation of external attributes usually assigned to the supposedly opposite sex or gender. It may be understood as gender indetermination, gender neutrality, or a fairly balanced mix of male and female attributes. The term also has political significance in some feminist circles. For example, androgyny is an important feature in Virginia Woolf's vision of writing and creative processes (Virginia Woolf, 1929).\n "@en . "\n Indique l'ambigu\u00EFt\u00E9 ou \u00E0 l'ind\u00E9termination du genre, avec l'adoption ou la pr\u00E9sentation d'une combinaison de diff\u00E9rents attributs et comportements associ\u00E9s aux genres f\u00E9minin et masculin. Le terme est fortement associ\u00E9 au 19e et au 20e si\u00E8cles, lorsqu'il est red\u00E9fini par C. G. Jung et plus tard par les f\u00E9ministes jungiennes (Elizabeth Wright, 1992). L'androgynie implique \u00E9ventuellement le travestissement, ou l'appropriation d'attributs externes traditionnellement associ\u00E9s au sexe oppos\u00E9. Elle peut \u00EAtre interpr\u00E9t\u00E9e comme un genre ind\u00E9termin\u00E9, neutre ou un m\u00E9lange plus ou moins \u00E9quilibr\u00E9 d'attributs f\u00E9minins et masculins. Le terme poss\u00E8de \u00E9galement une connotation politique dans certains cercles f\u00E9ministes. Par exemple, le th\u00E8me de l'androgynie est important pour Virginia Woolf dans sa conception des processus de cr\u00E9ation et d'\u00E9criture. (Virginia Woolf, 1929).\n "@fr . . . . . "authorial name"@en . "nom d'auteur\u00B7e"@fr . . "A name under which a writer wrote or published."@en . "Un nom sous lequel un\u00B7e auteur\u00B7e a \u00E9crit ou publi\u00E9."@fr . . . . ""@fr . "award"@en . . ""@fr . "\"An award is something given to a person, a group of people, like a sports team, or an organization in recognition of their excellence in a certain field. An award may be accompanied by a trophy, title, certificate, commemorative plaque, medal, badge, pin, or ribbon. The accompanying item may vary according to purpose.\" (DBpedia, 2019) "@en . . . . . ""@fr . "biographical event"@en . . "An event related to an biography context."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "biography context"@en . . ""@fr . "Biography Context is a major subclass of context. Annotations typed as Biography Context provide information about and discussions of a person's biography or personal history, through the use of biographical properties and relationships and through subclasses of Biographical Context such as birth context, cultural form context, or occupation context."@en . . . . . "birth context"@en . "naissance en contexte"@fr . . "A significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as birth context provide information about and discussions of a person's birth. See About: Birth."@en . "Classe de contexte importante. Les annotations entr\u00E9es en tant que contexte de naissance fournissent des informations sur la naissance d'une personne. Voir About: Birth "@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "birth event"@en . . . "An event related to an birth context."@en . . . . . "birth position"@en . "ordre de naissance"@fr . "Indicates the birth position of a foaf:person, that is, whether they are the eldest, youngest, or only child in their family. Birth position claims can be made in relation to biological, adopted, or step siblings, and there is not systematic handling of deceased siblings that might affect one's understanding of birth order."@en . "Indique l'ordre de naissance d'une foaf:person, qu'elle soit a\u00EEn\u00E9e, cadette ou enfant unique de sa famille. Les d\u00E9clarations sur l'odre de naissance peuvent \u00EAtre formul\u00E9es en lien avec les fr\u00E8res et soeurs biologiques, adoptif\u00B7ve\u00B7s ou par alliance, sans traitement syst\u00E9matique des fr\u00E8res et soeurs d\u00E9c\u00E9d\u00E9\u00B7e\u00B7s susceptibles de modifier l'ordre de naissance."@fr . . . . "birthname"@en . "nom de naissance"@fr . . . "Indicates the name a person was assigned at birth."@en . "Indique le nom assign\u00E9 \u00E0 la naissance."@fr . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "boarding school"@en . "internat"@fr . . . "\"A boarding school provides education for pupils who live on the premises, as opposed to a day school. The word \"boarding\u201D is used in the sense of \"room and board\" i.e., lodging and meals. As they have existed for many centuries, and now extend across many countries, their function and ethos varies greatly.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABUn internat est une branche d'un \u00E9tablissement scolaire (\u00E9cole, coll\u00E8ge, lyc\u00E9e, \u00E9cole d'enseignement sup\u00E9rieur...) qui offre la possibilit\u00E9 de loger et nourrir les \u00E9l\u00E8ves et les \u00E9tudiants. \u00C0 cette fin, un internat comprend g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement un dortoir ou des chambres, un r\u00E9fectoire et des salles d'\u00E9tudes, douche ou de divertissement.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "british women writers literary climate"@en . "climat litt\u00E9raire des femmes de lettres britanniques"@fr . . "An event associated with British women writers, including the creation, publication and reception of their works, as well as the material conditions and other aspects of their lives."@en . "Un \u00E9v\u00E9nement associ\u00E9 aux femmes de lettres britanniques, qui inclue la cr\u00E9ation, la publication et la r\u00E9ception de leurs \u0153uvres, ainsi que les conditions mat\u00E9rielles et autres aspects de leur vie."@fr . . . . "bourse"@fr . "bursary"@en . . "A bursary is a monetary award made by an institution to individuals or groups of people who cannot afford to pay full fees. In return for the bursary the individual is usually obligated to be employed at the institution for the duration as the bursary."@en . "Une bourse est une compensation mon\u00E9taire octroy\u00E9e par une institution \u00E0 des individus ou \u00E0 des groupes de personnes qui ne peuvent pas se permettre de payer l'int\u00E9gralit\u00E9 des frais d'inscription. En contrepartie de la bourse, le/la boursier\u00B7\u00E8re doit g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement \u00EAtre employ\u00E9\u00B7e par l'\u00E9tablissement pour toute la dur\u00E9e de la bourse."@fr . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to the Text Encoding Initiative's P5: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange."@en . . "certainty"@en . "probabilit\u00E9"@fr . . . "Indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of an assertion, description, identification, or value within a dataset. Equivalent to the \"teidata.certainty\" range of values of the Text Encoding Initiative."@en . "La probabilit\u00E9 d\u00E9crit la qualit\u00E9 d'une affirmation dans les donn\u00E9es."@fr . . . . . . . "change set"@en . "change set"@fr . "A change set represents changes or additions made to the ontology by ontology editors or through users where instances were affected. Change sets will also be used to translate and contain Orlando recordInfo instances."@en . "Un change set repr\u00E9sente l'ensemble des modifications ou des ajouts apport\u00E9s \u00E0 l'ontologie par les \u00E9diteur\u00B7ice\u00B7s de l'ontologie ou par les utilisateur\u00B7ice\u00B7s qui ayant affect\u00E9 des instances. Les change set seront \u00E9galement utilis\u00E9s pour traduire et contenir les instances recordInfo d'Orlando."@fr . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "co-ed school"@en . "\u00E9ducation mixte"@fr . . . "\"Mixed-sex education, also known as mixed-gender education, co-education or coeducation (abbreviated to co-ed or coed), is a system of education where males and females are educated together. Whereas single-sex education was more common up to the 19th century, mixed-sex education has since become standard in many cultures, particularly in Western countries. Single-sex education, however, remains prevalent in many Muslim countries. The relative merits of both systems have been the subject of debate.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLa mixit\u00E9 ou, dans son sens ancien, la co\u00E9ducation1 est l'instruction et l'\u00E9ducation en commun des gar\u00E7ons et des filles, dans des groupes mixtes.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . "Colin Faulkner" . . . . "competency question"@en . "question de comp\u00E9tence"@fr . "A question that can be asked of the ontology and will be used to specify the high level requirements of the CWRC Ontology allowing decisions about structure and components to be made."@en . "Une question qui peut \u00EAtre pos\u00E9e \u00E0 l\u2019ontologie et servira \u00E0 d\u00E9terminer les exigences ontologiques de haut niveau du CS\u00C9C, permettant ainsi de prendre des d\u00E9cisions sur sa structure et ses composantes."@fr . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "comprehensive school"@en . "\u00E9cole"@fr . . . . "\"A comprehensive school is a secondary school or middle school that is a state school and does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABApr\u00E8s l'\u00E9cole primaire, on a le choix entre deux types d'\u00E9tablissement : grammar school (lyc\u00E9e) et comprehensive state (lyc\u00E9e g\u00E9n\u00E9ral). Pour entrer dans une grammar school, il faut passer un examen nomm\u00E9 \"11+\". Les Grammar schools \u00E9tant pour les \u00E9tudiants les plus dou\u00E9s, et les places \u00E9tant limit\u00E9es, la grande majorit\u00E9 des enfants fr\u00E9quentent les state comprehensive.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . "Constance Crompton" . . . . . . "context"@en . "contexte"@fr . "La classe Contexte fournit le contexte discursif des assertions de l'ontologie. Lorsque les assertions sont g\u00E9n\u00E9r\u00E9es \u00E0 partir d'un texte source, le contexte fournit le texte ou un extrait de code provenant d'un texte plus long d'o\u00F9 ces assertations ont \u00E9t\u00E9 extraites."@fr . "The Context class provides the discursive context for assertions in the ontology. Where the assertions have been generated from a source text, Context provides the text, or the relevant snippet of a longer text, from which they have been extracted."@en . . . . . "certificat"@fr . "credential"@en . "Academic or educational qualification, such as a certificate or degree, awarded by an educational institution."@en . "Titre acad\u00E9mique ou scolaire, tel qu'un certificat ou un dipl\u00F4me, d\u00E9livr\u00E9 par un \u00E9tablissement d'enseignement."@fr . . . . "cryptic name"@en . "nom cryptique"@fr . . "A name deliberately obscured, as in an anagram. Cryptic names have lexical meaning such as \"The Scotch Milkmaid,\"\"A Housewife,\" or \"A Placid Reader.\" "@en . "Un nom qu'on a d\u00E9lib\u00E9r\u00E9ment chercher \u00E0 cacher, par un exemple dans un anagramme. Les noms cryptiques ont une signification lexicale, par exemple \"The Scotch Milkmaid\", \"A Housewife\" ou \"A Placid Reader\"."@fr . . . . . "cultural form"@en . "forme culturelle"@fr . "La classe de propri\u00E9t\u00E9s Forme Culturelle associe des concepts et des cat\u00E9gories sp\u00E9cifiques \u00E0 la formation identitaire r\u00E9alis\u00E9e au travers de processus culturels. De telles associations ont \u00E9t\u00E9 adopt\u00E9es par le sujet elle/lui-m\u00EAme ou attribu\u00E9es par d'autres. M\u00EAme si les formes culturelles ou les identit\u00E9s sociales s'articulent autour de notions commun\u00E9ment partag\u00E9es comme la caract\u00E9risation, les traditions, les croyances ou les origines, certains travaux r\u00E9cents ont ont montr\u00E9 que de telles cat\u00E9gories sont contingentes, provisoire et construites par des discours et des pratiques sociales complexes. Tel que Stuart Hall l'affirme, \"Il semble que la question de l'identit\u00E9 r\u00E9appara\u00EEt dans une tentative de remanier la relation entre sujets et pratiques discursives\" (\"Introduction\"). Voir la collection \u00E9dit\u00E9e par Stuart Hall et Paul du Goy, Questions of Cultural Identity ((Paul du Goy and Stuart Hall, 1996). Comme ils sont de nature discursive, les concepts et les cat\u00E9gories de Formes Culturelles se recoupent. Un m\u00EAme terme peut donc appara\u00EEtre sous diverses formes culturelles, refl\u00E9tant le changement de contextes discursifs dans lesquels il est employ\u00E9 et les diverses situations d'o\u00F9 il provient. Chaque Forme Culturelle est d'une part li\u00E9e aux autres formes culturelles ou cat\u00E9gories identitaires qui sont appliqu\u00E9es \u00E0 une personne ou \u00E0 d'autres individus, et est d'autre part toujours reli\u00E9e aux annotations de Formation Culturelle En Contexte, soutenant que les identit\u00E9s sociales sont toujours consid\u00E9r\u00E9es comme des constructions en progr\u00E8s."@fr . "The Cultural Form class of properties associates specific concepts and categories with the process of identity formation through cultural processes. Such associations may be or have been embraced by the subject herself or himself or attributed by others. Although cultural forms or social identities circulate around the notion of characteristics, traditions, beliefs, or origins that are shared with others, recent work has stressed the contingency, provisionality, and constructedness of such categories through both complex discourses and social practices. As argued by Stuart Hall, \"It seems to be in the attempt to rearticulate the relationship between subjects and discursive practices that the question of identity recurs\" (\"Introduction\"). See Stuart Hall and Paul du Goy's edited collection Questions of Cultural Identity (Paul du Goy and Stuart Hall, 1996). Given their highly discursive nature, the concepts and categories classed as cultural forms are understood to overlap with each other conceptually. The same word or label can therefore occur as multiple cultural forms, reflecting the shifting discursive contexts in which it has been used and the diverse situations from which it has emerged. Each specific Cultural Form is understood to interact not only with other cultural forms or identity categories applied to a person, and other instances of the form applied to other people, but also always with Cultural Formation Context annotations, which support the understanding that social identities are always constructions in progress."@en . . . . . "cultural form context"@en . "forme culturelle en contexte"@fr . . "Cultural Form Context is a significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as Cultural Form Context provide information about and discussions of a person's social identity or subjectivity through the use of cultural form properties, which when multiple often indicate intersectional identities."@en . "Formation Culturelle En Contexte est une sous-classe de contexte importante. Les annotations entr\u00E9es en tant Formation Culturelle En Contexte fournissent des renseignements et des discussions sur l'identit\u00E9 sociales ou la subjectivit\u00E9 d'une personne \u00E0 travers l'utilisation des propri\u00E9t\u00E9s Formes Culturelles, qui lorsqu'elles sont multiples indiquent souvent des identit\u00E9s intersectionnelles. "@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "cultural form event"@en . . "An event related to a cultural form context."@en . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of class cultural form."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de la classe forme culturelle."@fr . . "cultural formation"@en . "formation culturelle"@fr . . "deprecated"@en . ""@fr . "Cultural formation refers to the processes of lived social subjectivities of people and is often combined with predicates indicating the identity positions as they relate to the following discursive constructions of Class, Religion, Ethnicity, Gender, GeographicHeritage, LinguisticAbility, NationalHeritage, NationalIdentity, PoliticalAffiliation, RaceColour, and Sexuality. These categories are not understood as transhistorical or isolated categories. Rather, they facilitate analysis of how such situationally contingent, changing, and negotiated labels are assigned to or adopted by a particular individual. The tensions endemic to practices of classification demand critical engagement and inquiry into the situatedness of particular cultural identities."@en . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "dame school"@en . "dame school"@fr . . . "\"A dame school was an early form of a private elementary school in English-speaking countries. They were usually taught by women and were often located in the home of the teacher.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABOn d\u00E9signe sous le nom de Dame schools les premi\u00E8res \u00E9coles primaires priv\u00E9es dans les pays de langue anglaise. C'\u00E9taient d'ordinaire des femmes qui enseignaient \u00E0 leur propre domicile. Il y en avait de toutes sortes : certaines \u00E9taient de simples garderies tenues par des femmes analphab\u00E8tes, alors que d'autres donnaient aux \u00E9l\u00E8ves des bases solides. Les lacunes de ce syst\u00E8me furent mises en \u00E9vidence en 1838 par une \u00E9tude de la Statistical Society of London1. Cette \u00E9tude affirmait que la moiti\u00E9 des \u00E9l\u00E8ves des Dame school n'apprenaient que l'alphabet, une proportion n\u00E9gligeable pratiquant les math\u00E9matiques et la grammaire. Les Dame schools se firent plus rares en Grande-Bretagne apr\u00E8s que l'enseignement eut \u00E9t\u00E9 rendu obligatoire en 1880 : les \u00E9coles o\u00F9 les cours ne couvraient pas le programme fix\u00E9 par le gouvernement pouvaient \u00EAtre ferm\u00E9es. Dans la premi\u00E8re \u00E9cole d'Australie, qui \u00E9tait une Dame school cr\u00E9\u00E9e en 1789, c'est une d\u00E9tenue, Isabella Rossen, qui enseignait les bases aux enfants.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "day school"@en . "\u00E9cole externe"@fr . . . "\"A day school\u2014as opposed to a boarding school\u2014is an institution where children (or high-school age adolescents) are given educational instruction during the day, after which the students return to their homes. The term can also be used to emphasize the length of full-day programs as opposed to after-school programs, as in Jewish day school.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABUne \u00E9cole est un \u00E9tablissement o\u00F9 l'on accueille des individus appel\u00E9s \u00AB \u00E9coliers \u00BB ou \u00E9l\u00E8ves afin que des professeurs leur dispensent un enseignement de fa\u00E7on collective. Le mot \u00E9cole vient du latin schola, signifiant \u00AB loisir consacr\u00E9 \u00E0 l'\u00E9tude \u00BB, lui-m\u00EAme provenant du grec schole (\u00AB le loisir \u00BBnote 1), lequel constituait un id\u00E9al souvent exprim\u00E9 par les philosophes et une cat\u00E9gorie socialement valoris\u00E9e oppos\u00E9e \u00E0 la sph\u00E8re des t\u00E2ches productives.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "death context"@en . "d\u00E9c\u00E8s en contexte"@fr . . "A significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as death context provide information about and discussions of a person's death. See About: Death."@en . "Classe de contexte importante. Les annotations entr\u00E9es comme contexte de d\u00E9c\u00E8s fournissent des renseignements et des discussions sur le d\u00E9c\u00E8s de la personne. Voir About: Death "@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "death event"@en . . "An event related to an death context."@en . . . . "Deborah Stacey" . . . . . "decade significance"@en . "importance de d\u00E9cennie"@fr . . "Indicates a low level of significance appropriate to a detailed understanding of a decade."@en . "Indique un faible niveau d'importance pour la compr\u00E9hension d\u00E9taill\u00E9e d'une d\u00E9cennie."@fr . . . . "distinction"@en . "mention"@fr . . "An educational award indicating that a person has achieved honours or distinction in their studies."@en . "Un prix \u00E9ducatif indiquant qu'une personne a obtenu des honneurs ou une mention au cours de ses \u00E9tudes."@fr . . . . "contexte \u00E9ducatif domestique"@fr . "domestic education context"@en . . . "Context for education that takes place at home. For example, of a woman writer in the Victorian period taught by her brother or a governess."@en . "L'\u00E9ducation a lieu \u00E0 domicile. Par exemple, une auteure de la p\u00E9riode victorienne qui a re\u00E7u son instruction d'un fr\u00E8re ou d'une gouvernante."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "domestic education event"@en . . "An event related to an domestic education context."@en . . . . . "contexte \u00E9conomique"@fr . "economic context"@en . . . . . "A significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as Economic Context provide information about and discussions of a person's economic standing, including inheritance, property ownership, pensions, and personal financial disasters. See also the occupation context and cultural form context, particularly for social class context."@en . "Une sous-classe importante de contexte. Les annotations de contexte \u00E9conomique fournissent des informations et des discussions sur la situation \u00E9conomique d'une personne, y compris son h\u00E9ritage, son patrimoine immobilier, ses rentes ou ses d\u00E9sastres financiers personnels. Voir aussi le Contexte d'occupation et le forme culturelle en contexte, en particulier pour le contexte social."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "economic event"@en . . "An event related to an economic context."@en . . . . "contexte \u00E9ducatif"@fr . "education context"@en . . "Contexte \u00C9ducatif est une sous-classe de contexte important. Elle contient les sous-classes de contexte contexte \u00E9ducatif domestique, contexte \u00E9ducatif institutionnel et contexte \u00E9ducatif autodidacte. Les annotations entr\u00E9es en tant que Contexte \u00C9ducatif ou en tant que sous-classe fournissent des informations et des discussions sur l'\u00E9ducation d'une personne, qu'elle soit formelle ou informelle."@fr . "Education Context is a significant subclass of context. It has subclasses for domestic education context, institutional education context, and self taught education context. Annotations typed as Education Context or a subclass provide information about and discussions of a person's education, whether formal or informal."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "education event"@en . . "An event related to an education context."@en . . . . "educational award"@en . "r\u00E9compense scolaire"@fr . . ""@fr . "An award, financial, material, or immaterial, associated with a person's education at any level."@en . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "educational organization"@en . "\u00E9tablissement \u00E9ducatif"@fr . . . "An organization such as a school that provides education, usually although not always as its primary function. \"A school is an institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students (or \"pupils\") under the direction of teachers.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABUne \u00E9cole est un \u00E9tablissement o\u00F9 l'on accueille des individus appel\u00E9s \u00AB \u00E9coliers \u00BB afin que des professeurs leur dispensent un enseignement de fa\u00E7on collective.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . "educational prize"@en . "r\u00E9compense \u00E9ducative"@fr . . "A medal or award, monetary or otherwise, presented by either an institution or person of authority to an individual who has excelled in some aspect of their education."@en . "Une m\u00E9daille ou un prix, mon\u00E9taire ou autre, remis par une institution ou une personne d'autorit\u00E9 \u00E0 un individu ayant excell\u00E9 lors de son parcours scolaire."@fr . . . . "educational subject"@en . "sujet d'\u00E9tude"@fr . "A subject or field of study or practice. Educational subjects are typically designated by Library of Congress Subject Headings (http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects.html). However, given the omissions, biases, and US-centricity of this vocabulary, other terms or strings may be used."@en . "Une mati\u00E8re, un domaine d'\u00E9tude ou de comp\u00E9tence. Les sujets d'\u00E9tude sont g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement d\u00E9sign\u00E9s par les en-t\u00EAtes de sujet de la Biblioth\u00E8que du Congr\u00E8s (http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects.html). Cependant, \u00E9tant donn\u00E9 les omissions, les partis pris et la perspective majoritairement nord-am\u00E9ricaine de ce vocabulaire, d'autres termes ou d'autres cha\u00EEnes peuvent \u00EAtre utilis\u00E9s."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "educational text"@en . ""@fr . "A text, cultural work, or an author or artist's general oeuvre, that is significant to a person's informal or formal education."@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of foreign instance eng."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance eng."@fr . . "Anglais"@fr . "English"@en . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance English."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance Anglais."@fr . . "Anglais"@fr . "English"@en . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance ISO 3166-2:GB-ENG."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance ISO 3166-2:GB-ENG."@fr . . "Anglais"@fr . "English"@en . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . "essay award"@en . "prix (travaux acad\u00E9miques)"@fr . . "An award given in an educational context on the strength of the recipient's essay."@en . "Prix attribu\u00E9 en contexte acad\u00E9mique pour r\u00E9compenser une production acad\u00E9mique de qualit\u00E9."@fr . . . . . "ethnicity"@en . "ethnicit\u00E9"@fr . . "\n A subclass of Cultural Form for indicating a person's ethnicity, either as self-reported or as assigned by others, with accompanying context, where present, provided by race or ethnicity context annotations. Ethnicities are groups constructed on the conception of shared national, religious, geographical, racial, or cultural backgrounds or traditions, and particular ethnicities may be denigrated, lauded, or both, depending on the context. Ethnicities are shifting, historically constituted, and interestedly deployed categories whose use must be situated contextually and which are understood here finally as discursive or representational although they have real material impacts. As Angel Oquendo writes, \"Despite its long \u2018materialist' past in which it was taken to be synonymous with \u2018race,' the concept of ethnicity as used today does appear to focus on cultural rather than on physiognomic difference.\" (Angel R. Oquendo, \"Re-imagining the Latino/a Race\" in The Latino/a Condition: A Critical Reader edited by Richard Delgado, Jean Stefancic 1998. This ontology therefore does not attempt to lay out an exact, fully defined, or mutually exclusive set of ethnic categories: this is an impossibility given their shifting use and the overlap among them and with identity categories for race, geography, and nationality, as demonstrated by Noel Ignatieve in his book How the Irish Became White (Ignatieve, 1995). Those using this class and its instances are encouraged to consult associated race or ethnicity context annotations, if available.\n "@en . "\n Cette sous-classe de Forme Culturelle indique l'ethnicit\u00E9 d'une personne en parall\u00E8le avec le contexte fourni par les annotations de contexte ethnique ou racial lorsqu'il est pr\u00E9sent. Une sous-classe de Forme Culturelle, elle indique l'ethnicit\u00E9 d'une personne, que celle-ci soit autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e ou assign\u00E9e par d'autres. Les ethnies sont des groupes qui se fondent sur une le partage de traditions ou d'h\u00E9ritages nationaux, religieux, g\u00E9ographiques, raciaux ou culturels; en fonction du contexte, certaines ethnies particuli\u00E8res sont d\u00E9nigr\u00E9es, glorifi\u00E9es, ou les deux \u00E0 la fois. Les ethnicit\u00E9s changeantes, historiquement constitu\u00E9es, d\u00E9velopp\u00E9es de fa\u00E7on int\u00E9ress\u00E9e, et dont l'usage doit \u00EAtre resitu\u00E9 en contexte, sont enfin comprises ici comme discursives et repr\u00E9sentationnelles, m\u00EAme si leurs r\u00E9percussions mat\u00E9rielles sont bien r\u00E9elles. Angel Oquendo \u00E9crit que \u00ABEn d\u00E9pit de son long pass\u00E9 \u2018mat\u00E9rialiste' au cours duquel il \u00E9tait synonyme de \u2018race', le concept d'ethnicit\u00E9 tel qu'il est employ\u00E9 aujourd'hui semble \u00EAtre centr\u00E9 sur la culture plut\u00F4t que sur la diff\u00E9rence physionomique.\u00BB (Angel R. Oquendo, \u00ABRe-imagining the Latino/a Race\u00BB in The Latino/a Condition: A Critical Reader \u00E9dit\u00E9 par Richard Delgado, Jean Stefancic) Cette ontologie ne pr\u00E9tend donc pas offrir un ensemble de cat\u00E9gories ethniques exact, compl\u00E8tement d\u00E9fini, ou mutuellement exclusif; cela est impossible \u00E9tant donn\u00E9 leur utilisation en changement constant et leur chevauchement mutuel ou avec d'autres cat\u00E9gories identitaires utilis\u00E9es pour la race, la g\u00E9ographie ou la nationalit\u00E9. Les personnes qui utilisent cette classe et ses instances sont encourag\u00E9es \u00E0 consulter les annotations de contexte ethnique ou racial lorsqu'ils sont disponibles.\n "@fr . . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of class race or ethnicity context."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de la classe contexte ethnique ou racial."@fr . . "contexte racial, de couleur de peau ou d'ethnicit\u00E9"@fr . "racial, colour or ethnicity context"@en . . . "deprecated"@en . ""@fr . "Ethnicity Context is a significant subclass of context. It is associated with the cultural form subclass Ethnicity, and sometimes other intersecting Cultural Forms. Annotations typed as Ethnicity Context provide information about and discussions of a person's subjectivity or experience with regards to their perceived or self-reported ethnicity. Ethnicity Context provides depth to more granular categorizations of a person indicated by the properties has ethnic identity or has ethnic identity (self-reported)."@en . . . . . "event"@de . "event"@en . "\u00E9v\u00E8nement"@fr . . . ""@fr . "An event that occurs in time."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "event climate"@en . . ""@fr . "Categories by which the relevance of an event to one or more broad areas is indicated, usually by an author or editor."@en . . . . "Deprecated, with no current equivalence."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver sans \u00E9quivalence."@fr . . "Event Element"@en . "\u00E9l\u00E9ment d'\u00E9v\u00E8nement"@fr . . "deprecated"@en . "An event element by an agent in an event under a specific context, be it in a role, character or responsibility."@en . "performance" . . . . . ""@fr . "event significance"@en . . ""@fr . "Indications of the degree of importance assigned to an event, often by its author or an editor."@en . . . . "exhibition (scholarship)"@en . "exposition (bourse)"@fr . . "An exhibition is a type of scholarship award or bursary."@en . "Une exposition est un type de bourse ou de r\u00E9compense acad\u00E9mique."@fr . . . . . "familiar name"@en . "nom familier"@fr . . "A version of a name used by those familiar with a person, such as family, friends, or co-workers."@en . "Variante du nom utilis\u00E9e par les individus familiers avec une personne, telles que la famille, les ami\u00B7e\u00B7s ou les coll\u00E8gues."@fr . . . . . "contexte familial"@fr . "family context"@en . . "Family Context is a significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as Family Context provide information about and discussions of a person's familial relations. Family relationships are social bonds assumed between a group of people affiliated by blood, marriage, co-residence, or other affiliation. For more information, see About: Family."@en . "Le contexte familial est une sous-classe de contexte importante. Les annotations saisies en tant que contexte familial fournissent des informations et des discussions sur les rapports familiaux d'une personne. Les rapports familiaux sont des liens sociaux contract\u00E9s entre un groupe de personnes li\u00E9es par le sang, le mariage, la cohabitation ou autre affiliation. Pour plus d'informations, voir About: Family."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "family event"@en . . "An event related to an family context."@en . . . . . "fellowship"@en . "programme de bourse"@fr . "An award or position usually associated with research or advanced standing in a field, and often associated with a particular group, body, or organization connected to creative, scholarly, or professional practice, sometimes involving a stipend and sometimes labour such as teaching."@en . "R\u00E9compense ou position acad\u00E9mique g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement reli\u00E9e \u00E0 la recherche ou \u00E0 un parcours avanc\u00E9 dans un champ disciplinaire, impliquant parfois un emploi d'enseignant\u00B7e."@fr . . _:genid1 . _:genid1 . _:genid2 . _:genid2 _:genid1 . . . "Deprecated with no current equivalence."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver sans \u00E9quivalence."@fr . . "female"@en . "femelle"@fr . "true"^^ . _:genid2 . "deprecated"@en . "female"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . "fictional person"@en . "personne fictive"@fr . . "A person, broadly defined, who features in an imaginative work such as a literary work, as a character or in some other way that distinguishes the reference to them from the natural person who is being represented. In other words, there is a distinction between a simple allusion to a natural person, and the fictionalization of that person within a text or other work of art."@en . "D\u00E9finie de fa\u00E7on large, personne figurant dans une \u0153uvre cr\u00E9ative telle qu'une \u0153uvre litt\u00E9raire, dans laquelle elle est un personnage ou repr\u00E9sent\u00E9e d'une fa\u00E7on qui diff\u00E8re de la personne physique \u00E0 laquelle elle renvoie. Autrement dit, il existe une diff\u00E9rence entre la simple allusion \u00E0 une personne physique et la version romanc\u00E9e de cette personne dans un texte ou tout autre oeuvre d'art. "@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "fictional place"@en . . "A place that features in an imaginative work such as a literary work. Such places typically do not not have geospatial coordinates, although they may have a relationship to a mapped place."@en . . . . "forename"@en . "pr\u00E9nom"@fr . . . . "A subject's given or baptismal name. This term is derived from the Text Encoding Initiative P5 schema forename element. See also TEI element forename ."@en . "Le nom attribu\u00E9 ou le nom de bapt\u00EAme d'une personne. Ce terme est d\u00E9riv\u00E9 de l'\u00E9l\u00E9ment 'forename' du sch\u00E9ma P5 du Text Encoding Initiative. Voir l'\u00E9l\u00E9ment TEI forename."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "formal response"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates that a response to an author or their work was formally delivered, that is, written or otherwise made public."@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of foreign instance fre."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance fre."@fr . . "Fran\u00E7ais"@fr . "French"@en . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . . . . . "contexte ami\u00B7e\u00B7s et relations"@fr . "friends and associates context"@en . . "Friends and connections context is a significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as friends and connections contexts discuss a broad spectrum of social relations ranging from friendship to enmities and casual associations. Other context annotations treat related aspects of social connections, including leisure context and intimate relationship context."@en . "Le contexte des amis et des connexions est une sous-classe de contexte importante. Les annotations saisies en tant que contexte amis et relations abordent un large \u00E9ventail de liens sociaux, allant de l\u2019amiti\u00E9 aux conflits en passant par les relations \u00E9ph\u00E9m\u00E8res. D'autres annotations contextuelles traitent des aspects li\u00E9s aux rapports sociaux, notamment les loisirs et les relations intimes."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "friends and associates event"@en . . "An event related to an friends and associates context."@en . . . . . "gender"@en . "genre"@fr . . "\n A subclass of cultural form for indicating a person's gender, whether attributed or self-reported, with accompanying context, where present, provided by gender context annotations.\n Although in popular culture gender and biological sex are conflated and understood to be binary, the concept of gender stresses the relationality, constructedness, and performativity of gendered identities and gendered behaviour, whose categories are historically contingent and shifting, and the boundaries between them blurry. Simone de Beauvoir (1973) stated \"One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman,\" a belief that has been taken up by many other theorists of gender including Judith Butler (1990). Gender studies to date has investigated the social construction of femininity more than that of masculinity. The multi-layered constructedness of gender is also underlined by Donna Haraway who understands it as a \"socially, historically, and semiotically positioned difference\" (Donna Haraway, 1988).\n Gender is understood as fluid, situational, and sometimes plural, and it is related to, though not commensurate with, sexual identity and orientation, just as it is related to but not defined by specific forms of embodiment. Rather than seeing biological sex as a pre-social or natural given, the body is understood as a site of inscription (cf. (Elizabeth Grosz, 1994) which is also socially constructed and indeed epigenetically shaped by environmental factors (N. Katherine Hayles, 2012). As articulated by feminist neurologist Gillian Einstein, (2012)\"The world writes on the body.\" This ontology therefore does not provide separate terms for sex as distinct from gender. Instead, it privileges terms associated with gender, recognizing that they are conventionally but not necessarily associated with sex, and that there is constant slippage between gender and sex in the way that these categories circulate through discourses, actions, and institutions. Far from indicating a universal facet of experience, gender intersects with other identity categories and axes of oppression such as class, race or colour, or geographical heritage to produced quite different interests and experiences among people of the same gender, as with the intersection of religion and white masculine identity in the Muscular Christianity movement in nineteenth-century Britain. Being a woman of colour often compounds the impacts of gender oppression. Such interaction between different forms of oppression is termed \"intersectionality\" (Kimberl\u00E9 Crenshaw, 1989).\n Where this class and its instances are concerned, readers are advised to consult gender context context annotations, if available. Where terms are applied to younger individuals, the gendered variants, such as \u201Cgirl\u201D for \u201Cwoman\u201D, are understood to apply.\n "@en . "\n Cette sous-classe de forme culturelle indique le genre d'une personne, qu'il soit attribu\u00E9 par d'autres ou autoproclam\u00E9, accompagn\u00E9 du contexte fourni par les annotations de genre en contexte lorsque celui-ci est disponible.\n M\u00EAme si dans la culture populaire le genre et le sexe biologique sont confondus et compris comme binaires, le concept de genre souligne la dimension relationnelle, construite et performative des identit\u00E9s et des comportements genr\u00E9s, dont les cat\u00E9gories sont contingentes et changent au cours de l'Histoire, sans qu'elles soient clairement d\u00E9limit\u00E9es. Cf\n Simone de Beauvoir : \u00ABOn ne na\u00EEt pas femme, on le devient,\u00BB et d'autres nombreuses th\u00E9oriciennes du genre, dont Judith Butler en 1990\n (Judith Butler, 1990). \u00C0 ce jour, les \u00E9tudes de genres se sont davantage int\u00E9ress\u00E9es \u00E0 la construction de la f\u00E9minit\u00E9 qu'\u00E0 celle de la masculinit\u00E9. Cette construction du genre \u00E0 plusieurs niveaux est \u00E9galement soulign\u00E9e par Donna Haraway qui le d\u00E9finit comme une \u00ABdiff\u00E9rence socialement, historiquement et s\u00E9miotiquement situ\u00E9e\u00BB\n (Donna Haraway,1988).\n Le genre est interpr\u00E9t\u00E9 comme fluide, situationnel, parfois pluriel ainsi que li\u00E9 \u00E0 l'identit\u00E9 et l'orientation sexuelles sans leur \u00EAtre proportionnel, tout comme il est reli\u00E9 \u00E0 certaines fa\u00E7ons sp\u00E9cifiques de vivre et de pr\u00E9senter son corps, qui ne d\u00E9finissent pas non plus le genre. Plut\u00F4t que de voir le sexe biologique comme pr\u00E9social ou un fait naturel, le corps est compris comme un lieu d'inscriptions (cf. (Elizabeth Grosz, 1994) qui est aussi socialement construit et \u00E9pig\u00E9n\u00E9tiquement model\u00E9 par des facteurs environnementaux (N. Katherine Hayles, 2012). Selon la formulation de la neurologiste f\u00E9ministe Gillian Einstein, \u00ABLe monde \u00E9crit sur le corps\u00BB (Gillian Einstein, 2012). Cette ontologie ne fournit donc pas de termes s\u00E9par\u00E9s pour le sexe et le genre en tant qu'entit\u00E9s distinctes. Au contraire, elle privil\u00E9gie les termes associ\u00E9s au genre, en admettant qu'ils sont conventionnellement mais non n\u00E9cessairement associ\u00E9s au sexe, et qu'il existe un glissement constant de ces cat\u00E9gories au fil des discours, des actions et des institutions. Loin d'indiquer une part d'exp\u00E9rience universelle, le genre rencontre d'autres cat\u00E9gories identitaires et divers vecteurs d'oppression comme la classe, la race, la couleur ou l'h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique, produisant des exp\u00E9riences et des int\u00E9r\u00EAts tr\u00E8s diff\u00E9rents pour les personnes d'un m\u00EAme genre. Un exemple est le mouvement de la Chr\u00E9tient\u00E9 Musculaire, form\u00E9 au Royaume-Uni au 19\u00E8me si\u00E8cle, qui relie la religion \u00E0 l'identit\u00E9 masculine. Une telle interaction entre diff\u00E9rentes formes d'oppression est appel\u00E9e \u00ABintersectionnalit\u00E9\u00BB (Kimberl\u00E9 Crenshaw, 1989).\n Les personnes qui utilisent cette classe et ses instances sont encourag\u00E9es \u00E0 consulter les annotations associ\u00E9es fournies par genre en contexte, si disponibles.\n "@fr . . . . . . "gender context"@en . "genre en contexte"@fr . . "Gender Context is a significant subclass of context. It is associated with the cultural form subclass gender, and sometimes other intersecting Cultural Forms. Annotations typed as Gender Context provide information about and discussions of a person's subjectivity or experience with regards to their gender and gender identity. Gender Context provides depth to more granular categorizations of a person indicated through the properties has gender identity or has gender identity (self-reported)."@en . "Genre En Contexte est une sous-classe de contexte importante. Elle est associ\u00E9e \u00E0 la sous-classe de Forme Culturelle genre, et se recoupe parfois avec d'autres Formes Culturelles. Les annotations entr\u00E9es en tant que Genre En Contexte fournissent des renseignements et des discussions sur la subjectivit\u00E9 d'une personne en ce qui concerne son genre et son identit\u00E9 genr\u00E9e. Genre Contexte explore plus en d\u00E9tails les indications granulaires des propri\u00E9t\u00E9s est de genre ou est de genre (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9)."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "gender event"@en . . "An event related to a gender context."@en . . . . . . "genderqueer"@en . "queer"@fr . "\n Indicates refusal of dominant gender categories and cisnormativity, and identification with both, a combination, or neither of the dominant binary gender roles. The term is strongly associated with the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It comes from deconstructionist and post-structuralist theory, and was coined by Teresa de Lauretis at a conference in 1990. Because \"queer\" identity is recent, its definition is still debated among scholars and activists. Even though it is not rigidly defined, the term is increasingly deployed to refer to a large category of people who are not \"straight\", in a sense that is not restricted to sexual orientation. Following Judith Butler, queerness is not understood as an essence, but best described as a doing or performance, a way to situate oneself deliberately against traditional notions of gender. See Genderqueer - Wikipedia.\n "@en . "\n Indique le refus des cat\u00E9gories genr\u00E9es dominantes et de la cisnormativit\u00E9, l'identification aux deux, \u00E0 aucun, ou \u00E0 une combinaison des r\u00F4les genr\u00E9s dominants. Le terme est fortement associ\u00E9 associ\u00E9 \u00E0 la fin du 20e si\u00E8cle et au 21e si\u00E8cle. Il provient des th\u00E9ories d\u00E9constructionnistes et poststructuralistes, et fut formul\u00E9 pour la premi\u00E8re fois par Teresa de Lauretis lors d'une conf\u00E9rence en 1990. Du fait que le terme \u00ABqueer\u00BB est assez r\u00E9cent, il est toujours sujet \u00E0 des discussions parmi les chercheurs et les activistes. M\u00EAme s'il ne poss\u00E8de pas de d\u00E9finition d\u00E9finitive, le terme est de plus en plus utilis\u00E9 pour r\u00E9f\u00E9rer \u00E0 une large cat\u00E9gorie de personnes qui ne sont pas \u00ABh\u00E9t\u00E9rosexuel/les\u00BB, dans un sens qui va au-del\u00E0 de l'orientation sexuelle. Selon Judith Butler, l'identit\u00E9 queer ne peut pas \u00EAtre compris comme une essence, mais est plut\u00F4t performative et s'actualise \u00E0 travers des actions, au sein d'une posture d\u00E9lib\u00E9r\u00E9ment \u00E0 contre-courant des acceptions traditionnelles du genre. Voir See Non-binaire \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia.\n "@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "gendered response"@en . . ""@fr . "Describes a response to the author or their work as influenced by their gender."@en . . . . "generational name"@en . "nom g\u00E9n\u00E9rationnel"@fr . . "A name component used to distinguish otherwise similar names on the basis of the relative ages or generations of the persons named.\" This term is derived from the Text Encoding Initiative P5 schema for the genName element. See TEI element genName (generational name component) ."@en . "Composant de nom utilis\u00E9 pour distinguer des noms similaires, en fonction de l'\u00E2ge ou de la g\u00E9n\u00E9ration relatifs aux personnes portant un nom. \"Ce terme est d\u00E9riv\u00E9 du sch\u00E9ma P5 du Text Encoding Initiative pour l'\u00E9l\u00E9ment genName. Voir l'\u00E9l\u00E9ment TEI genName TEI element genName (generational name component) ."@fr . . . . . "geographic heritage"@en . "h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique"@fr . . "A subclass of cultural form, this property indicates a person's geographic heritage, with accompanying context, where present, provided by nationality context annotations. Geographic heritage involves the geographical origins of a person's family, which often contributes to an understanding of their racial and ethnic background. It offers a way to capture individuals identified as \"South-Asian,\" for example, when no more precise national heritage is indicated. See race or ethnicity context for a detailed description of the complexities of this class. It can be multiple and it can be different from a person's national identity or national heritage, current or official citizenship, or the geographical region or territory in which a person resides. Those using this class and its instances are encouraged to consult associated nationality context excerpts or annotations, if available."@en . "Une sous-classe de forme culturelle, H\u00E9ritage G\u00E9ographique indique l'h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique d'une personne, accompagn\u00E9 du contexte fourni par contexte national lorsqu'il est disponible. L'h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique inclut les origines g\u00E9ographiques de la famille du sujet, souvent utiles \u00E0 la compr\u00E9hension de son milieu ethnique et raciale. Cela permet par exemple de saisir l'identit\u00E9 des femmes qui se d\u00E9clarent \u00ABsud-asiatiques\u00BB, alors que nous n'en savons pas plus sur leur h\u00E9ritage national. Voir contexte ethnique ou racial pour un compte-rendu d\u00E9taill\u00E9 de la complexit\u00E9 de cette classe. L'h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique peut \u00EAtre pluriel et peut diff\u00E9rer de l'identit\u00E9 ou de l'h\u00E9ritage national, de la citoyennet\u00E9 actuelle ou officielle, et de la r\u00E9gion g\u00E9ographique ou du lieu de r\u00E9sidence. Les personnes qui utilisent cette classe et ses instances sont encourag\u00E9es \u00E0 consulter les extraits ou les annotations de contexte national lorsqu'ils sont disponibles."@fr . "Geonames terms are often used for locations and for many instances of geographic heritage."@en . "Les termes Geonames sont souvent utilis\u00E9s pour les lieux et de nombreuses instances h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique."@fr . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of class geographic heritage."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de la classe h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique."@fr . . "geographic heritage"@en . "h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique"@fr . . . "deprecated"@en . "A subclass of cultural form, this property indicates a person's geographic heritage, with accompanying context, where present, provided by nationality context annotations. Geographic heritage involves the geographical origins of a person's family, which often contributes to an understanding of their racial and ethnic background. It offers a way to capture individuals identified as \"South-Asian,\" for example, when no more precise national heritage is indicated. See race or ethnicity context for a detailed description of the complexities of this class. It can be multiple and it can be different from a person's national identity or national heritage, current or official citizenship, or the geographical region or territory in which a person resides. Those using this class and its instances are encouraged to consult associated nationality context excerpts or annotations, if available."@en . "Une sous-classe de forme culturelle, H\u00E9ritage G\u00E9ographique indique l'h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique d'une personne, accompagn\u00E9 du contexte fourni par contexte national lorsqu'il est disponible. L'h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique inclut les origines g\u00E9ographiques de la famille du sujet, souvent utiles \u00E0 la compr\u00E9hension de son milieu ethnique et raciale. Cela permet par exemple de saisir l'identit\u00E9 des femmes qui se d\u00E9clarent \u00ABsud-asiatiques\u00BB, alors que nous n'en savons pas plus sur leur h\u00E9ritage national. Voir contexte ethnique ou racial pour un compte-rendu d\u00E9taill\u00E9 de la complexit\u00E9 de cette classe. L'h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique peut \u00EAtre pluriel et peut diff\u00E9rer de l'identit\u00E9 ou de l'h\u00E9ritage national, de la citoyennet\u00E9 actuelle ou officielle, et de la r\u00E9gion g\u00E9ographique ou du lieu de r\u00E9sidence. Les personnes qui utilisent cette classe et ses instances sont encourag\u00E9es \u00E0 consulter les extraits ou les annotations de contexte national lorsqu'ils sont disponibles."@fr . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "grammar school"@en . "grammar school"@fr . . . "\"A grammar school is one of several different types of school in the history of education in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking countries, originally a school teaching Latin, but more recently an academically-oriented secondary school, differentiated in recent years from less academic Secondary Modern Schools.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABUne grammar school est, dans les pays anglophones, un \u00E9tablissement d'enseignement secondaire ou, plus rarement, d'enseignement primaire. Les origines des grammar schools remontent \u00E0 l'Europe m\u00E9di\u00E9vale.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . "Gurjap Singh" . . . . . "contexte de sant\u00E9"@fr . "health context"@en . . "A significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as health provide information about and discussions of a person's health, both mental and physical, and associated social, political and historical factors."@en . "Sous-classe importante de contexte. Les annotations entr\u00E9es comme contexte de sant\u00E9 fournissent des informations sur la sant\u00E9 physique et mentale d'une personne ainsi que sur des facteurs sociaux, politiques et historiques associ\u00E9s."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "health event"@en . . "An event related to an health context."@en . . . . . "historic significance"@en . "importance historique"@fr . . "Indicates a very high level of significance appropriate to a historical overview."@en . "Indique un tr\u00E8s haut niveau d'importance qui est appropri\u00E9 pour un r\u00E9sum\u00E9 historique."@fr . . . . "honorific name"@en . "nom honorifique"@fr . . "A positive name which celebrates or honours a person. "@en . "Un nom \u00E0 connotation positive qui glorifie ou honnore une personne. "@fr . . . . "indexed name"@en . "nom index\u00E9"@fr . . "Name under which a person's work is indexed by an institution or organization."@en . "Nom sous le travail d'une personne est index\u00E9 par une insitution ou une organisation. "@fr . . . . . "importance individuelle"@fr . "individual significance"@en . . "Indicates a level of significance appropriate to an understanding of an individual person or entity."@en . "Indique le niveau d'importance appropri\u00E9 pour la compr\u00E9hension d'une personne ou d'une entit\u00E9 individuelle."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "informal response"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates that a response to a work was informally delivered rather than published, which can include a hearty slap on the back, rude looks from strangers on buses, a snubbing by someone's social set, or comments in conversations, letters, or diaries."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "initial response"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates that a response to an author, or more usually one of their works, occurred soon after the time of production or publication."@en . . . . "contexte \u00E9ducatif institutionnel"@fr . "institutional education context"@en . . "Context for education or learning within an institutional setting."@en . "L'instruction ou l'apprentissage a lieu dans un cadre institutionnel."@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "institutional education event"@en . . "An event related to an institutional education context."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "intertextuality context"@en . . ""@fr . "Intertextuality Context is a significant subclass of Context. Annotations typed as Intertextuality Context provide information on the relationships between authors and texts."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "intertextuality event"@en . . "An event related to an intertextuality context."@en . . . . "interval time"@en . "intervalle"@fr . "Indicates a span of time, usually represented in the form of a start and end date."@en . "Indique une p\u00E9riode de temps, g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement repr\u00E9sent\u00E9e par une date de d\u00E9but et de fin."@fr . . . . . "intimate relationship context"@en . . ""@fr . "Intimate relationship context is a significant subclass of context. Annotations typed intimate relationships discuss any type of intimacy ranging from emotional through psychological or material to sexual."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "intimate relationship event"@en . . "An event related to an intimate relationship context."@en . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of class intimate relationship context."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de la classe [http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#IntimateRelationshipContext]."@fr . . "intimate relationships context"@en . . . "deprecated"@en . ""@fr . "Intimate relationships context is a significant subclass of context. Annotations typed intimate relationships discuss any type of intimacy ranging from emotional through psychological or material to sexual."@en . . "Jade Penancier" . . "Jasmine Drudge-Willson" . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Jewish."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance Juif."@fr . . "Jewish"@en . "Juif"@fr . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . "Joel Cummings" . . "John Simpson" . . . "Kim Martin" . . . . . "language"@en . "langue"@fr . . . "A human language or dialect, whether spoken and/or written."@en . "Une langue ou un dialecte humain, \u00E0 l'oral et/ou \u00E0 l'\u00E9crit."@fr . " Library of Congress Languages codes are typically used for instances of language ."@en . " Les codes de la Biblioth\u00E8que du congr\u00E8s sont normalement utilis\u00E9s pour les instances de language."@fr . . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of class cultural form context."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de la classe forme culturelle en contexte."@fr . . "contexte linguistique"@fr . "language context"@en . . . "deprecated"@en . "Language Context is a significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as Cultural Formation Context provide information about and discussions of a person's linguistic ability or abilities. Language Context provides depth to more granular indications of linguistic ability indicated through the property Language."@en . "Langue en Contexte est une sous-classe de contexte importante. Les annotations entr\u00E9es en tant que Contexte de Formation Culturelle fournissent des informations et des discussions sur la ou les aptitudes linguistiques d'une personne. Langue en Contexte fournit de la profondeur aux indications granulaires sur les aptitudes linguistiques gr\u00E2ce \u00E0 la propri\u00E9t\u00E9 Langage."@fr . . . . . "contexte de loisirs"@fr . "leisure context"@en . . "A significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as Leisure Context provide information about and discussions of instances of the leisure and social activities of a person including hobbies, sporting life and cultural activities, for example mountain climbing or hosting a literary salon. Notions of leisure are both gendered and classed, and vary by cultural context. This context is meant to capture a person's social life within their larger community, not simply an elite, fashionable social circle."@en . "Une sous-classe importante de contexte. Les annotations entr\u00E9es en tant que contexte de loisirs fournissent des informations et des discussions sur les loisirs et les activit\u00E9s sociales d'une personne, notamment ses hobbies, sa vie sportive et ses activit\u00E9s culturelles, par exemple l'escalade ou la tenue d'un salon litt\u00E9raire. Les notions de loisirs d\u00E9pendent \u00E0 la fois du genre et de la classe sociale et varient en fonction des cultures. Ce contexte vise \u00E0 rendre compte de la vie sociale d\u2019une personne au sein de sa communaut\u00E9 au sens large, et non seulement de son cercle social d'\u00E9lite."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "leisure event"@en . . "An event related to an leisure context."@en . . . . "Deprecated, with no current equivalence."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver sans \u00E9quivalence."@fr . . "aptitude linguistique (\u00E9crit ou parl\u00E9)"@fr . "linguistic ability (spoken and/or writen)"@en . . "deprecated"@en . "Describes a person's proficiency in a language (speaking, reading, or writing)."@en . "D\u00E9crit l'aptitude d'une personne pour parler, lire ou \u00E9crire une langue."@fr . . . . ""@fr . "literary award"@en . . . ""@fr . "A literary award is an award presented in recognition of a particularly lauded literary piece or body of work. It is normally presented to an author."@en . . . . . "environnement litt\u00E9raire"@fr . "literary climate"@en . . "An event associated with the climate for literature and writing, broadly conceived, ranging from publication or performance events to information about print technologies and copyright."@en . "Un \u00E9v\u00E8nement associ\u00E9 \u00E0 l'environnement litt\u00E9raire et \u00E0 l'\u00E9criture, allant de la publication ou \u00E0 la repr\u00E9sentation d'un texte \u00E0 des informations sur les techniques d'impression et sur les droits d'auteur\u00B7e."@fr . . . . "literary name"@en . "nom litt\u00E9raire"@fr . . "A name applied to a writer by others, for example in reviews or at readings, which orginate in the person's status as a writer."@en . "Un nom attribu\u00E9 par d'autres \u00E0 un\u00B7e auteur\u00B7e, par example dans des critiques ou lors de lectures, prenant son origine dans le statut d'\u00E9crivain\u00B7e de la personne."@fr . . . . "local name"@en . "nom local"@fr . . "A name with a geographic connotation, for example, \"Julian of Norwich.\""@en . "Nom avec une connotation g\u00E9ographique, par exmple \"Julienne de Norwich.\""@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "mapped place"@en . . "A place that can be mapped according to some accepted system of graphically representing space."@en . . . . "married name"@en . "nom marital"@fr . . "A surname adopted in marriage. "@en . "Nom de famille adopt\u00E9 apr\u00E8s le mariage."@fr . . . . . "contexte de sant\u00E9 mentale"@fr . "mental health context"@en . . "A subclass of health context. Annotations typed as mental health context describe an aspect of a person\u2019s mental or psychological well-being or illness."@en . "Sous-classe de Contexte de sant\u00E9. Les annotations entr\u00E9es en tant que contexte de snat\u00E9 mentale d\u00E9crivent un aspect de du bien-\u00EAtre mental d'une personne ou au contraire de ses troubles psychologiques ou mentaux."@fr . . . . . "contexte de nom"@fr . "name context"@en . . "A significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as name context provide the name or names associated with a person, at times with contextual information."@en . "Sous-classe de contexte importante. Les annotations entr\u00E9es comme contexte de nom fournissent le ou les noms associ\u00E9s \u00E0 une personne, parfois accompagn\u00E9s d'informations contextuelles. "@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "name event"@en . . "An event related to an name context."@en . . . . "name link"@en . "particule de nom"@fr . . "\"A connecting phrase or link used within a name but not regarded as part of it, such as van der or of.\" This term is derived from the Text Encoding Initiative P5 schema for the 'NameLink' element. See TEI element nameLink (name link) ."@en . "\"Une locution ou un lien de connexion utilis\u00E9 dans un nom mais n'\u00E9tant pas consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme partie int\u00E9grante de ce nom, par exemple Van Der ou de.\" Ce terme est d\u00E9riv\u00E9 du sch\u00E9ma P5 du Text Encoding Initiative pour l'\u00E9l\u00E9ment 'NameLink'. Voir l'\u00E9l\u00E9ment TEI TEI element nameLink (name link) ."@fr . . . . ""@fr . "name type"@en . . ""@fr . "An aspect of a person's name, including its use, connotations, or significance. "@en . . . . . "h\u00E9ritage national"@fr . "national heritage"@en . . "A subclass of cultural form, this property indicates a person's national heritage, with accompanying context, where present, provided by nationality context annotations. National Heritage is composed of various elements related to national identity, often transmitted from previous generations and influenced by a subject's national historical background or geographic heritage. It can be multiple and can be different from a person's national identity, current or official citizenship, or the geographical region or territory in which a person resides. Those using this class and its instances are encouraged to consult associated nationality context excerpts or annotations, if available."@en . "Une sous-cat\u00E9gorie de forme culturelle, cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9 indique l'h\u00E9ritage national d'une personne, accompagn\u00E9 du contexte national lorsqu'il est disponible. H\u00E9ritage National est compos\u00E9 de divers \u00E9l\u00E9ments relatifs \u00E0 l'identit\u00E9 nationale, et est souvent transmis par des g\u00E9n\u00E9rations ant\u00E9rieures, influenc\u00E9 par le milieu historique et l'h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique. Il peut \u00EAtre puluriel et peut se distinguer de l'identit\u00E9 nationale, de la citoyennet\u00E9 actuelle ou officielle, de la r\u00E9gion g\u00E9ographique ou du territoire de r\u00E9sidence. Les personnes qui utilisent cette classe et ses instances sont encourag\u00E9es \u00E0 consulter les extraits ou les annotations de contexte national lorsque ceux-ci sont disponibles."@fr . . . . . "identit\u00E9 nationale"@fr . "national identity"@en . . "A subclass of cultural form, this property indicates a person's national identity, either as self-reported or as assigned by others, with accompanying context, where present, provided by nationality context annotations. It is neither the same as citizenship nor commensurate with the geographical region or territory in which a person resides, although it is usually associated with a current or former country or geographic region. For this reason, the (see ISO 2-digit Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions \u2013 Part 2: Country subdivision codes are used where possible to represent instances of national identities, and only terms for which country codes do not exist appear in this ontology. Like other identity categories, nationality may be plural, fluid, or contingent, and terms used for national identities can intersect with national heritage, geographic heritage, and ethnicity as well as other identity categories. Those using this class and its instances are encouraged to consult associated nationality context annotations, if available."@en . "Une sous-cat\u00E9gorie de forme culturelle, cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9 indique la nationalit\u00E9 d'une personne, qu'elle soit autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e ou attribu\u00E9e par d'autres, accompagn\u00E9e du contexte fourni par les annotations de contexte national lorsqu'il est disponible. Elle diff\u00E8re de la citoyennet\u00E9 et n'est pas proportionnelle \u00E0 la zone g\u00E9ographique ou au territoire de la personne, m\u00EAme si elle est g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement li\u00E9e au pays ou \u00E0 la zone g\u00E9ographique actuelle ou pass\u00E9e. Pour cette raison, (vois les codes de la norme ISO 2 pour la repr\u00E9sentation des pays et de leurs subdivisions-Partie 2 : Codes des subdivisions des pays sont utilis\u00E9s dans la mesure du possible pour repr\u00E9senter les instances de nationalit\u00E9s, et seuls les termes pour lesquels aucun code pays n'existe apparaissent dans l'ontologie. Comme d'autres cat\u00E9gories identitaires, la nationalit\u00E9 peut \u00EAtre plurielle, fluide ou contingente, et recoupe avec h\u00E9ritage national ainsi qu'avec d'autres cat\u00E9gories identitaires. Les personnes qui utilisent cette classe et ses instances sont encourag\u00E9es \u00E0 consulter les annotations de contexte national lorsqu'elles sont disponibles."@fr . . . . . . . . "contexte national"@fr . "nationality context"@en . . "Contexte National est une sous-classe de contexte importante. Les annotations entr\u00E9es en tant que Contexte National fournissent des informations et des discussions sur la formation culturelle d'une personne, en lien avec son identit\u00E9 nationale, son h\u00E9ritage national et son h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique qui ne sont pas toujours \u00E9quivalents. Contexte National explore plus en d\u00E9tails les indications granulaires sur l'identit\u00E9 nationale \u00E0 travers les propri\u00E9t\u00E9s h\u00E9ritage national, identit\u00E9 nationale et h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique."@fr . "Nationality Context is a significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as Nationality Context provide information about and discussions of a person's cultural formation in relation to their national identity, national heritage, and geographic heritage -- which are not always aligned. Nationality Context provides depth to more granular indications of national identity through the national heritage, national identity, and geographic heritage properties."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "nationality event"@en . . "An event related to a nationality context."@en . . . "natural person"@en . "personne physique"@fr . . " \u00CAtre humain en vie ou ayant v\u00E9cu \u00E0 un moment donn\u00E9. Les personnes physiques peuvent \u00EAtre objets de fiction, auquel cas elles sont class\u00E9es en tant que personne fictive."@fr . "A human being who is alive, or was alive at some point in time. Natural persons may be fictionalized, in which case they are also classed as a fictional person."@en . . . . "nickname"@en . "surnom "@fr . . "Indicates familiar, humorous, or abusive name given to a person, applied instead of or in addition to their real name. May have name type, abusive name or honorific name."@en . "Indique un nom familier, comique ou abusif donn\u00E9 \u00E0 une personne, venant remplacer ou s'ajouter \u00E0 son vrai nom. Peut avoir l'attribut , nom abusif ou nom honorifique. "@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "non-gendered response"@en . . ""@fr . "Describes a response to an author or their work as not influenced by their gender."@en . . . ""@fr . "note"@en . ""@fr . "A note or annotation, such as a footnote, endnote, or hypertext comment, which may be part of an object, contained in metadata describing it (as for a non-textual object), or linked to it, for instance via a Web Annotation."@en . . . ""@fr . "note (internal)"@en . . . ""@fr . "A note or annotation intended for internal purposes having to do with such matters as research, composition, or workflow, and not intended for publication."@en . . . ""@fr . "note (scholarly)"@en . . . ""@fr . "A scholarly note or annotation intended for publication, usually containing ancillary or supplementary content, which may take various forms such as a footnote, endnote, or pop-up note."@en . . . . . "occupation"@en . "occupation"@fr . "A position, activity, job, or profession, whether paid, unpaid, or voluntary, often related to and at times overlapping with a person's social class."@en . "Une position, une activit\u00E9, un emploi ou une profession, qu'elle soit r\u00E9mun\u00E9r\u00E9e, non r\u00E9mun\u00E9r\u00E9e ou sur la base du volontariat, souvent li\u00E9e et parfois recoupant avec la classe sociale d'une personne. "@fr . . . . . "Contexte d'occupation"@fr . "occupation context"@en . . "A significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as occupation provide information about and discussions of positions and activities significant to a person's life, including paid, unpaid, and voluntary work both beyond and within the home. Although writing as a career sometimes overlaps with occupation, literary activities are often described in writing contexts."@en . "Une sous-classe de contexte importante. Les annotation de Contexte d'occupation fournissent des informations et des discussions sur les positions et les activit\u00E9s importantes de la vie d'une personne, incluant son travail r\u00E9mun\u00E9r\u00E9, non r\u00E9mun\u00E9r\u00E9 et volontaire aussi bien en dehors qu'au sein du foyer. M\u00EAme si une carri\u00E8re dans l'\u00E9criture est parfois consid\u00E9r\u00E9e comme une occupation, l'activit\u00E9 litt\u00E9raire est souvent d\u00E9crite dans les contextes d'\u00E9criture. "@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "occupation event"@en . . "An event related to an occupation context."@en . . . . "oeuvre"@en . "\u0153uvre"@fr . "Indicates the works of an author or other creative practioner regarded collectively. Publications of a particular writer's works are a repesentation of that writer's oeuvre but not synonymous with it."@en . "Indique l'ensemble des travaux d'un\u00B7e auteur\u00B7e ou d'un\u00B7e artiste."@fr . . . ""@en . ""@fr . "Deprecated in favour of class org:formalOrganization "@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de la classe org:formalOrganization."@fr . . ""@fr . "organization"@en . . . "deprecated"@en . ""@fr . "A social or corporate institution such as a publisher, school, political group, or company."@en . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of class Event Element."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de la classe \u00E9l\u00E9ment d'\u00E9v\u00E8nement."@fr . . "Leistung"@de . "interpr\u00E9tation"@fr . "performance"@en . . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . "A performance by an agent in an event under a specific context, be it in a role, character or responsibility."@en . . . . . "importance de p\u00E9riode"@fr . "period significance"@en . . "Indicates a moderate level of significance appropriate to an understanding of a historical period."@en . "Indique un niveau d'importance mod\u00E9r\u00E9 dans la compr\u00E9hension d'une p\u00E9riode historique."@fr . . . . "This definition is indebted to the Text Encoding Initiative's definition of the persona element. See TEI element persona ."@en . . ""@fr . "persona"@en . . "A persona, unlike a role, cannot be adopted by people generally, but is specific to one natural person, or more rarely several natural persons. A persona is an original creation, often bearing meaning regarding the biographical, historical and sociological context to which its/their creator/s is/are attached. Personas as defined here should not be associated with mental illness or multiple personality disorder, since they are not the product of a distorted or uncontrolled perception of reality. At the heart of a persona is an identity that is interacted with by others and that at times can be confused with an actual natural person. It is incarnated and developed by a natural person, and may have a social, literary, artistic or political activity."@en . "Un persona, contrairement \u00E0 un r\u00F4le, ne peut \u00EAtre incarn\u00E9 par quiconque, mais est sp\u00E9cifique \u00E0 une personne physique, ou plus rarement \u00E0 plusieurs d'entre elles. Un persona est une cr\u00E9ation originale, souvent inspir\u00E9 par le contexte biographique, historique et sociologique auquel son/ses cr\u00E9ateur\u00B7ice(s) est/sont attach\u00E9\u00B7e(s). Les personae tels qu'ils sont d\u00E9finis ici ne doivent pas \u00EAtre confondus avecune maladie mentale ou \u00E0 un trouble dissociatif de l'identit\u00E9, car ils ne rel\u00E8vent pas d'une perception d\u00E9form\u00E9e ou incontr\u00F4l\u00E9e de la r\u00E9alit\u00E9. Le persona est avant tout une entit\u00E9 identitaire capable d'interargir avec le monde ext\u00E9rieur et qui peut parfois \u00EAtre confondue avec une personne physique r\u00E9elle. Il est incarn\u00E9 et d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 par une personne physique, et peut avoir une activit\u00E9 sociale, litt\u00E9raire, artistique ou politique."@fr . . . . "nom personnel"@fr . "personal name"@en . . . . . "A person's name, containing a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person. Has subclasses for types of names such as pseudonym and may have name type, and may have associated parts. This term is derived in part from the Text Encoding Initiative P5 schema persname element. See also TEI element persName (personal name) ."@en . "Un nom de personne qui contient un ou plusieurs noms propres en r\u00E9f\u00E9rence \u00E0 une personne. Poss\u00E8de des sous-classes pour les types de noms telles que pseudonyme et peut avoir des et des parties associ\u00E9es. Ce terme est en partie d\u00E9riv\u00E9 du sch\u00E9ma P5 de l'\u00E9l\u00E9ment persname du Text Encoding Initiative. Voir l'\u00E9l\u00E9ment persName du TEI (nom personnel). "@fr . . . . . . "contexte de sant\u00E9 physique"@fr . "physical health context"@en . . "A subclass of health context. Annotations typed as physical health context describe aspects of a person\u2019s bodily or physical well-being or illness."@en . "Sous-classe de contexte de sant\u00E9. Les annotations de contexte de sant\u00E9 physique d\u00E9crivent des aspects de la condition physique d'une personne, qu'elle soit en bonne ou en mauvaise sant\u00E9."@fr . . . . . "endroit"@fr . "place"@en . . . . . . . . . "A named entity associated with a location in geographical space. It may be real or fictive, populated or unpopulated. "@en . "Il peut concerner un endroit peupl\u00E9, mais pas n\u00E9cessairemment. Certains endroits, comme les intersections, n'ont pas de de populations ou d'habitants en soi. Les Geonames classifieront parfois les endroits d\u00E9sormais abandonn\u00E9s comme \u00ABlieux habit\u00E9s\u00BB."@fr . . . . . "appartenance politique"@fr . "political affiliation"@en . . "Cette sous-classe de forme culturelle indique les appartenances, les connexions et les associations qui font partie de l'engagement politique d'une personne. Elles renvoient aussi bien aux connexions formelles avec un parti ou une organisation qu'aux autres partis pris politiques informels de l'auteur\u00B7e. Les appartenances politiques sont d\u00E9finies au sens large et incluent des exemples comme \u00AB lutte contre la peine de mort \u00BB ou \u00AB fervent\u00B7e d\u00E9fenseur\u00B7se de l'Empire \u00BB en plus d'appartenance plus directes telles que \u00AB marxiste \u00BB ou \u00AB conservateur\u00B7ice \u00BB. Les appartenances politiques peuvent \u00EAtre multiple, parfois contradictoires ou en tension, et peuvent changer au cours du temps."@fr . "This subclass of CulturalForm indicates affiliations, connections and associations which designate a person's political involvement. These affiliations can be both formal connections to a party or organisation and informal political positions held by the writer. Political affiliations are defined broadly and include things like \"against capital punishment\" or \"strong supporter of the Empire\" in addition to more straightforward affiliations such as \"marxist\" or \"conservative\". Political affiliations can be multiple, sometimes contradictory, and may change over time."@en . . . . . "climat politique"@fr . "political climate"@en . . "An event having political implications within its geopolitical context, often nationally or internationally. Includes the accession of' monarchs, changing governing structures including revolutions, the establishment of major organizations, and other markers of political change."@en . "Un \u00E9v\u00E9nement ayant des implications politiques souvent nationales ou internationales au sein de son contexte g\u00E9opolitique. Inclut l'accession de monarques au pouvoir, les changements de structures de pouvoir y compris les r\u00E9volutions, l'\u00E9tablissement de grandes organisations et autres manifestations de changement politique."@fr . . . . . . "contexte politique"@fr . "politics context"@en . . "Contexte Politique est une sous-classe de contexte importante. Elle est associ\u00E9e \u00E0 appartenance politique, sous-classe de forme culturelle, et recoupe parfois avec d'autres Formes Culturelles. Les annotations entr\u00E9es en tant que Contexte Politique fournissent des informations et des discussions sur la subjectivit\u00E9 d'une personne en lien avec son activit\u00E9 politique. Contexte Politique explore plus en d\u00E9tails les cat\u00E9gories granulaires d'une personne gr\u00E2ce aux propri\u00E9t\u00E9s a une appartenance politique ou a une appartenance politique (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e))."@fr . "Politics Context is a significant subclass of context. It is associated with the cultural form subclass political affiliation, and sometimes other intersecting Cultural Forms. Annotations typed as Politics Context provide information about and discussions of a person's subjectivity or experience with regards to their political identity. Politics Context provides depth to more granular categorizations of a person indicated by the properties has political affiliation and its subproperties."@en . . . . "organisation politique"@fr . "political organization"@en . . "An organization whose activities are primarily political or with which a person is affiliated politically."@en . "Un organisation dont les activit\u00E9s sont principalement politiques ou avec laquelle une personne est politiquement affili\u00E9e."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "politics event"@en . . "An event related to an politics context."@en . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "post-secondary school"@en . "post-secondary school"@fr . . . "\"Higher education, post-secondary education, or third level education is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after secondary education. Often delivered at universities, academies, colleges, seminaries, and institutes of technology, higher education is also available through certain college-level institutions, including vocational schools, trade schools, and other career colleges that award academic degrees or professional certifications. Tertiary education at non-degree level is sometimes referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education. The right of access to higher education is mentioned in a number of international human rights instruments. The UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 declares, in Article 13, that \"higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education\". In Europe, Article 2 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950, obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe terme d'\u00E9tudes sup\u00E9rieures d\u00E9signe g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement l'\u00E9ducation dispens\u00E9e par les universit\u00E9s, les coll\u00E8ges anglo-saxons, avec en France un syst\u00E8me plus dual de grandes \u00E9coles et d'autres institutions comme les grands \u00E9tablissements d\u00E9cernant des grades universitaires ou autres dipl\u00F4mes de l'enseignement sup\u00E9rieur. Ces \u00E9tudes visent \u00E0 acqu\u00E9rir un niveau \"sup\u00E9rieur\" de comp\u00E9tences, g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement via une inscription ou concours d'entr\u00E9e, un cursus ponctu\u00E9s par des examens. Historiquement, il s'agissait autrefois d'abord de former les \u00E9lites recrut\u00E9es par les \u00C9tats, les arm\u00E9es et les religions, puis (\u00E0 partir de la r\u00E9volution industrielle) par les monde \u00E9conomique et industriel et de la culture ou de l'enseignement. Mais d'autres dimensions, socioculturelles et \u00E9thiques ou de d\u00E9veloppement durable sont apparues \u00E0 la fin du XXe si\u00E8cle, ajoutant une dimension de service public visant \u00E0 permettre aux \u00E9tudiants, de trouver leur voie ou domaine d'excellence, de se pr\u00E9parer aux m\u00E9tiers futurs tout en faisant progresser le savoir. Ces \u00E9tudes se d\u00E9roulent souvent autour de campus, dans un syst\u00E8me public ou priv\u00E9 selon les cas, et souvent cat\u00E9goris\u00E9s en \u00AB Sciences dures \u00BB, \u00AB sciences de l'ing\u00E9nieur \u00BB et \u00AB sciences humaines et sociales \u00BB. Les types de dipl\u00F4mes \u00E9voluent avec le temps, mais tendent \u00E0 s'homog\u00E9n\u00E9iser aux niveaux europ\u00E9ens et internationaux avec les licences, des masters, et des doctorats pour faciliter les syst\u00E8mes d'\u00E9quivalence ou de reconnaissance mutuelle de dipl\u00F4mes. Cette formation inclut des cours et des stages, et peut \u00E9galement comporter des participations \u00E0 la recherche scientifique (notamment au niveau du doctorat) et int\u00E9grer de la formation continue, mais accepte souvent aussi des \u00AB auditeurs libres \u00BB qui viennent simplement accro\u00EEtre leur culture g\u00E9n\u00E9rale ou sp\u00E9cialis\u00E9e.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . "The description for this term is indebted to the Text Encoding Initiative's P5: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange."@en . . ""@fr . "precision"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates the numerical accuracy or precision associated with some aspect of a value, measurement, or identification. For example, with respect to a location, it may indicate how precisely a place being referenced is indicated by the latitude and longitude or the place identifier provided."@en . . . . . "nom d'usage"@fr . "preferred name"@en . . "Indicates the form of name preferred by an authority or institution."@en . "Indique la forme du nom utilis\u00E9e par une autorit\u00E9 ou un institution."@fr . . . . "prep school"@en . "\u00E9cole pr\u00E9paratoire"@fr . . . "Dans le contexte nord-am\u00E9ricain, les \u00E9coles pr\u00E9paratoires sont des \u00E9tablissements d'enseignement priv\u00E9s qui pr\u00E9parent les \u00E9tudiant\u00B7e\u00B7s \u00E0 l'universit\u00E9. Dans le contexte britannique, ce sont des \u00E9coles priv\u00E9es pour les \u00E9tudiants; la tranche d'\u00E2ge des \u00E9l\u00E8ves peut varier consid\u00E9rablement en fonction du d\u00E9but de leur scolarisation, mais elle va g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement de sept (parfois trois) \u00E0 treize ans."@fr . "Within a North American context, prep schools are private educational institutions that prepare students for college. Within a British context, they are private schools for students -- the age range of the students can vary significantly depending on when they went to school, though typically ranging from ages seven (though sometimes three) to thirteen."@en . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "primary school"@en . "\u00E9cole primaire"@fr . . . " \u00ABL'enseignement primaire, ou l'\u00E9cole primaire, est, dans plusieurs pays, le premier degr\u00E9 de l'enseignement. Il permet notamment l'apprentissage de la lecture, de l'\u00E9criture et des bases des math\u00E9matiques. Les enfants d\u00E9butent leurs \u00E9tudes primaires vers l'\u00E2ge de 6 ans et les ach\u00E8vent vers l'\u00E2ge de 11 ans.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)\n "@fr . "\"A primary school (or elementary school in American English and often in Canadian English) is a school in which children receive primary or elementary education from the age of about five to twelve, coming after preschool and before secondary school. (In some countries there is an intermediate stage of middle school between primary and secondary education.)\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "private school"@en . "\u00E9cole priv\u00E9e"@fr . . . "\"Private schools, also known as independent schools, non-governmental, or nonstate schools, are not administered by local, state or national governments; thus, they retain the right to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition, rather than relying on mandatory taxation through public (government) funding; at some private schools students may be able to get a scholarship, which makes the cost cheaper, depending on a talent the student may have (e.g. sport scholarship, art scholarship, academic scholarship), financial need, or tax credit scholarships that might be available.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes \u00E9coles priv\u00E9es sont des \u00E9coles qui ne sont pas administr\u00E9es par leur gouvernement local, \u00E9tatique ou national et qui conservent donc le droit de s\u00E9lectionner leurs \u00E9l\u00E8ves et sont financ\u00E9es, en tout ou en partie gr\u00E2ce aux frais de scolarit\u00E9 qu'elle demande \u00E0 ses \u00E9l\u00E8ves, plut\u00F4t qu'enti\u00E8rement par des fonds gouvernementaux. La plupart des \u00E9coles priv\u00E9es offrent des bourses d'\u00E9tude qui permettent de rendre la fr\u00E9quentation plus abordable pour des \u00E9tudiants poss\u00E9dant un talent quelconque, g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement au niveau acad\u00E9mique ou sportif. Le terme \u00E9cole priv\u00E9e d\u00E9signe habituellement une \u00E9cole primaire ou secondaire et n'est que tr\u00E8s rarement utilis\u00E9 pour d\u00E9signer une universit\u00E9.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "production context"@en . . ""@fr . "Production Context is a significant subclass of Writing Context."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "production event"@en . . "An event related to an production context."@en . . . . "professional title"@en . "titre professionnel"@fr . . "A person's professional role (e.g. Doctor Jane Smith) or designates membership in a professional society (e.g. John Smith, Esquire)."@en . "La fonction professionnelle d'une personne (par exemple Docteure Jane Smith) ou nom qui d\u00E9signe l'appartenance \u00E0 un soci\u00E9t\u00E9 professionnelle (par exemple John Smith, Esquire)."@fr . . . . "pseudonym"@en . "pseudonyme"@fr . . "Indicates both names and descriptive phrases (e.g. \"A Lover of Her Sex\" is a pseudonym for Mary Astell) used in publishing to conceal the identity of the author or to represent a persona."@en . "Indique \u00E0 la fois les noms et les locutions descriptives (par exemple \"A Lover of Her Sex\" est le pseudonyme de Mary Astell) utilis\u00E9s dans les publications pour dissimuler l'indentit\u00E9 de l'auteur\u00B7e ou pour repr\u00E9senter un persona."@fr . . . . "punctive time"@en . "temps ponctuel"@fr . "Indicates a point or location in time. Punctive time can be used to anchor an event that has a duration, such as a wedding or an election. It may be represented by various levels of granularity, for instance a second or a year, or by two dates between which an event was known to occur."@en . "Indique un point ou un emplacement dans le temps. Le temps ponctuel peut \u00EAtre utilis\u00E9 pour ancrer un \u00E9v\u00E9nement qui a une dur\u00E9e, comme un mariage ou une \u00E9lection. Il peut \u00EAtre repr\u00E9sent\u00E9 par diff\u00E9rents niveaux de granularit\u00E9, par exemple une seconde ou une ann\u00E9e, ou par deux dates entre lesquelles un \u00E9v\u00E9nement s'est produit."@fr . . . . . "race or colour"@en . "race ou couleur"@fr . . "\n A subclass of cultural form, this property indicates a person's race or colour, often as presumed, perceived, or otherwise assigned according to cultural conventions, with accompanying context, where present, provided by race or ethnicity context annotations. Despite the ways in which categories of race or colour frequently serve heinous interests, their ideological and material impacts in the formation of identities requires recognition. These are shifting, historically constituted, and interestedly deployed categories whose use must be situated contextually and which are understood here finally as discursive or representational although they have real material impacts. They are thus as social constructs: \"There is nothing more to being, or not being, a given race than the social acceptance and societal ascription of a race to a person\" (Damon Sajnani, 2015). This ontology therefore does not attempt to lay out an exact, fully defined, or mutually exclusive set of racial categories: this is an impossibility given their shifting use and the overlap among them and with identity categories for ethnicity, geography, and nationality. Those applying this class and its instances are encouraged not to let privileged identities operate as an unspoken given or to use this class solely in relation to the marginalized. Those concerned about \"white\" and \"black\" as homogenizing categories are encouraged to reach for specificity through plural categories and representations of intersectionality, and to consult race or ethnicity context annotations, if available.\n "@en . "\n Sous-classe de forme culturelle, cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9 indique l'appartenance raciale ou la couleur d'une personne, souvent telle qu'elle est pr\u00E9suppos\u00E9e, per\u00E7ue ou autrement assign\u00E9e selon des conventions culturelles, en parall\u00E8le avec le contexte fourni par les annotation de contexte ethnique ou racial lorsqu'il est pr\u00E9sent. M\u00EAme si les cat\u00E9gories de race ou de couleur sont fr\u00E9quemment manipul\u00E9es au service d'int\u00E9r\u00EAts d\u00E9plorables, leurs r\u00E9percussions id\u00E9ologiques et mat\u00E9rielles sur la formation identitaire requiert qu'on les prenne en compte. Ces cat\u00E9gories changeantes, historiquement constitu\u00E9es, d\u00E9velopp\u00E9es de fa\u00E7on int\u00E9ress\u00E9e, et dont l'usage doit \u00EAtre resitu\u00E9 en contexte sont enfin comprises ici comme discursives et repr\u00E9sentationnelles, m\u00EAme si leurs r\u00E9percussions mat\u00E9rielles sont bien r\u00E9elles. Ce sont donc des constructions sociales: \u00ABLe fait d'appartenir ou non \u00E0 une race donn\u00E9e n'est rien de plus que l'acceptation sociale et l'attribution soci\u00E9tale d'une race \u00E0 une personne\u00BB (Damon Sajnani, 2015).\n Cette ontologie ne pr\u00E9tend donc pas offrir un ensemble de cat\u00E9gories raciales exact, compl\u00E8tement d\u00E9fini, ou mutuellement exclusif, ce qui est impossible \u00E9tant donn\u00E9 leur utilisation en changement constant et leur chevauchement mutuel ou avec d'autres cat\u00E9gories identitaires utilis\u00E9es pour l'ethnicit\u00E9, la g\u00E9ographie ou la nationalit\u00E9. Les personnes qui appliquent ces cat\u00E9gories et sous-cat\u00E9gories sont encourag\u00E9es \u00E0 ne pas faire fonctionner les identit\u00E9s privil\u00E9gi\u00E9es comme si elles \u00E9taient consensuelles et \u00E9videntes, ou \u00E0 utiliser cette classe seulement en relation avec des populations marginalis\u00E9es. Les personnes pr\u00E9occup\u00E9es par le fait que \u00ABblanc\u00BB et \u00ABnoir\u00BB sont des cat\u00E9gories homog\u00E9n\u00E9isantes sont encourag\u00E9es \u00E0 atteindre la sp\u00E9cificit\u00E9 \u00E0 travers la pluralit\u00E9 des cat\u00E9gories et les repr\u00E9sentations intersectionnelles, ainsi qu'\u00E0 consulter les annotations associ\u00E9s \u00E0 contexte ethnique ou racial s'ils sont fournis.\n "@fr . . . . "Deprecated in favour of class race or colour and ethnicity."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de la classe race ou couleur et ethnicit\u00E9."@fr . . "race or ethnicity"@en . "race ou ethnicit\u00E9"@fr . . "deprecated"@en . . . . . . . "contexte ethnique ou racial"@fr . "race or ethnicity context"@en . . "\n Contexte Ethnique ou Racial est une sous-classe importante de Contexte, et est associ\u00E9e aux sous-classes race ou couleur et ethnicit\u00E9 et parfois \u00E0 d'autres formes culturelles. Les annotations entr\u00E9es en tant que Contexte Ethnique ou Racial fournissent des renseignements de contextualisation et des discussions sur l'identit\u00E9 d'un sujet concernant son appartenance raciale et/ou son ethnicit\u00E9.\n M\u00EAme si les cat\u00E9gories de race et d'ethnicit\u00E9 sont fr\u00E9quemment manipul\u00E9es au service d'int\u00E9r\u00EAts d\u00E9plorables, leurs r\u00E9percussions id\u00E9ologiques et mat\u00E9rielles sur la formation identitaire requi\u00E8rent qu'on les prenne en compte. Ces cat\u00E9gories sont changeantes, historiquement constitu\u00E9es, d\u00E9velopp\u00E9es de fa\u00E7on int\u00E9ress\u00E9e, et leur usage doit \u00EAtre resitu\u00E9 dans leur contexte; elles sont finalement comprises ici comme discursives et repr\u00E9sentationnelles, m\u00EAme si elles ont de r\u00E9elles r\u00E9percussions mat\u00E9rielles. Elles sont entendues comme des constructions sociales: \u00ABLe fait d'\u00EAtre ou de ne pas \u00EAtre d'une certaine race n'est rien de plus que l'acceptation sociale et l'attribution soci\u00E9tale d'une race \u00E0 une personne\u00BB (Damon Sajnani, 2015)\n "@fr . "\n Race or Ethnicity Context is a subclass of cultural form context, and is associated with the cultural form subclasses race or colour and ethnicity, and sometimes other cultural forms. Annotations typed as Race or Ethnicity Context provide contextualizing information about and discussions related to a person's perceived or self-reported identity with regards to race and/or ethnicity (Race or Colour or ethnicity).\n Despite the ways in which categories of Race or Colour and ethnicity frequently serve heinous interests, their ideological and material impacts in the formation of identities requires recognition. These are shifting, historically constituted, and interestedly deployed categories whose use must be situated contextually and are understood here finally as discursive or representational although they have real material impacts. They are thus social constructs: \"There is nothing more to being, or not being, a given race than the social acceptance and societal ascription of a race to a person\" (Damon Sajnani, 2015).\n "@en . . . . . ""@fr . "race ethnicity event"@en . . "An event related to an race or ethnicity context."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "re-evaluation response"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates a significant re-consideration of an author or one or more of their works."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "recent response"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates that a response to an author or one or more of their work occurred at some point after the initial response period."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "reception context"@en . . ""@fr . "Reception Context is a significant subclass of Writing Context. Annotations typed as Reception Context chart the effects and results of an individual's writing, and the responses of self and others to an individual's writing."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "reception event"@en . . "An event related to an reception context."@en . . . . . "religion"@en . "religion"@fr . . "A subclass of cultural form, this describes a person's religion(s) or belief system(s). Note that while atheism denotes the absence of religion, we use the Religion label for convenience."@en . "Une sous-classe de forme culturelle,d\u00E9crit la/les religion(s) ou le(s) syst\u00E8me(s) de croyance d'une personne. Notez que par commodit\u00E9 nous utilisons l'\u00E9tiquette Religion pour l'ath\u00E9isme, m\u00EAme si le terme indique l'absence de religion."@fr . . . . . . "contexte religieux"@fr . "religious context"@en . . "Contexte Religieux est une sous-classe de contexte importante. Elle est associ\u00E9e \u00E0 religion, sous-classe de Forme Culturelle, et recoupe parfois avec d'autres Formes Culturelles. Les annotations entr\u00E9es en tant que Contexte Religieux fournissent des informations et des discussions sur la subjectivit\u00E9 d'une personne en lien avec sa religion. Contexte Religieux explore plus en d\u00E9tails les cat\u00E9gories granulaires d'une personne gr\u00E2ce aux propri\u00E9t\u00E9s est de confession Ou religion (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)."@fr . "Religion Context is a significant subclass of context. It is associated with the cultural form subclass religion, and sometimes other intersecting Cultural Forms. Annotations typed as Religion Context provide information about and discussions of a person's subjectivity or experience with regards to their religion. Religion Context provides depth to more granular categorizations of a person indicated by the properties has religious affiliation or has religious affiliation (self-reported)."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "religion event"@en . . "An event related to a religious context."@en . . . . "organisation religieuse"@fr . "religious organization"@en . . "An organization whose activities are primarily religious."@en . "Une organisation dont les activit\u00E9s ont principalement un caract\u00E8re religieux."@fr . . . . "religious school"@en . "\u00E9cole non la\u00EFque"@fr . . "A school associated formally in some way with a religion, ranging from parochial schools to faith-based schools."@en . "\u00C9tablissement \u00E9ducatif officiellement associ\u00E9 de quelque fa\u00E7on avec une religion, allant des \u00E9coles paroissiales aux \u00E9coles confessionnelles."@fr . . . . "nom religieux"@fr . "religious name"@en . . "A name acquired through a religious role or practice."@en . "Un nom acquis par le biais d'une fonction ou d'une pratique religieuse."@fr . . . . . "reproductive history"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "Response"@en . ""@fr . "A reaction to a creative work or its creator which may take a wide range of forms both material and immaterial."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "response context"@en . . . ""@fr . "Response Context is a significant subclass of both Reception Context and Intertextuality Context. annotations typed as Response Context address reactions to a writer's literary work, whether their oeuvre in general or specific works, or to their role as an author."@en . . . . . ""@fr . " response event"@en . . . "An event related to an response context."@en . . . . . "Robert Warren" . . . "Deprecated, with no current equivalence."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver sans \u00E9quivalence."@fr . . "R\u00F4le"@fr . "role"@en . "deprecated"@en . "A role of a Person or Actor in some Event, CreativeWork, or Organisation."@en . "Le r\u00F4le d'une Personne ou d'un\u00B7e Acteur\u00B7ice au sein d'un \u00C9v\u00E8nement, d'une \u0152uvre Cr\u00E9ative ou une Organisation."@fr . . . . "nom de r\u00F4le"@fr . "role name"@en . . "A name which \"indicates that a person has a particular role or position in society, such as an official title or rank.\" This term is derived from the Text Encoding Initiative P5 schema for the 'roleName' element. See TEI element roleName ."@en . "Un nom qui \"signale qu'une personne poss\u00E8de un r\u00F4le ou une position particuli\u00E8re dans la soci\u00E9t\u00E9, telle qu'un titre ou un rang officiel.\" Ce terme est d\u00E9riv\u00E9 du sch\u00E9ma P5 du Text Encoding Initiative pour l'\u00E9l\u00E9ment 'roleName'. Voir TEI element roleName ."@fr . . . . "nom de romance"@fr . "romance name"@en . . "Indicates cases where the person has a name associated with writing romances, or with romantic writing, for example, Swift's Stella."@en . "Indique des cas o\u00F9 le nom d'une personne est associ\u00E9 \u00E0 des romances ou des \u00E9crits romantiques, par exemple la Stella de Swift."@fr . . . . "nom royal"@fr . "royal name"@en . . "A name based on royal status."@en . "Un nom tir\u00E9 d'un statut royal."@fr . . . . ""@fr . "scholarship"@en . . ""@fr . "A scholarship is an award of financial aid for a student to further their education. Scholarships are awarded based upon various criteria, which usually reflect the values and purposes of the donor or founder of the award. Scholarship money is not required to be repaid."@en . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "secondary modern school"@en . "\u00E9cole secondaire moderne"@fr . . . "\"A secondary modern school is a type of secondary school that once existed throughout England, Wales and Northern Ireland, from 1944 until the 1970s under the Tripartite System and still persist in Northern Ireland, where they are usually referred to simply as Secondary schools, and in areas of England, such as Buckinghamshire (where they are referred to as community schools), Lincolnshire, Wirral Medway and Kent where they are called high schools. \" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes \u00E9coles secondaires modernes, ou Secondary Technical Schools (en), avaient pour objectif une professionnalisation rapide de leur \u00E9l\u00E8ves.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "coll\u00E8ge"@fr . "secondary school"@en . . . "\"A secondary school is both an organization that provides secondary education and the building where this takes place. Some secondary schools can provide both lower secondary education and upper secondary education (levels 2 and 3 of the ISCED scale), but these can also be provided in separate schools, as in the American middle school- high school system. Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages of 11 and 16. The organisations, buildings, and terminology are more or less unique in each country.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABEn France, le coll\u00E8ge est un \u00E9tablissement d'enseignement \u2014 public ou priv\u00E9 \u2014 qui se situe entre l'\u00E9cole primaire et le lyc\u00E9e et assure le premier niveau de l'enseignement secondaire (de la 6e \u00E0 la 3e) en principe de 11 \u00E0 14 / 15 ans environ (l'\u00E2ge obligatoire minimum de sortie scolaire est de 16 ans en France).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . "secular school"@en . "\u00E9cole la\u00EFque"@fr . . "A school that is not formally associated with a religious organization and/or one that is avowedly secular in its educational principles, often but not always publicly-funded institutions that are funded by countries with a separation between religion and the state."@en . "\u00C9cole qui n'est pas formellement associ\u00E9e \u00E0 quelque organisation religieuse et/ou officiellement la\u00EFque dans ses principes \u00E9ducatifs, souvent (mais pas toujours) financ\u00E9e publiquement dans les pays o\u00F9 la religion est s\u00E9par\u00E9e de l'\u00C9tat."@fr . . . . "nom construit"@fr . "self constructed name"@en . . "A self-chosen name used in everyday life rather than only on title-pages as is the case for a pseudonym."@en . "Indique un nom choisi par la personne elle-m\u00EAme et utilis\u00E9 dans la vie courante plut\u00F4t que seulement dans les pages de titre, comme c'est le cas d'un pseudonyme."@fr . . . . "contexte \u00E9ducatif autodidacte"@fr . "self taught education context"@en . . "Contexte \u00E9ducatif li\u00E9 \u00E0 l'apprentissage men\u00E9 de fa\u00E7on autonome."@fr . "Education context related to learning conducted independently."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "self taught education event"@en . . "An event related to an self taught education context."@en . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of class gender."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de la classe genre."@fr . . "identit\u00E9 sexe"@fr . "sex identity"@en . . . "deprecated"@en . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of sexuality term."@en . "Deprecated in favour of class sexuality."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de la classe sexualit\u00E9."@fr . . "Identit\u00E9 Sexuelle"@fr . "Sexual Identity"@en . . . . "deprecated"@en . . . . . "sexuality"@en . "sexualit\u00E9"@fr . . . "A subclass of cultural form and linked to sexuality context, Sexuality properties indicate in a word or phrase identifications or aspects of sexuality (i.e., \"lesbian,\" \"monogamous,\" \"heterosexual\" but also \"promiscuous\") not as a means of shutting down but advancing investigation and critical analysis of these identifications. The association assumes that sexual identity does not function in an essentialist manner but can be plural and fluid, so multiple designations can be applied to a single person can be associated with multiple terms. Sexual identity may come from the subject her/himself or be ascribed by others. Terms may be in tension or mutually exclusive, they may reflect different life stages, and they may or may not reflect actual sexual practices. Linking a person to the term lesbianism as a sexual identity, for instance, does not necessarily signify that the subject was in any definitive sense a lesbian; such identifications are often impossible for reasons of historical gaps and silences. As far as living persons are concerned, our practice is to draw only on widely circulated public sources or disclosures from the subject her/himself in order to avoid inadvertently outing someone. See Campbell and Cowan, 2016"@en . "Une sous-classe de forme culturelle li\u00E9e \u00E0 sexualit\u00E9 en contexte, les propri\u00E9t\u00E9s de Sexualit\u00E9 indiquent en un mot ou en une phrase les identifications ou les aspects de la sexualit\u00E9 (par exemple \u00ABlesbienne\u00BB, \u00ABmonogame\u00BB, \u00ABh\u00E9t\u00E9rosexuelle\u00BB, mais aussi \u00ABpromiscuit\u00E9\u00BB), non pas pour clore la discussion mais pour d\u00E9velopper l'\u00E9tude et l'analyse critique de ces cat\u00E9gories. Comme l'identit\u00E9 sexuelle peut \u00EAtre plurielle et fluide, une m\u00EAme personne est susceptible d'\u00EAtre associ\u00E9e \u00E0 plusieurs termes. L'identit\u00E9 sexuelle peut \u00EAtre formul\u00E9e par la personne elle-m\u00EAme ou \u00EAtre assign\u00E9e par d'autres individus. Les termes utilis\u00E9s peuvent se trouver en tension ou se montrer incompatibles, et refl\u00E8tent diff\u00E9rentes p\u00E9riodes de l'existence. Par exemple, lier une personne au terme \u00ABlesbienne\u00BB comme classe de sexualit\u00E9 ne signifie pas n\u00E9cessairement que cette derni\u00E8re \u00E9tait d\u00E9finitivement lesbienne, car une telle identification est souvent impossible \u00E0 cause de lacunes et de silences historiques. En ce qui concerne les personnes toujours en vie, nous ne nous appuyons que sur des sources ou des d\u00E9clarations publiques faites par le sujet elle/lui-m\u00EAme afin de ne pas d\u00E9voiler par inadvertance des informations priv\u00E9es sur sa sexualit\u00E9. Voir Campbell and Cowan 2016"@fr . . . . . . . "sexuality context"@en . "sexualit\u00E9 en contexte"@fr . . "Sexuality Context is a significant subclass of cultural form context. Annotations typed as Sexuality Context provide information about and discussions of a person's subjectivity or experience with regards to their sexuality and sexual identity. Sexuality Context provides depth to more granular categorizations of a person through the sexuality or sexuality self-reported properties. It does not provide context for individual sexual experiences and relationships (for which see intimate relationship context), although specific relationships may be invoked to indicate the impact on a subject's life and understanding of their own sexuality. Contextualizations allow recognition of the complicated politics of sexuality, for example, considerations regarding outing, the historical specificity of some categories such as \"congenital invert,\" the appropriation of derogatory terms, and the multiplicity of constructions. There are important politics of privacy with respect to the disclosure of a subject's sexuality, sexual orientation, and sexual identity. As far as living persons are concerned, recommended practice is to draw only on widely circulated public sources or disclosures from the subject her/himself in order to avoid inadvertently outing someone. See Campbell and Cowan, 2016\n "@en . "Sexualit\u00E9 En Contexte est une sous-classe de contexte importante. Les annotations de Sexualit\u00E9 En Contexte fournissent des renseignements et des discussions sur la sexualit\u00E9 et l'identit\u00E9 sexuelle d'une personne gr\u00E2ce \u00E0 Sexualit\u00E9 ou Sexualit\u00E9 Autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e. Elle n'est pas vou\u00E9e \u00E0 r\u00E9pertorier les exp\u00E9riences sexuelles et les relations intimes, m\u00EAme si certaines d'entre elles peuvent \u00EAtre \u00E9voqu\u00E9es pour indiquer leurs cons\u00E9quences sur la vie du sujet ou la connaissance qu'elle a de sa propre sexualit\u00E9. Ces efforts de contextualisation permettent de reconna\u00EEtre l'existence de questions complexes qui entourent la sexualit\u00E9, comme par exemple les politiques de d\u00E9lation, la sp\u00E9cificit\u00E9 historique de certaines cat\u00E9gories comme \"inversion sexuelle\", la r\u00E9appropriation de termes d\u00E9nigrants ou les mutliples constructions discursives. Il existe d'importantes politiques de confidentialit\u00E9 qui prot\u00E8gent les personnes contre la divulgation d'informations priv\u00E9es sur leur sexualit\u00E9, leur orientation sexuelle et leur identit\u00E9 sexuelle. Pour les personnes toujours en vie, notre pratique est donc de ne nous appuyer que sur des sources ou des d\u00E9clarations publiques venant des sujets eux-m\u00EAmes, afin de ne pas d\u00E9voiler par inadvertance des informations priv\u00E9es sur leur sexualit\u00E9. Voir (Campbell and Cowan, 2016)\n "@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "sexuality event"@en . . "An event related to a sexuality context."@en . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "single-sex school"@en . "\u00E9ducation non mixte"@fr . . . "\"Single-sex education, also known as single-gender education, is the practice of conducting education where male and female students attend separate classes or in separate buildings or schools. The practice was common before the twentieth century, particularly in secondary education and higher education. Single-sex education in many cultures is advocated on the basis of tradition as well as religion, and is practiced in many parts of the world. Recently, there has been a surge of interest and establishment of single-sex schools due to educational research. Single sex education is practiced in many Muslim majority countries; while in the West it is most popular in Belgium, Chile, Singapore, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Israel, New Zealand, Australia, South Korea. Motivations for such education range from religious ideas of sex segregation to beliefs that the sexes learn and behave differently, and, as such, they thrive in a single sex environment. In the 19th century, in Western countries, single sex girls' finishing schools, and women's colleges offered women a chance to education at a time when they were denied access to mainstream educational institutions. The former were especially common in Switzerland, the latter in the US and the UK, which were pioneers in women's education.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "L'\u00E9ducation non mixte, \u00E9galement connue sous le nom d'\u00E9ducation unisexe, d\u00E9signe un type d'\u00E9ducation qui implique la s\u00E9paration des \u00E9l\u00E8ves en fonction de leur sexe de naissance, qui sont r\u00E9parti\u00B7e\u00B7s dans des classes, des b\u00E2timents ou des \u00E9coles s\u00E9par\u00E9s."@fr . . . . . "classe sociale"@fr . "social class"@en . . "A subclass of cultural form, socialClass terms associate subjects with a specific social group, recognizing that such categories and their application to individuals are contested and can change over time. The association may be or have been embraced by the subject her/himself or attributed by others. Unlike Notes typed as social class context, which contain detailed discussion of a subject's class position, socialClass links to a word or phrase signifying a particular construction of class, with particular reference to earlier historical periods in the British Isles. Social class has been variously constructed and theorized, sometimes overlaps with occupation, and for women is further complicated by the fact that women were understood to take their social status from fathers and/or husbands. The terminology used here reflects quite basic social groupings that intersect with other factors such as wealth."@en . "Une sous-cat\u00E9gorie de culturalForm, les termes de socialClass associent les sujets \u00E0 des groupes sociaux sp\u00E9cifiques, en prenant en compte le fait que ces cat\u00E9gories et leur application aux individus sont contestables et peuvent changer au fil du temps. L'association \u00E0 une classe sociale peut ou a pu \u00EAtre assum\u00E9e par le sujet elle/lui-m\u00EAme ou attribu\u00E9e par d'autres. Contrairement aux notes comme contexte social, qui contiennent les d\u00E9tails des discussions autour de le statut social du sujet, socialClass relie un mot ou une phrase r\u00E9f\u00E9rant \u00E0 une classe sp\u00E9cifique qui renvoie \u00E0 des p\u00E9riodes historiques ant\u00E9rieures sp\u00E9cifiques des \u00CEles Britanniques. La notion de classe sociale a \u00E9t\u00E9 construite et th\u00E9oris\u00E9e de diverses mani\u00E8res, et est d'autant plus complexe pour les femmes puisqu'elles \u00E9taient cens\u00E9es adopter le statut social de leur p\u00E8re et/ou de leur mari. La terminologie ici utilis\u00E9e r\u00E9f\u00E8re \u00E0 des groupes sociaux \u00E9l\u00E9mentaires qui se recoupent avec d'autres facteurs comme la richesse."@fr . . . . . . "contexte social"@fr . "social class context"@en . . "Contexte Social est une sous-classe de contexte importante. Les annotations de Contexte Social fournissent des informations et des discussions relatives \u00E0 la classe sociale et parfois \u00E0 d'autres Formes Culturelles d'une personne. Contexte Social explore plus en d\u00E9tails les indications granulaires sur la classe sociale \u00E0 travers les propri\u00E9t\u00E9s de Classe Sociale.(Orlando, 2006)"@fr . "Social Class Context is a significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as Social Class Context provide information about and discussions of a person's cultural formation in relation to social class identities and sometimes other intersecting Cultural Forms. Social Class Context provides depth to more granular indications of social class through the Social Class property(Orlando, 2006)."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "social class event"@en . . "An event related to a social class context."@en . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of class social class."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de la classe classe sociale."@fr . . "identit\u00E9 classe sociale"@fr . "social class identity"@en . . . "deprecated"@en . "A subclass of culturalForms, socialClassIdentity terms associate subjects with a specific social group, recognizing that such categories and their application to individuals are contested and can change over time. The association may be or have been embraced by the subject her/himself or attributed by others. Unlike Notes typed as socialClassContext, which contain detailed discussions of a subject's class position, socialClassIdentity links to a word or phrase signifying a particular construction of class, with particular reference to earlier historical periods in the British Isles. Social class has been variously constructed and theorized, and for women is further complicated by the fact that women were understood to take their social status from fathers and/or husbands. The terminology used here reflects quite basic social groupings that intersect with other factors such as wealth."@en . "Une sous-cat\u00E9gorie de culturalForms, les termes de socialClassIdentity associent les sujets \u00E0 des groupes sociaux sp\u00E9cifiques, en prenant en compte le fait que ces cat\u00E9gories et leur application aux individus sont contestables et peuvent changer au fil du temps. L'association \u00E0 une classe sociale peut ou a pu \u00EAtre assum\u00E9e par le sujet elle/lui-m\u00EAme ou attribu\u00E9e par d'autres. Contrairement aux notes comme socialClassContext, qui contiennent les d\u00E9tails des discussions autour de le statut social du sujet, socialClassIdentity relie un mot ou une phrase r\u00E9f\u00E9rant \u00E0 une classe sp\u00E9cifique qui renvoie \u00E0 des p\u00E9riodes historiques ant\u00E9rieures sp\u00E9cifiques des \u00CEles Britanniques. La notion de classe sociale a \u00E9t\u00E9 construite et th\u00E9oris\u00E9e de diverses mani\u00E8res, et est d'autant plus complexe pour les femmes puisqu'elles \u00E9taient cens\u00E9es adopter le statut social de leur p\u00E8re et/ou de leur mari. La terminologie ici utilis\u00E9e r\u00E9f\u00E8re \u00E0 des groupes sociaux \u00E9l\u00E9mentaires qui se recoupent avec d'autres facteurs comme la richesse."@fr . . . . . "climat social"@fr . "social climate"@en . . "Events, including indications of larger trends, with social implications, such as shifts in technology, science, medicine, law, or education, domestic conditions such as housing, clothes, or food and food supply, or the changing positions and civic involvements of marginalized groups."@en . "\u00C9v\u00E8nements, incluant des indications sur des tendances au sens large, qui ont des implications sociales telles que les mutations technologiques, scientifiques, m\u00E9dicinales, l\u00E9gales ou \u00E9ducatives, les conditions de vie domestiques comme le logement, les v\u00EAtements, la nourriture ou l'approvisionnement alimentaire, ou encore le changement de positions et les engagements civiques des groupes marginalis\u00E9s."@fr . . . . . "contexte spatiale"@fr . "spatial context"@en . . "A significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as spatial context provide information about and discussions of aspects of a person's connections to geospatial locations. Spatial information is also associated in a range of ways with other properties and events such as a person's geographic heritage, a place of publication, or the setting of literary texts."@en . "Une sous-classe importante de contexte. Les annotations de contexte spatial fournissent des informations et des discussions sur certains aspects des relations d'une personne avec des positions g\u00E9ospatiales. L'information spatiale est aussi associ\u00E9e d'autres mani\u00E8res \u00E0 d'autres propri\u00E9t\u00E9s ou \u00E9v\u00E8nements tels que l'h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique d'une personne, un lieu de publication ou les cadres de textes litt\u00E9raires."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "spatial event"@en . . . "An event related to an spatial context."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "spatial movement event"@en . . . "An event related to an spatial context. Particularly in relation to travelled to, moved to, emigrated from, immigrated to, visits "@en . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "state school"@en . "state school"@fr . . . "\"State schools (also known as public schools outside of England and Wales) generally refer to primary or secondary schools mandated for or offered to all children without charge, funded in whole or in part by taxation. The term may also refer to public institutions of post-secondary education.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "State school est un terme utilis\u00E9 en Australie, en Nouvelle-Z\u00E9lande et au Royaume-Uni pour distinguer les \u00E9coles g\u00E9r\u00E9es par le gouvernement des \u00E9coles priv\u00E9es."@fr . . . . "bourse estudiantine"@fr . "studentship"@en . . "A Studentship is a type of academic scholarship."@en . "Une bourse estudiantine est un type de bourse acad\u00E9mique."@fr . . . . . "nom stylis\u00E9"@fr . "styled name"@en . . "A courtesy title associated with the British or other peerage."@en . "Un nom de courtoisie associ\u00E9 avec les Britanniques ou autre pairie."@fr . . . . "nom de famille"@fr . "surname"@en . . . . "A subject's last name at birth, often a family (inherited) name, as opposed to a forename or nickname.\" This term is derived from the Text Encoding Initiative P5 schema 'surname' element. See also TEI element surname ."@en . "Le nom de famille d'une personne attribu\u00E9 \u00E0 sa naissance, souvent un nom h\u00E9rit\u00E9 de sa famille, \u00E0 la diff\u00E9rence du pr\u00E9nom ou du surnom . Ce terme est d\u00E9riv\u00E9 de l'\u00E9l\u00E9ment 'surname' du sch\u00E9ma P5 du Text Encoding Initiative. Voir TEI element surname ."@fr . . . . "Susan Brown" . . . . "nom de syst\u00E8me"@fr . "system name"@en . . . "A name by which a person holds an account for a platform or service."@en . "Un nom avec lequel une personne d\u00E9tient un compte sur une plateforme ou un service."@fr . . . . . "textual label"@en . "\u00E9tiquettes textuelles"@fr . "Collection of ambiguous or overloaded labels associated with contested concepts."@en . "Ensemble des \u00E9tiquettes ambigues au sein du jeu d'\u00E9tiquettes d'Orlando."@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "textual features context"@en . . ""@fr . "Textual Features Context is a significant subclass of Writing Context. Annotations typed as Textual Features Context chart critical interest in texts in addition to textual analysis, which occassionally draws on the tradition of close reading."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "textual features event"@en . . "An event related to an textual features context."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "textual survival context"@en . . ""@fr . "Textual Survival Context is a significant subclass of Writing Context. Annotations typed as Textual Survival Context chart the survival or lack of survival, whether accidental or deliberate, of a text or texts."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "textual survival event"@en . . "An event related to an textual survival context."@en . . . . "nom de titre"@fr . "titled name"@en . . "A formal title in the British and other peerages, including of a life peer. Peeresses may be described as titled, although in strict terms, unless one holds a title \"in her own right\", these are styled names or courtesy titles."@en . "Un nom formel chez les Britanniques et autres pairies, incluant le Pair \u00E0 vie. Les pairesses peuvent \u00EAtre d\u00E9sign\u00E9es avec des titres, m\u00EAme au sens strict ceux-ci sont des noms stylis\u00E9s ou des titres de courtoisie, \u00E0 moins qu'une pairesse d\u00E9tienne un titre \"\u00E0 part enti\u00E8re.\""@fr . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "lyc\u00E9e professionnel"@fr . "trade school"@en . . . . "\"A vocational school, sometimes called a trade school or vocational college, is a post-secondary educational institution designed to provide vocational education, or technical skills required to perform the tasks of a particular and specific job. Vocational schools are traditionally distinguished from four-year colleges by their focus on job-specific training to students who are typically bound for one of the skilled trades, rather than providing academic training for students pursuing careers in a professional discipline. While many schools have largely adhered to this convention, the purely vocational focus of other trade schools began to shift in the 1990s \"toward a broader preparation that develops the academic\" as well as technical skills of their students.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABEn France, le lyc\u00E9e professionnel (LP) est un \u00E9tablissement d'enseignement professionnel qui offre un enseignement professionnel en relation avec les m\u00E9tiers des entreprises, afin d'acqu\u00E9rir des comp\u00E9tences, des connaissances et des savoir-faire dans un domaine professionnel. Son but est l'insertion socioprofessionnelle.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "contexte de violence"@fr . "violence context"@en . . "A significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as Violence Context provide information about and discussions of instances of physical, sexual, and undue emotional abuse, whether the person was subject to the violence or perpetrated it. Broadly conceived to include the effect of exposure to violence of which the person was neither perpetrator nor survivor."@en . "Une sous-classe importante de contexte. Les annotations de contexte de violence fournissent des informations et des discussions sur des cas de violence physique, sexuelle et psychologique, que la personne ait \u00E9t\u00E9 victime ou responsable de violence. Comprise au sens large pour inclure les effets de l'exposition \u00E0 la violence sur une personne, m\u00EAme si la personne n'y a pas pris part ou n'en a pas \u00E9t\u00E9 victime."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "violence event"@en . . "An event related to an violence context."@en . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of class economic context."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de la classe contexte \u00E9conomique."@fr . . ""@fr . "wealth context"@en . . . "deprecated"@en . ""@fr . "A significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as Wealth Context provide information about and discussions of a person's economic standing, including inheritance, property ownership, pensions, and personal financial disasters. See also the occupation context and cultural form context, particularly for social class context."@en . . . . . "contexte de sant\u00E9 des femmes"@fr . "women's health context"@en . . "A subclass of health context. Annotations typed as women's health context describe an aspect of a person's health related to being a woman. Often closely connected to or overlapping with reproductive history. See Women's health - Wikipedia."@en . "Une sous-classe importante de contexte de sant\u00E9. Les annotations de contexte de sant\u00E9 f\u00E9minine fournissent des informations et des discussions sur un aspect de la sant\u00E9 d'une personne en relation \u00E0 son statut de femme. Souvent \u00E9troitement li\u00E9 ou en croisement avec l'histoire reproductive. Voir Sant\u00E9 de la femme \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "writing context"@en . . ""@fr . "Writing Context is a major subclass of context. Annotations typed as Writing Context provide information about and discussions of a person's writing and writing career through the use of literary properties and relationships and through subclasses of Writing Context such as production context, reception context, and textual features context."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "writing event"@en . . "An event related to an writing context."@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Abolitionnisme"@fr . "abolitionism"@en . . "abolition"@en . "abolitionist"@en . "anti-slavery"@en . "integrationism"@en . "sugar boycotter"@en . . . . "\"Abolitionism is a movement to end slavery, whether formal or informal. In Western Europe and the Americas, abolitionism is a historical movement to end the African and Indian slave trade and set slaves free. King Charles I of Spain, usually known as Emperor Charles V, following the example of the Swedish monarch, passed a law which would have abolished colonial slavery in 1542, although this law was not passed in the largest colonial states, and so was not enforced. In the late 17th century, the Roman Catholic Church, taking up a plea by Lourenco da Silva de Mendouca, officially condemned the slave trade, which was affirmed vehemently by Pope Gregory XVI in 1839. An abolitionist movement only started in the late 18th century, however, when English and American Quakers began to question the morality of slavery. James Oglethorpe was among the first to articulate the Enlightenment case against slavery, banning it in the Province of Georgia on humanist grounds, arguing against it in Parliament, and eventually encouraging his friends Granville Sharp and Hannah More to vigorously pursue the cause. Soon after his death in 1785, they joined with William Wilberforce and others in forming the Clapham Sect. The Somersett Case in 1772, which emancipated a slave in England, helped launch the British movement to abolish slavery. Though anti-slavery sentiments were widespread by the late 18th century, the colonies and emerging nations that used slave labour continued to do so: French, English and Portuguese territories in the West Indies; South America; and the Southern United States. After the American Revolution established the United States, northern states, beginning with Pennsylvania in 1780, passed legislation during the next two decades abolishing slavery, sometimes by gradual emancipation. Massachusetts ratified a constitution that declared all men equal; freedom suits challenging slavery based on this principle brought an end to slavery in the state. Vermont, which existed as an unrecognized state from 1777 to 1791, abolished adult slavery in 1777. In other states, such as Virginia, similar declarations of rights were interpreted by the courts as not applicable to Africans. During the following decades, the abolitionist movement grew in northern states, and Congress regulated the expansion of slavery in new states admitted to the union. David Brion Davis argues that the main driving force was a new moral consciousness, with an intellectual assist from the Enlightenment, and a powerful impulse from religious Quakers and evangelicals. France abolished slavery within the French Kingdom in 1315. Revolutionary France abolished slavery in its colonies in 1794, before it was restored by Napoleon in 1802. Haiti achieved independence from France in 1804 and brought an end to slavery in its territory, establishing the second republic in the New World. The northern states in the U.S. all abolished slavery by 1804. The United Kingdom and the United States outlawed the international slave trade in 1807, after which Britain led efforts to block slave ships. Britain abolished slavery throughout the British Empire with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, the French colonies abolished it in 1848 and the U.S. in 1865 with the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In Eastern Europe, groups organized to abolish the enslavement of the Roma in Wallachia and Moldavia; and to emancipate the serfs in Russia (Emancipation reform of 1861). It was declared illegal in 1948 under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The last country to abolish legal slavery was Mauritania, where it was officially abolished by presidential decree in 1981. Today, child and adult slavery and forced labour are illegal in most countries, as well as being against international law, but a high rate of human trafficking for labour and for sexual bondage continues to affect tens of millions of adults and children\" (DBpedia, 2017)."@en . "\u00ABL'abolitionnisme est un courant de pens\u00E9e qui \u00E9merge dans le dernier tiers du XVIIIe si\u00E8cle dans le monde occidental (notamment en Grande-Bretagne) et vise la suppression de l'esclavage. Par extension, on utilise le terme pour tous les mouvements qui cherchent la suppression d'une tradition, d'une institution ou d'une loi : abolition de la peine de mort, de la torture, du travail, des privil\u00E8ges, des prisons, de la prostitution, du sp\u00E9cisme, etc.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "abolitionist"@en . "abolitionist activist"@en . "abolitionist worker"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "abortion"@en . "aborted"@en . ""@fr . "Related to an abortion of a pregnancy."@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Abrahamic religions"@en . "Religions abrahamiques"@fr . . "\"Abrahamic religions, emphasising and tracing their common origin to the tribal patriarch Abraham or recognizing a spiritual tradition identified with him, comprising one of the major divisions in comparative religion, along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions. Judaism, Christianity and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions.The largest Abrahamic religions in chronological order of founding are Judaism (2nd millennium BCE), Christianity (1st century CE) and Islam (7th century CE).\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'expression religion abrahamique d\u00E9signe principalement le juda\u00EFsme, le christianisme dont les Saintes \u00C9critures, respectivement le Tanakh, la Bible \u00E9voquent la figure d'Abraham et l'islam avec le Coran, celle d'Ibrahim.En fran\u00E7ais, cette expression est apparue vers 1950 dans des \u00E9tudes d'islamologie pour d\u00E9signer, d'une part, la religion d'Abraham telle qu'elle se con\u00E7oit dans l'islam et d'autre part les trois religions que sont le juda\u00EFsme, le christianisme et l'islam.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "academic"@en . "academician"@en . "humanist scholar"@en . "scholar"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "academic and social critic"@en . "first woman in scotland to earn a university certificate"@en . "greek and hebrew examiner"@en . "oxford don"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "accountant"@en . "agent and accountant"@en . "book keeper"@en . "household accountant"@en . "keeping accounts"@en . "management accountant"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "family budgeting"@en . "family financial manager"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "activist"@en . "activist against slavery"@en . "activist for dissent"@en . "activist for the disabled"@en . "anti poverty activist"@en . "anti slavery activist"@en . "anti vivisectionist"@en . "child labour activist"@en . "christian social activist"@en . "civil rights activist"@en . "continuing education activist"@en . "educational activist"@en . "housing activist"@en . "human rights activist"@en . "labour activist"@en . "library activist"@en . "media activist"@en . "medical mission activist"@en . "peace activist"@en . "political activist"@en . "poverty activist"@en . "protest organiser"@en . "resistance activist"@en . "social activist"@en . "temperance activist"@en . "workhouse activist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "activist involvement in"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "actor manager"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "adaptation"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "adapted by"@en . . . . . . . . . "adapts"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates a reworking of a creative Work, including updates. Adaptation can be construed broadly: to quote Linda Hutcheon, \"adaptation is not only a formal entity . . . but a process\" xvii."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "adjudicator"@en . "awards judge"@en . "contest judge"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "selector for the poetry book society"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "administrator"@en . "administration"@en . "administrative officer"@en . "hospital administrator"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "principal of institute"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "adoption"@en . ""@fr . "Related to adoption."@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Adventism"@en . "Adventisme"@fr . . "Second Adventist"@en . . "\"Adventism is a branch of Protestantism with origins in the 19th century American Protestant revival known as the Second Great Awakening. The name refers to belief in the imminent Second Coming (or \"Second Advent\") of Jesus Christ. William Miller started the Adventist movement in the 1830s. His followers became known as Millerites. Although the Adventist churches hold much in common, their theologies differ on whether the intermediate state is unconscious sleep or consciousness, whether the ultimate punishment of the wicked is annihilation or eternal torment, the nature of immortality, whether or not the wicked are resurrected after the millennium, and whether the sanctuary of Daniel 8 refers to the one in heaven or one on earth. The movement has encouraged the examination of the whole Bible, leading Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups to observe the Sabbath. The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists has compiled that church's core beliefs in the 28 Fundamental Beliefs (1980 and 2005), which use Biblical references as justification. In 2010, Adventism claimed some 22 million believers scattered in various independent churches. The largest church within the movement \u2014 the Seventh-day Adventist Church \u2014 is one of the largest Christian churches in the world, with more than 18 million baptized members.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABL'adventisme est un mouvement chr\u00E9tien lanc\u00E9 au XIXe si\u00E8cle dans le contexte du Second grand r\u00E9veil aux \u00C9tats-Unis. L'expression se r\u00E9f\u00E8re \u00E0 la doctrine de la deuxi\u00E8me venue de J\u00E9sus-Christ, aussi appel\u00E9e \u00AB le retour du Christ \u00BB. Ceux qui adh\u00E9r\u00E8rent \u00E0 l'enseignement du pr\u00E9dicateur baptiste William Miller furent appel\u00E9s les millerites. Le mot \u00AB adventisme \u00BB ou \u00AB adventisme du septi\u00E8me jour \u00BB d\u00E9signe aussi ce qui touche \u00E0 l'histoire, les croyances, la mission, l'organisation et la sociologie de l'\u00C9glise adventiste du septi\u00E8me jour, la plus grande d\u00E9nomination adventiste. Le terme n'est nullement restreint aux d\u00E9nominations adventistes. Une personne qui attend le retour du Christ est dans les faits un \u00AB adventiste \u00BB. L'\u00C9glise primitive des rois mages annon\u00E7a et attendit le retour des ap\u00F4tres. Des ordres catholiques y accord\u00E8rent leur attention. L'histoire et l'identit\u00E9 spirituelle du mouvement adventiste prennent leurs sources diff\u00E9rentes dans la r\u00E9forme luth\u00E9rienne, le baptisme, le pi\u00E9tisme, le m\u00E9thodisme et les r\u00E9veils. Un int\u00E9r\u00EAt pour l'\u00E9tude des textes proph\u00E9tiques de la Bible abordant la question de la venue en gloire du Christ est tr\u00E8s attest\u00E9 tout au long de l'histoire protestante. \u00C0 partir du XVIIIe si\u00E8cle en Europe cet int\u00E9r\u00EAt devint plus profond et inspira la pr\u00E9dication revivaliste, ainsi que celle de William Miller. Ellen G. White proposa sa version de l'adventisme dans son livre \"La trag\u00E9die des si\u00E8cles\" (1911).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "advertising"@en . "advertising manager"@en . "assistant press officer"@en . "literary publicist"@en . "music publicity"@en . "political publicist"@en . "press assistant"@en . "press officer"@en . "public relations"@en . "public relations specialist"@en . "publicist"@en . "publicity"@en . "publicity agent"@en . "publicity assistant"@en . "publicity manager"@en . "publicity officer"@en . "religious publicist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "junior press officer"@en . "publisher's advertising manager"@en . "quaker publicist"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "advocate"@en . "advocate for the poor"@en . "animal rights advocate"@en . "anti poverty"@en . "campaigner against capital punishment"@en . "campaigner for child welfare"@en . "civil rights"@en . "emigration promoter"@en . "free speech advocate"@en . "maternity advocate"@en . "prisoners' advocate"@en . "promote temperance"@en . "promotion of women's work"@en . "sunday school promoter"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "continued to encourage women to enter politics through various efforts"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "affected entity"@en . ""@fr . "Affected entities link to the Object or Class that was modified within a change set, this can be any rdf:resource. A change set may have 0 to many affected entities."@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "African-American"@en . "Afro-am\u00E9ricain"@fr . . "\n \"African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group of Americans (citizens or residents of the United States) with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to include only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American.\" (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@en . "\n \u00ABLes Afro-Am\u00E9ricains, \u00E9galement appel\u00E9s Noirs am\u00E9ricains ou, plus rarement, Africains-Am\u00E9ricains, sont les citoyens des \u00C9tats-Unis ayant des anc\u00EAtres originaires d'Afrique noire. La grande majorit\u00E9 des Afro-Am\u00E9ricains est descendante des esclaves d\u00E9port\u00E9s entre le d\u00E9but du xviie et le d\u00E9but du xixe si\u00E8cle. Longtemps victimes de l'esclavage, de la s\u00E9gr\u00E9gation raciale et de la discrimination (en), la reconstruction apr\u00E8s la guerre de S\u00E9cession, la d\u00E9s\u00E9gr\u00E9gation et le Mouvement des droits civiques constituent autant d'\u00E9tapes vers la reconnaissance des droits des Afro-Am\u00E9ricains. L'accession de Barack Obama \u00E0 la t\u00EAte des \u00C9tats-Unis en 2009 constitue bien d'un certain point de vue la fin de ce long cheminement mais n'emp\u00EAche pas que les classes sociales afro-Am\u00E9ricaines les plus d\u00E9munies soient toujours confront\u00E9es au racisme et \u00E0 la discrimination, notamment par certains membres des forces de police am\u00E9ricaine.\u00BB(DBpedia, 2017)\n "@fr . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Africain"@fr . "African"@en . . "black African descent"@en . "\n \"The ethnic groups of Africa number in the thousands, each generally having its own language (or dialect of a language) and culture. The ethnolinguistic groups include various Afro-Asiatic, Khoisan, Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan populations.\" (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@en . "\n \u00ABCet article propose une liste des groupes ethniques d'Afrique, non exhaustive (on peut en d\u00E9nombrer pr\u00E8s de 2 000 sur le continent africain et \u00E0 Madagascar) et en cours d'\u00E9laboration. Comme il s'agit de soci\u00E9t\u00E9s vivantes, ces distinctions et divisions sont toujours discut\u00E9es et en \u00E9volution, il n'en existe donc pas de repr\u00E9sentation unique. La notion d'ethnie est controvers\u00E9e au sein de l'anthropologie contemporaine, notamment francophone. En particulier, il n'existe pas d'accord sur des crit\u00E8res permettant de d\u00E9limiter tous les groupes (langue, culture, territoire, sentiment d'appartenance\u2026) Ce r\u00E9pertoire alphab\u00E9tique a donc surtout une finalit\u00E9 pratique. Il appartient \u00E0 chaque article d'apporter pr\u00E9cisions et mise en perspective historique.\u00BB(DBpedia, 2017)\n "@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Africain"@fr . "African"@en . . "\"The African diaspora refers to the communities throughout the world that have resulted by descent from the movement in historic times of peoples from Africa, predominantly to the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and among other areas around the globe. The term has been historically applied in particular to the descendants of the West and Central Africans who were enslaved and shipped to the Americas in the Atlantic slave trade between the 16th and 19th centuries, with their largest populations in Brazil (see Afro-Brazilian), the United States, and others. Some scholars identify \"four circulatory phases\" of migration out of Africa.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLa diaspora africaine est une population qui r\u00E9sulte de la d\u00E9portation d'Africains \u00E0 l'\u00E9poque de la traite esclavagiste du XVIe au XIXe si\u00E8cle et de leurs descendants \u00E0 travers le monde d'une part, et du ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne d'\u00E9migration d'autre part. Ils habitent plus particuli\u00E8rement sur le continent am\u00E9ricain dans les Cara\u00EFbes, aux Guyanes (Guyane, Guyana et Suriname), aux \u00C9tats-Unis, au Canada, en Am\u00E9rique centrale et en Am\u00E9rique du Sud (dans tous les pays sauf au Chili et Argentine). Ils sont minoritaires partout sauf aux Antilles, o\u00F9 la population r\u00E9sulte du m\u00E9tissage entre Europ\u00E9ens et Africains.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . "Africain"@fr . "African"@en . "Indicates a subject's identification with or labelling as African as a national identity."@en . "Indique qu'un sujet s'identifie \u00E0 ou s'est vu assigner une identit\u00E9 nationale africaine."@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Afro-Caribbean"@en . "Afro-Carib\u00E9ens"@fr . . "\n \"African-Caribbeans are Caribbean people who trace their heritage to Africa in the period since Christopher Columbus's arrival in the region in 1492. Other names for the group include African-Caribbean (especially in the UK branch of the diaspora), Afro-Antillean or Afro-West Indian. Between the 16th and 19th centuries, European-led triangular trade brought African people to work as slaves in the Caribbean on various plantations. Many Afro-Caribbeans also have non-African ancestry, such as European, South Asian, East Asian, Middle Eastern and Native American, as there has been intermarriage over the centuries.\" (DBpedia, 2018)\n "@en . "\n \u00ABLes Afro-Carib\u00E9ens (Afro-Caribbeans) sont des habitants de la Cara\u00EFbe d'origine africaine, dont l'arriv\u00E9e est post\u00E9rieure \u00E0 la d\u00E9couverte du continent am\u00E9ricain par Christophe Colomb en 1492. Ils sont parfois nomm\u00E9s Africains-Carib\u00E9ens (notamment dans la diaspora au Royaume-Uni), Afro-antillais ou Afro-Indiens de l'Ouest.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)\n "@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "agent"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "chief agent"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "agnosticism"@en . "agnosticisme"@fr . . "\"Agnosticism is the view that the truth values of certain claims \u2013 especially metaphysical and religious claims such as whether God, the divine or the supernatural exist \u2013 are unknown and perhaps unknowable. According to the philosopher William L. Rowe: \"In the popular sense of the term, an agnostic is someone who neither believes nor disbelieves in God, whereas an atheist disbelieves in God.\" Agnosticism is a doctrine or set of tenets rather than a religion as such. Thomas Henry Huxley, an English biologist, coined the word \"agnostic\" in 1869. Earlier thinkers, however, had written works that promoted agnostic points of view, such as Sanjaya Belatthaputta, a 5th-century BCE Indian philosopher who expressed agnosticism about any afterlife; and Protagoras, a 5th-century BCE Greek philosopher who expressed agnosticism about \"the gods\". The Nasadiya Sukta in the Rigveda is agnostic about the origin of the universe.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'agnosticisme ou pens\u00E9e de l'interrogation est une attitude de pens\u00E9e consid\u00E9rant la v\u00E9rit\u00E9 de certaines propositions concernant notamment l'existence de Dieu ou des dieux comme inconnaissable : \u00E0 la diff\u00E9rence des croyants, consid\u00E9rant probable ou certaine l'existence de telles divinit\u00E9s, ou des ath\u00E9es l'estimant improbable ou impossible, les agnostiques refusent de trancher. Si le degr\u00E9 de scepticisme varie selon les individus, les agnostiques s'accordent pour dire qu'il n'existe pas de preuve d\u00E9finitive en faveur de l'existence ou de l'inexistence du divin, et affirment l'impossibilit\u00E9 de se prononcer. Si les agnostiques refusent de se prononcer quant \u00E0 l'existence d'une intelligence sup\u00E9rieure, ils n'accordent, en revanche, ou du moins tendent \u00E0 n'accorder, aucune transcendance et aucune valeur sacr\u00E9e aux religions (proph\u00E8te, messie, textes sacr\u00E9s...) et \u00E0 leurs institutions (clerg\u00E9, rituels et prescriptions diverses...). Ceux-ci voient en effet les religions comme de pures constructions sociales et culturelles qui auraient surtout pour fonction historique d'assurer la coh\u00E9sion et l'ordre dans les soci\u00E9t\u00E9s humaines traditionnelles via par exemple la menace de l'enfer, la promesse du paradis ou encore la notion de p\u00E9ch\u00E9 ou par le m\u00E9canisme du bouc \u00E9missaire. En d'autres termes, les religions, aux yeux d'un agnostique, seraient bien trop \u00ABhumaines\u00BB de par leurs modes de fonctionnement et de par les dynamiques anthropologiques sur lesquelles elles se basent (soutien psychologique face \u00E0 la mort, analogie tr\u00E8s anthropocentrique d'un Dieu b\u00E2tisseur de l'univers...) pour qu'elles aient un quelconque lien direct avec toute forme d'intelligence sup\u00E9rieure, tout en n'excluant pas non plus pour certains le fait que ce soit malgr\u00E9 tout possible. D'o\u00F9 cette interrogation constante propre \u00E0 l'agnostique.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "AIDS activism"@en . "lutte contre le sida"@fr . . "aids activist"@en . . "Activism related to HIV/AIDS, ranging from addressing attitudes to changing government policies related to treatment and medication. See: Category:AIDS activism - Wikipedia"@en . "Militantisme li\u00E9 au sida/VIH, allant du changement des comportements aux politiques gouvernementales sur les traitements et les m\u00E9dicaments. Voir Mouvements des malades \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "airForce"@en . "airforce officer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "air raid warden"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "aircraft industry"@en . "aeroplane manufacturer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "airman"@en . "flyer"@en . . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "alluded to by"@en . . . . . . . . . "alludes explicitly to"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates direct acknowledgement of either a specific creative Work or the style or general oeuvre of another author, often through mention of the title or the author's name. "@en . . . . . . . . "alludes to"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates an apparent but indirect reference to either a specific creative work or the style or general oeuvre of another author, without explicitly identifying it."@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "allusion"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "altered by"@en . . ""@fr . "Links a natural person to a change set entry."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "alternative medicine"@en . "herbalist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "ambulance worker"@en . "ambulance assistant"@en . "ambulance driver"@en . "drove an ambulance"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "ambulance brigade organizer"@en . "ambulance brigade president"@en . . . . . . "American nationalism"@en . "nationalisme am\u00E9ricain"@fr . "(us) nationalist"@en . "american nationalist"@en . "us nationalist"@en . "us patriotism"@en . . "American nationalism emphasizes the distinctiveness of American language, culture, and history, and calls for a celebration of \"Americanness,\" which might include white nationalist pride and anti-immigration."@en . "Le nationalisme am\u00E9ricain souligne la sp\u00E9cificit\u00E9 de la langue, de la culture et de l'histoire am\u00E9ricaine et revendique la c\u00E9l\u00E9bration de l'\"am\u00E9ricanit\u00E9\", pouvant inclure le nationalisme blanc et la lutte contre l'immigration."@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Anarchisme"@fr . "anarchism"@en . . "anarchist"@en . "\"Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions. These are often described as stateless societies, although several authors have defined them more specifically as institutions based on non-hierarchical free associations. Anarchism holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful. While anti-statism is central, anarchism entails opposing authority or hierarchical organisation in the conduct of all human relations, including, but not limited to, the state system. Anarchism does not offer a fixed body of doctrine from a single particular world view, instead fluxing and flowing as a philosophy. Many types and traditions of anarchism exist, not all of which are mutually exclusive. Anarchist schools of thought can differ fundamentally, supporting anything from extreme individualism to complete collectivism. Strains of anarchism have often been divided into the categories of social and individualist anarchism or similar dual classifications. Anarchism is usually considered a radical left-wing ideology, and much of anarchist economics and anarchist legal philosophy reflect anti-authoritarian interpretations of communism, collectivism, syndicalism, mutualism, or participatory economics.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "L'anarchisme est un courant de philosophie politique d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 depuis le XIXe si\u00E8cle sur un ensemble de th\u00E9ories et de pratiques anti-autoritaires d'\u00E9galit\u00E9 sociale. Le terme libertaire, souvent utilis\u00E9 comme synonyme d'anarchisme, est un n\u00E9ologisme cr\u00E9\u00E9 en 1857 par Joseph D\u00E9jacque pour renforcer le caract\u00E8re \u00E9galitaire. Fond\u00E9 sur la n\u00E9gation du principe d'autorit\u00E9 dans l'organisation sociale et le refus de toute contrainte d\u00E9coulant des institutions bas\u00E9es sur ce principe, l'anarchisme a pour but de d\u00E9velopper une soci\u00E9t\u00E9 sans domination et sans exploitation, o\u00F9 les individus-producteurs coop\u00E8rent librement dans une dynamique d'autogestion et de f\u00E9d\u00E9ralisme. Contre l'oppression, l'anarchisme propose une soci\u00E9t\u00E9 bas\u00E9e sur la solidarit\u00E9 comme solution aux antagonismes, la compl\u00E9mentarit\u00E9 de la libert\u00E9 de chacun et celle de la collectivit\u00E9, l'\u00E9galit\u00E9 des conditions de vie et la propri\u00E9t\u00E9 commune autog\u00E9r\u00E9e. Il s'agit donc d'un mode politique qui cherche non pas \u00E0 r\u00E9soudre les diff\u00E9rences opposant les membres constituants de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 mais \u00E0 associer des forces autonomes et contradictoires. Le terme \u00ABanarchisme\u00BB et ses d\u00E9riv\u00E9s sont employ\u00E9s tant\u00F4t p\u00E9jorativement, comme synonymes de d\u00E9sordre social dans le sens commun ou courant et qui se rapproche de l'anomie, tant\u00F4t comme un but pratique, car l'anarchisme d\u00E9fend l'id\u00E9e que l'absence d'une structure de pouvoir n'est pas synonyme de d\u00E9sorganisation sociale. Les anarchistes rejettent en g\u00E9n\u00E9ral la conception courante de l'anarchie (utilis\u00E9e par les m\u00E9dias et les pouvoirs politiques). Pour eux, l'ordre na\u00EEt de la libert\u00E9, tandis que les pouvoirs engendrent le d\u00E9sordre. Certains anarchistes useront du terme \u00ABacratie\u00BB (du grec \u00ABkratos\u00BB, le pouvoir), donc litt\u00E9ralement \u00ABabsence de pouvoir\u00BB, plut\u00F4t que du terme \u00ABanarchie\u00BB qui leur semble devenu ambigu. De m\u00EAme, certains anarchistes auront plut\u00F4t tendance \u00E0 utiliser le terme de \u00ABlibertaires\u00BB. Pour ses partisans, l'anarchie n'est justement pas le d\u00E9sordre social. C'est plut\u00F4t le contraire, soit l'ordre social absolu, gr\u00E2ce notamment au collectivisme anti-capitaliste. Ce collectivisme, contrairement \u00E0 l'id\u00E9e de possessions priv\u00E9es capitalis\u00E9es, sugg\u00E8re celle de possessions individuelles ne garantissant aucun droit de propri\u00E9t\u00E9, notamment celle touchant l'accumulation de biens non utilis\u00E9s. En outre, ce collectivisme s'exprime par une libert\u00E9 politique organis\u00E9e autour du mandatement imp\u00E9ratif, de l'autogestion, du f\u00E9d\u00E9ralisme et de la d\u00E9mocratie directe. L'anarchie est donc organis\u00E9e et structur\u00E9e : c'est l'ordre moins le pouvoir. L'anarchisme est un mouvement pluriel qui embrasse l'ensemble des secteurs de la vie et de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9. Concept philosophique, c'est \u00E9galement \u00ABune id\u00E9e pratique et mat\u00E9rielle, un mode d'\u00EAtre de la vie et des relations entre les \u00EAtres qui na\u00EEt tout autant de la pratique que de la philosophie ; ou pour \u00EAtre plus pr\u00E9cis qui na\u00EEt toujours de la pratique, la philosophie n'\u00E9tant elle-m\u00EAme qu'une pratique, importante mais parmi d'autres\u00BB. En 1928, S\u00E9bastien Faure, dans La Synth\u00E8se anarchiste, d\u00E9finit quatre grands courants qui cohabitent tout au long de l'histoire du mouvement :\n * l'individualisme libertaire qui insiste sur l'autonomie individuelle contre toute autorit\u00E9 ;\n * le socialisme libertaire qui propose une gestion collective \u00E9galitaire de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 ;\n * le communisme libertaire, qui de l'aphorisme \u00ABDe chacun selon ses moyens, \u00E0 chacun selon ses besoins\u00BB cr\u00E9\u00E9 par Louis Blanc, veut \u00E9conomiquement partir du besoin des individus, pour ensuite produire le n\u00E9cessaire pour y r\u00E9pondre ;\n * l'anarcho-syndicalisme, qui\" propose une m\u00E9thode, le syndicalisme, comme moyen de lutte et d'organisation de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9. Depuis, de nouvelles sensibilit\u00E9s se sont affirm\u00E9es, telles l'anarcha-f\u00E9minisme ou l'\u00E9cologie sociale. La pertinence de cette section est remise en cause, consid\u00E9rez son contenu avec pr\u00E9caution. En discuter ? Pour Vivien Garcia dans L'Anarchisme aujourd'hui (2007), l'anarchisme \u00ABne peut \u00EAtre con\u00E7u comme un monument th\u00E9orique achev\u00E9. La r\u00E9flexion anarchiste n'a rien du syst\u00E8me. [\u2026] L'anarchisme se constitue comme une n\u00E9buleuse de pens\u00E9es qui peuvent se renvoyer de fa\u00E7on contingente les unes aux autres plut\u00F4t que comme une doctrine close\u00BB Selon l'historien am\u00E9ricain Paul Avrich : \u00ABLes anarchistes ont exerc\u00E9 et continuent d'exercer une grande influence. Leur internationalisme rigoureux et leur antimilitarisme, leurs exp\u00E9riences d'autogestion ouvri\u00E8re, leur lutte pour la lib\u00E9ration de la femme et pour l'\u00E9mancipation sexuelle, leurs \u00E9coles et universit\u00E9s libres, leur aspiration \u00E9cologique \u00E0 un \u00E9quilibre entre la ville et la campagne, entre l'homme et la nature, tout cela est d'une actualit\u00E9 criante.\u00BB\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "ancestor"@en . . . "forebear"@en . . . . . "ancestor de"@fr . "ancestor of"@en . . . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus."@en . . "Anglicaans (kerk van Engeland)"@nl . "Anglicanism"@en . "Anglicanismo"@es . "Iglesia de Inglaterra"@es . "ying guo sheng gong hui"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-notone . "ying kuo sheng kung hui"@zh-latn-wadegile . "y\u012Bng gu\u00F3 sh\u00E8ng g\u014Dng hu\u00EC"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-hanyu . "\u00C9glise d'Angleterre"@fr . "\u82F1\u570B\u8056\u516C\u6703 (\u82F1\u570B\u570B\u6559)"@zh-hant . . "Anglican Church"@en . "Anglo-Catholic"@en . "Church of England"@en . "Church of Ireland"@en . "Episcopalian"@en . "High Anglican"@en . "High Church"@en . "Low Church"@en . "Low-Church"@en . . "\"A Christian denomination having both Protestant and Catholic aspects that originated with Henry VIII's break with the Roman Catholic Church (ca. 1532-34). As the official state Church of England, the monarch of England is still formally considered its head. While at first it remained mainly Catholic in character, reforms came under Edward IV and Elizabeth I who introduced doctrine that was more Protestant in nature, namely new editions of the Book of Common Prayer and the Thirty-nine Articles. Although an overall attitude of toleration exists in the modern Anglican Church, tension remains between its Protestant and Catholic inclinations as well as with newer liberal and evangelical influences. Anglicanism is based on episcopal authority and parish structure is fundamental to the organisation of the church. The term is used with regard to the Church of England; with regard to the Episcopal Church in America, use \"Episcopal.\"\" (Getty, 2017)"@en . "\"Te gebruiken om te verwijzen naar de anglicaanse kerk (Church of England); gebruik 'episcopaal' om te verwijzen naar de episcopale kerk in Amerika. De term verwijst naar een christelijke geloofsrichting met zowel protestantse als katholieke elementen die ontstond na de breuk tussen de Engelse koning Hendrik VIII en de rooms-katholieke kerk (circa 1532-34). Het anglicanisme is de offici\u00EBle Britse staatsgodsdienst, en de Britse soevereine vorst is nog altijd het offici\u00EBle hoofd van de anglicaanse kerk. Aanvankelijk droeg de kerk nog een overwegend katholiek karakter, maar onder Edward IV en Elizabeth I werden er hervormingen doorgevoerd en werd een meer protestants geori\u00EBnteerde geloofsleer ge\u00EFntroduceerd, met een nieuwe versie van het Book of Common Prayer en de Negenendertig Artikelen. Hoewel de huidige anglicaanse kerk in het algemeen wordt gekenmerkt door een tolerante houding, zijn de spanningen tussen protestants en katholiek gezinde stromingen binnen de kerk nooit verdwenen en heerst er weerstand tegen nieuwe vrijzinnige en evangelische invloeden. Het anglicanisme berust op episcopaal gezag en op een structuur van parochies, welke van fundamenteel belang is voor de kerkelijke organisatie.\" (Getty, 2017)"@nl . "\"\u00DAsese con referencia a la Iglesia de Inglaterra y tambi\u00E9n con referencia a la Iglesia Episcopal de Estados Unidos (\u00FAsese Iglesia Episcopal). Este t\u00E9rmino s erefiere a a una denominaci\u00F3n cristiana que contiene elementos cat\u00F3licos y protestantes en varios aspectos y que se origin\u00F3 con el rey Enrique VIII quien rompi\u00F3 con la Iglesia Cat\u00F3lica Romana (ca. 1532-1534) Es la iglesia oficial de Inglaterra, la Monarqu\u00EDa Inglesa es a\u00FAn formalmente considerada su cabeza.Mientras en sus comienzos conservaba su car\u00E1cter cat\u00F3lico, con las reformas realizadas bajo Eduardo IV e Isabel I quienes introdujeron una doctrina que est\u00E1 m\u00E1s cerca del protestantismo y que se encuentra contenida en nuevas ediciones del Libro de Oraciones Comunes y en los Treinta y nueve Art\u00EDculos. Aunque el anglicanismo tiene actualmente una actitud de total tolerancia, a\u00FAn persisten tensiones con las iglesias protestantes y cat\u00F3licas as\u00ED como de \u00FAltimas influencias liberales y evang\u00E9licas.El Anglicanismo est\u00E1 basado en la autoridad episcopal y se sustenta en una estructura de parroquias que resulta fundamental para la organizaci\u00F3n de la Iglesia.\" (Getty, 2017)"@es . "\"\u82F1\u738B\u4EA8\u5229\u516B\u4E16\u8207\u7F85\u99AC\u5929\u4E3B\u6559\u6559\u6703(\u897F\u51431532-34\u5E74)\u5206\u88C2\u6240\u5275\u7684\u57FA\u7763\u6559\u6D3E\u5225\uFF0C\u540C\u6642\u542B\u6709\u65B0\u6559\u8207\u5929\u4E3B\u6559\u5143\u7D20\u3002\u4F5C\u70BA\u5B98\u65B9\u82F1\u570B\u570B\u6559\uFF0C\u5176\u6B63\u5F0F\u6559\u6703\u9996\u8166\u4ECD\u70BA\u82F1\u570B\u570B\u738B\u3002\u8D77\u521D\u8F03\u5177\u5929\u4E3B\u6559\u7279\u8272\uFF0C\u5728\u611B\u5FB7\u83EF\u56DB\u4E16\u8207\u4F0A\u8389\u838E\u767D\u4E00\u4E16\u6642\u6539\u9769\uFF0C\u52A0\u5165\u8F03\u5177\u65B0\u6559\u672C\u8CEA\u7684\u6559\u689D\uFF0C\u5373\uFF1A\u65B0\u7248\u7684\u516C\u79B1\u66F8(Book of Common Prayer)\u53CA\u4E09\u5341\u4E5D\u689D\u4FE1\u7DB1(Thirty-nine Articles)\u3002\u96D6\u7136\u73FE\u4EE3\u7684\u82F1\u570B\u8056\u516C\u6703\u5927\u9AD4\u4E0A\u614B\u5EA6\u5DF2\u8D8A\u986F\u5BEC\u5BB9\uFF0C\u4F46\u6559\u6703\u5167\u7684\u65B0\u6559\u6D3E\u7CFB\u8207\u5929\u4E3B\u6559\u6D3E\u7CFB\u95DC\u4FC2\u4ECD\u7DCA\u7E43\uFF0C\u4E5F\u4ECD\u4E0D\u6A02\u65BC\u63A5\u53D7\u8F03\u65B0\u7684\u81EA\u7531\u8207\u798F\u97F3\u6D3E\u5F71\u97FF\u3002\u82F1\u570B\u8056\u516C\u6703\u5960\u57FA\u65BC\u4E3B\u6559\u7684\u6B0A\u5A01\u4E0A\uFF0C\u7267\u5E2B\u6559\u5340\u7684\u7D50\u69CB\u5C0D\u6559\u6703\u7D44\u7E54\u5341\u5206\u91CD\u8981\u3002\u6B64\u8A5E\u5F59\u7528\u65BC\u6307\u7A31\u82F1\u570B\u570B\u6559\uFF1B\u7F8E\u570B\u5340\u7684\u4E3B\u6559\u6D3E\u6559\u6703\uFF0C\u5247\u7A31\u70BA\u300C\u7F8E\u570B\u8056\u516C\u6703(Episcopal)\u300D\u3002\" (Getty, 2017)"@zh-hant . "\u00ABL'anglicanisme est une confession chr\u00E9tienne pr\u00E9sente principalement dans les pays qui ont pu \u00EAtre impr\u00E9gn\u00E9s par la culture anglaise incluant notamment, outre l'Angleterre, les anciennes colonies britanniques en Am\u00E9rique et en Afrique. On retrouve tout de m\u00EAme plusieurs communaut\u00E9 anglicanes dans le monde, notamment en France. L'origine de cette confession remonte \u00E0 la p\u00E9riode antique de l'\u00C9glise d'Angleterre, lorsque celle-ci \u00E9tait unie canoniquement et juridiquement \u00E0 l'\u00E9v\u00EAque de Rome. Puis, au XVIe si\u00E8cle, lorsque le roi d'Angleterre Henri VIII rompit avec le pape de Rome pour causes politiques et th\u00E9ologiques. Ainsi, Henri VIII ne cr\u00E9a rien de nouveau : il extirpa l'autorit\u00E9 du pape de son royaume, sans pour autant modifier ou jeter de nouvelles bases th\u00E9ologiques pour l'\u00C9glise, et rempla\u00E7a l'autorit\u00E9 papale par la sienne propre. Depuis la reine Elizabeth Ire, le monarque a le titre de \u00ABgouverneur supr\u00EAme\u00BB, mais n'a qu'un r\u00F4le de maintien de l'ordre et du bon d\u00E9roulement de la vie eccl\u00E9siale, mais aucune r\u00E9elle autorit\u00E9 d\u00E9cisionnelle comme celle d'un \u00E9v\u00EAque ou d'un synode. L'Archev\u00EAque de Canterbury porte le titre de \u00ABprimat de toute l'Angleterre\u00BB et l'archev\u00EAque d'York porte quant \u00E0 lui le titre de \u00ABprimat de l'Angleterre\u00BB. L'\u00C9glise anglicane, tout comme l'\u00C9glise orthodoxe, est une communion d'\u00E9glises autoc\u00E9phales, mais n\u00E9anmoins interd\u00E9pendantes. Bien que plusieurs \u00E9glises anglicanes existent \u00E0 travers le monde, comme c'est le cas pour l'\u00C9glise catholique romaine (pr\u00E9sente en France, en Espagne, etc.), ou encore pour l'\u00C9glise orthodoxe (pr\u00E9sente en Russie, en Serbie, etc.), il ne s'agit que d'une seule \u00C9glise. Elles sont rassembl\u00E9es dans la Communion anglicane , au sein de laquelle l'\u00C9glise d'Angleterre et son primat, l'archev\u00EAque de Canterbury, ne jouissent que d'une primaut\u00E9 d'honneur. Ces \u00E9glises sont en pleine communion (doctrinale, spirituelle, \u00E9piscopale, sacramentelle) les unes avec les autres et repr\u00E9sentent ensemble environ 85 millions de fid\u00E8les. Les \u00C9glises de la Communion anglicane ont une structure \u00E9piscopale. Elles se disent \u00E0 la fois catholiques et r\u00E9form\u00E9es, et l'anglicanisme a souvent \u00E9t\u00E9 pr\u00E9sent\u00E9 comme une via media entre le catholicisme romain et le protestantisme. Elles se pr\u00E9sentent comme des \u00C9glises catholiques non romaines, parce qu'elles se veulent en continuit\u00E9 avec la tradition apostolique (ainsi la patristique est tr\u00E8s d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e dans le monde anglican) et affirment avoir conserv\u00E9 la succession apostolique. L'\u00C9glise orthodoxe du patriarcat \u0153cum\u00E9nique de Constantinople a reconnu la validit\u00E9 de la succession apostolique en 1922 ; cependant, d'autres patriarcats, comme celui de Russie, ne saurait reconna\u00EEtre une quelconque succession apostolique, en autre par le fait de l'ordination \u00E9piscopale de femme, depuis janvier 2015. L'\u00C9glise catholique romaine ne leur reconnait pas cette qualit\u00E9 : ainsi par la lettre apostolique Apostolicae Curae le pape L\u00E9on XIII d\u00E9clare en 1896 \u00ABnulles et sans valeur\u00BB les ordinations anglicanes (doctrine confirm\u00E9e par le motu proprio Ad Tuendam Fidem en 1998). Les archev\u00EAques anglicans de Canterbury et d'York ont donn\u00E9 leur r\u00E9ponse dans Saepius officio. Pour autant, lors du concile Vatican II est affirm\u00E9e la \u00ABplace particuli\u00E8re\u00BB des Anglicans, \u00ABqui gardent en partie les traditions et les structures catholiques\u00BB. Par ailleurs, les \u00C9glises anglicanes se disent r\u00E9form\u00E9es parce qu'elles ont adh\u00E9r\u00E9 \u00E0 certains principes nouveaux issus de la R\u00E9forme protestante en mati\u00E8re de doctrine et de liturgie.\u00C0 l'origine, la doctrine anglicane est \u00E9nonc\u00E9e dans les Trente-neuf articles (Bill of XXXIX articles) qui ont longtemps eu une valeur imp\u00E9rative. L'\u00E9ventail entre les positions doctrinales s'est ensuite \u00E9largi et donne lieu \u00E0 de nombreuses classifications (Haute \u00C9glise, Basse \u00C9glise, Broad Church (en), Anglo-catholicisme, \u00C9vang\u00E9lisme\u2026). Alors que pendant longtemps la coexistence apais\u00E9e entre de telles positions divergentes \u00E9tait consid\u00E9r\u00E9e comme une sp\u00E9cificit\u00E9 de l'anglicanisme, la communion est depuis la fin du XXe si\u00E8cle soumise \u00E0 de forts tiraillements sur certaines questions, notamment l'ordination des femmes et la position par rapport \u00E0 l'homosexualit\u00E9.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . "Anglo-Indian"@en . "Anglo-Indienne"@fr . "Indicates a subject's identification with or labelling as Anglo-Indian as a national identity."@en . "Indique qu'un sujet s'identifie \u00E0 ou s'est vu assigner une identit\u00E9 nationale anglo-indienne."@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Anglo-Irish"@en . "Anglo-irlandais"@fr . . . "\"Anglo-Irish (Irish: Angla-\u00C9ireannach) was a term used primarily in the 19th and early 20th centuries to identify a privileged social class in Ireland, whose members were mostly the descendants and successors of the Protestant Ascendancy. They mostly belonged to the Anglican Church of Ireland, which was the established church of Ireland until 1871, or to a lesser extent one of the English dissenting churches, such as the Methodist church. Its members tended to follow English practices in matters of culture, science, law, agriculture and politics. Many became eminent as administrators in the British Empire and as senior army and naval officers.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00AB\"Les Anglo-irlandais sont une population relativement privil\u00E9gi\u00E9e d'Irlande, du XIXe si\u00E8cle et du d\u00E9but du XXe, descendant de colons protestants. Le terme s'applique \u00E9galement pour d\u00E9crire les relations bilat\u00E9rales entre la R\u00E9publique d'Irlande et le Royaume-Uni comme pour le trait\u00E9 anglo-irlandais ou le Anglo-Irish Agreement. * Portail de l\u2019Irlande Portail de l\u2019Irlande * Portail du Royaume-Uni Portail du Royaume-Uni\"\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Anglo-Irish"@en . "Anglo-irlandais"@fr . . "\"Anglo-Irish (Irish: Angla-\u00C9ireannach) was a term used primarily in the 19th and early 20th centuries to identify a privileged social class in Ireland, whose members were mostly the descendants and successors of the Protestant Ascendancy. They mostly belonged to the Anglican Church of Ireland, which was the established church of Ireland until 1871, or to a lesser extent one of the English dissenting churches, such as the Methodist church. Its members tended to follow English practices in matters of culture, science, law, agriculture and politics. Many became eminent as administrators in the British Empire and as senior army and naval officers.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes Anglo-irlandais sont une population relativement privil\u00E9gi\u00E9e d'Irlande, du XIXe si\u00E8cle et du d\u00E9but du XXe, descendant de colons protestants. Le terme s'applique \u00E9galement pour d\u00E9crire les relations bilat\u00E9rales entre la R\u00E9publique d'Irlande et le Royaume-Uni comme pour le trait\u00E9 anglo-irlandais ou le Anglo-Irish Agreement.\n* Portail de l\u2019Irlande Portail de l\u2019Irlande * Portail du Royaume-Uni Portail du Royaume-Uni\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . "Anglo-Irish"@en . "Anglo-Irlandaise"@fr . "Indicates a subject's identification with or labelling as Anglo-Irish as a national identity."@en . "Indique qu'un sujet s'identifie \u00E0 ou s'est vu assigner une identit\u00E9 nationale anglo-irlandaise."@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Anglo-Irish"@en . "Anglo-irlandais"@fr . . "\"Anglo-Irish (Irish: Angla-\u00C9ireannach) was a term used primarily in the 19th and early 20th centuries to identify a privileged social class in Ireland, whose members were mostly the descendants and successors of the Protestant Ascendancy. They mostly belonged to the Anglican Church of Ireland, which was the established church of Ireland until 1871, or to a lesser extent one of the English dissenting churches, such as the Methodist church. Its members tended to follow English practices in matters of culture, science, law, agriculture and politics. Many became eminent as administrators in the British Empire and as senior army and naval officers.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00AB\"Les Anglo-irlandais sont une population relativement privil\u00E9gi\u00E9e d'Irlande, du XIXe si\u00E8cle et du d\u00E9but du XXe, descendant de colons protestants. Le terme s'applique \u00E9galement pour d\u00E9crire les relations bilat\u00E9rales entre la R\u00E9publique d'Irlande et le Royaume-Uni comme pour le trait\u00E9 anglo-irlandais ou le Anglo-Irish Agreement. * Portail de l\u2019Irlande Portail de l\u2019Irlande * Portail du Royaume-Uni Portail du Royaume-Uni\"\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Anglo-Norman"@en . "Baronnage anglo-normand"@fr . . . "\"The Anglo-Normans were the medieval ruling class in England, composed mainly of a combination of ethnic Angles and Normans, following the Norman conquest. A small number of Normans had earlier befriended future Anglo-Saxon King of England, Edward the Confessor, during his exile in his mother's homeland of Normandy. When he returned to England some of them went with him, and so there were Normans already settled in England prior to the conquest. Following the death of Edward, the powerful Anglo-Saxon noble, Harold Godwinson, acceded to the English throne until his defeat by William, Duke of Normandy at the Battle of Hastings.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe baronnage anglo-normand (\u00AB baronage \u00BB en anglais) correspond principalement \u00E0 la noblesse du duch\u00E9 de Normandie qui a re\u00E7u des terres en Angleterre \u00E0 partir du temps de Guillaume le Conqu\u00E9rant apr\u00E8s la bataille de Hastings d'octobre 1066. Comme les Var\u00E8gues dans la Russie ki\u00E9vienne des IXe au XIe si\u00E8cles, il s'agit d\u2019une noblesse d\u2019origine \u00E9trang\u00E8re vis-\u00E0-vis d\u2019une population autochtone largement majoritaire, anglo-saxonne et danoise notamment en ce qui concerne l\u2019Angleterre.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "animal welfare advocacy"@en . "d\u00E9fense du bien-\u00EAtre animal"@fr . . "animal activist"@en . "animal rights"@en . "animal rights activist"@en . "animal rights advocate"@en . "animal welfare"@en . "animal welfare activist"@en . "anti-blood-sports"@en . "anti-cruelty"@en . "anti-cruelty to animals"@en . "anti-hunting"@en . . "Advocacy, often in the form of activism, for the welfare of animals. See: Animal welfare - Wikipedia"@en . "D\u00E9fense pour le bien-\u00EAtre des animaux, souvent sous forme de miliitantisme. Voir Bien-\u00EAtre animal \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "answer"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "answered by"@en . . . . . . . . . "answers"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates an intertexual engagement that forms a reply to a previous text, sometimes but not necessarily a rebuttal. it may take the form of response to a person's ideas or general works, as well as a particular text or texts."@en . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-American politics"@en . "anti-am\u00E9ricanisme"@fr . . "anti-American"@en . "Opposed to the policies or influence of the United States of America, often with reference to specific government actions. See: Anti-Americanism - Wikipedia"@en . "Opposition aux politiques ou \u00E0 l'influence des \u00C9tats-Unis, souvent en r\u00E9f\u00E9rence \u00E0 des actions gouvernementales sp\u00E9cifiques. Voir: Antiam\u00E9ricanisme \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-antisemitism"@en . "anti-antis\u00E9mitisme"@fr . . "anti-anti-semitism"@en . "anti-antisemitic"@en . "anti-antisemitist"@en . . "Opposed to anti-semitic attitudes and practices. See Antisemitism - Wikipedia"@en . "Opposition aux attitude et aux pratiques antis\u00E9mitistes. Voir Antis\u00E9mitisme \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-apartheid"@en . "anti-apartheid"@fr . . "the struggle to end Apartheid"@en . . . . "\"The Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM), originally known as the Boycott Movement, was a British organisation that was at the centre of the international movement opposing South Africa's system of apartheid and supporting South Africa's non-whites.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-Boer politics"@en . "anti-boer"@fr . . "anti-Boer"@en . "\"Opposition to the Second Boer War in Britain was modest when the war began on 11 October 1899 and was always less widespread than support for it, let alone prevailing indifference. However, influential groups formed immediately and ineffectually against the war, including the South African Conciliation Committee and W. T. Stead's Stop the War Committee.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Anticommunisme"@fr . "anti-Bolshevism"@en . . "anti-bolshevik"@en . "\"Anti-communism is opposition to communism. Organized anti-communism developed in reaction to the rise of communism, especially after the 1917 October Revolution in Russia. It reached global dimensions during the Cold War, when America and the Soviet Union engaged in an intense rivalry. Most modern anti-communists reject the concept of historical materialism, which is a central idea in Marxism. Anti-communists reject the Marxist belief that capitalism will be followed by socialism and communism, just as feudalism was followed by capitalism. Anti-communists question the validity of the Marxist claim that the socialist state will \"wither away\" when it becomes unnecessary in a true communist society. Anti-communists also accuse communists of having caused several famines that occurred in 20th-century communist states, such as the Russian Famine of 1921 and the much more severe famine in China during the Great Leap Forward. Some anti-communists refer to both communism and fascism as totalitarianism, seeing similarity between the actions of communist and fascist governments. Opponents argue that communist parties that have come to power have tended to be rigidly intolerant of political opposition. Communist governments have also been accused of creating a new ruling class (a Nomenklatura), with powers and privileges greater than those previously enjoyed by the upper classes in the non-communist regimes.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe terme d'anticommunisme englobe, au sens large, l'ensemble des attitudes d'opposition ou d'hostilit\u00E9 envers les aspects th\u00E9oriques ou pratiques du communisme : l'anticommunisme peut se traduire sous forme de simple prise de position, de discours politique structur\u00E9, d'action ou de propagande. Son sens est cependant changeant en fonction de celui du \u00ABcommunisme\u00BB, mot qui recouvre lui-m\u00EAme un ensemble de r\u00E9alit\u00E9s tr\u00E8s diff\u00E9rentes les unes des autres en fonction des contextes sociaux, culturels et politiques. Les facteurs distinguant les diff\u00E9rents types d'anticommunisme sont notamment la forme de communisme explicitement vis\u00E9e et les motivations qui poussent \u00E0 s'opposer au communisme ; le terme \u00ABanticommunisme\u00BB est employ\u00E9, selon les \u00E9poques et les contextes, pour qualifier l'opposition aux th\u00E9ories marxistes ou communistes elles-m\u00EAmes, ou aux mouvances et partis politiques s'en r\u00E9clamant, ou bien \u00E0 la pratique politique des r\u00E9gimes communistes. Le terme d'\u00ABanticommunisme\u00BB a pu ainsi \u00EAtre utilis\u00E9 pour qualifier les opposants au stalinisme, que ces derniers aient \u00E9t\u00E9 ou non anticommunistes au sens strict. Apparu au XIXe si\u00E8cle en tant que concept, l'anticommunisme s'est largement d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 au cours du XXe si\u00E8cle, \u00E0 la suite de la prise du pouvoir par les bolcheviks en Russie en octobre 1917, puis \u00E0 la cr\u00E9ation de l'URSS : il s'est alors identifi\u00E9, pour l'essentiel, \u00E0 l'opposition aux r\u00E9gimes communistes et aux partis communistes d'inspiration l\u00E9niniste et stalinienne. Apr\u00E8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'anticommunisme devient un \u00E9l\u00E9ment majeur de la politique \u00E9trang\u00E8re et int\u00E9rieure des \u00C9tats-Unis, oppos\u00E9s \u00E0 l'URSS dans le contexte de la guerre froide.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-Bonapartism"@en . "anti-bonapartisme"@fr . . "anti-bonapartist"@en . "Opposed to the political ideology of Napolean Bonaparte and his followers. See Bonapartism - Wikipedia"@en . "Opposition \u00E0 la politique et aux id\u00E9es de Napol\u00E9on Bonaparte et ses parisans. Voir Bonapartisme \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anglophobie"@fr . "anti-British politics"@en . . "anti-British"@en . "Opposed to the policies or influence of the United Kingdom, often with reference to specific government actions. See: Anti-British sentiment - Wikipedia"@en . "Opposition aux politiques ou \u00E0 l'influence du Royaume-Uni, souvent en r\u00E9f\u00E9rence \u00E0 des actions gouvernementales sp\u00E9cifiques. Voir Anglophobie \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Peine de mort"@fr . "anti-capital punishment"@en . . "against capital punishment"@en . "anti-capital-punishment"@en . "opponent of capital punishment"@en . "opposition to capital punishment"@en . . "\"Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a government sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. The sentence that someone be punished in such a manner is referred to as a death sentence, whereas the act of carrying out the sentence is known as an execution. Crimes that can result in a death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offences. The term capital is derived from the Latin capitalis (\"of the head\", referring to execution by beheading). Fifty-eight countries retain capital punishment, 102 countries have completely abolished it de jure for all crimes, six have abolished it for ordinary crimes (while maintaining it for special circumstances such as war crimes), and 32 are abolitionist in practice. Capital punishment is a matter of active controversy in various countries and states, and positions can vary within a single political ideology or cultural region. In the European Union, Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibits the use of capital punishment. Also, the Council of Europe, which has 47 member states, prohibits the use of the death penalty by its members. The United Nations General Assembly has adopted, in 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014 non-binding resolutions calling for a global moratorium on executions, with a view to eventual abolition. Although most nations have abolished capital punishment, over 60% of the world's population live in countries where executions take place, such as China, India, the United States, and Indonesia.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLa peine de mort, ou peine capitale, est une peine pr\u00E9vue par la loi consistant \u00E0 ex\u00E9cuter une personne ayant \u00E9t\u00E9 reconnue coupable d'une faute qualifi\u00E9e de \u00ABcrime capital\u00BB. La sentence est prononc\u00E9e par l'institution judiciaire \u00E0 l'issue d'un proc\u00E8s. En l'absence d'un proc\u00E8s, ou dans les cas o\u00F9 celui-ci n'est pas r\u00E9alis\u00E9 par une institution reconnue, on parle d'ex\u00E9cution sommaire, d'acte de vengeance ou de justice priv\u00E9e. La peine de mort est diversement consid\u00E9r\u00E9e selon les \u00E9poques et les r\u00E9gions g\u00E9ographiques. Elle est pr\u00E9vue dans les textes de loi de 93 pays, mais seuls 22 des 192 pays du globe ont proc\u00E9d\u00E9 \u00E0 des ex\u00E9cutions en 2014. Elle est une sanction reconnue bien que r\u00E9prouv\u00E9e par les institutions internationales comme l'Organisation des Nations unies (ONU). Les \u00C9tats abolitionnistes sont aujourd'hui majoritaires, mais ils ne repr\u00E9sentent encore qu'une minorit\u00E9 de la population mondiale. Parmi les d\u00E9mocraties industrialis\u00E9es, seules deux la pratiquent : les \u00C9tats-Unis et le Japon. Au plan international, le 18 d\u00E9cembre 2007, l'Assembl\u00E9e g\u00E9n\u00E9rale de l'ONU a adopt\u00E9 la r\u00E9solution 62/149 appelant \u00E0 un moratoire sur les ex\u00E9cutions dans le monde. Cette r\u00E9solution (comme les autres r\u00E9solutions de l'ONU) n'a pas de valeur contraignante mais peut \u00EAtre vue comme le signe que la majorit\u00E9 des \u00E9tats souhaite remettre en cause la peine de mort. Cependant huit des dix pays les plus peupl\u00E9s ont vot\u00E9 contre la r\u00E9solution. Elle a \u00E9t\u00E9 renouvel\u00E9e en 2014.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Anticapitalisme"@fr . "anti-capitalism"@en . . "anti-capitalist"@en . "anti-property"@en . "\"Anti-capitalism encompasses a wide variety of movements, ideas and attitudes that oppose capitalism. Anti-capitalists, in the strict sense of the word, are those who wish to replace capitalism with another type of economic system.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'anticapitalisme regroupe un ensemble de mouvements qui s'opposent au capitalisme. Les aspects vis\u00E9s diff\u00E8rent selon les conceptions et peuvent notamment concerner, sans y \u00EAtre limit\u00E9s, le profit et l'importance de l'argent, la sp\u00E9culation, le salariat, la concurrence \u00E9conomique, les effets consid\u00E9r\u00E9s comme des effets n\u00E9fastes du capitalisme sur la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 (comme sa suppos\u00E9e \u00ABimmoralit\u00E9\u00BB, ou les in\u00E9galit\u00E9s \u00E9conomiques qu'il est cens\u00E9 entra\u00EEner), l'environnement, ou les formes sociales de base du capitalisme. Un spectre politique large et tr\u00E8s divers s'est r\u00E9clam\u00E9 ou se r\u00E9clame de l'anticapitalisme.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-caste movement"@en . "mouvement contre le syst\u00E8me de castes"@fr . . . . "worked against the caste system"@en . . . "Advocacy or activism opposing the caste system in India. See Caste system in India - Wikipedia; Caste politics - Wikipedia; Dalit - Wikipedia"@en . "Militantisme ou activisme en opposition au syst\u00E8me de castes en Inde. Voir Castes en Inde \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia; Intouchables (Inde) \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Anticatholicisme"@fr . "anti-catholicism"@en . . "anti-catholic"@en . "anti-catholic-emancipation"@en . "\"Anti-Catholicism is hostility towards or opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy and adherents. After the Reformation and until at least the late 20th Century, majority Protestant states (especially England, Germany, the United States, and Canada) made anti-Catholicism and opposition to the Pope and Catholic rituals major political themes, with anti-Catholic sentiment at times leading to violence and religious discrimination against Catholic individuals (often derogatorily referred to in Anglophone Protestant countries as \"papists\" or \"Romanists\"). Historically, Catholics in Protestant countries were frequently (and almost always baselessly) suspected of conspiring against the state in furtherance of papal interests or to establish a political hegemony under the \"Papacy\", with Protestants sometimes questioning Catholic individuals' loyalty to the state and suspecting Catholics of ultimately maintaining loyalty to the Vatican rather than their domiciled country. In majority Protestant countries with large scale immigration, such as the United States, Canada, and Australia, suspicion or discrimination of Catholic immigrants often overlapped or conflated with nativism, xenophobia, and ethnocentric or racist sentiments (i.e. anti-Italianism, anti-Irish sentiment, hispanophobia, Anti-Quebec sentiment). In the Early modern period, in the face of rising secular powers in Europe, the Catholic Church struggled to maintain its traditional religious and political role in primarily Catholic nations. As a result of these struggles, there arose in some majority Catholic countries (especially among those individuals with certain secular political views) a hostile attitude towards the considerable political, social, spiritual, and religious power of the Pope and the clergy in the form of anti-clericalism.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'anticatholicisme d\u00E9signe la m\u00E9fiance, la discrimination, la r\u00E9pression, ou la pers\u00E9cution du catholicisme et des catholiques.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-censorship movement"@en . "lutte contre la censure"@fr . . "Freedom of Speech"@en . "anti-censorship"@en . "free speech advocate"@en . "intellectual property activist"@en . "pro free speech"@en . "pro-free speech"@en . . "Opposition to censorship. See Freedom of speech - Wikipedia"@en . "Opposition \u00E0 la censure. Voir Libert\u00E9 d'expression \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Anticommunisme"@fr . "anti-communism"@en . . "anti-communist"@en . "\"Anti-communism is opposition to communism. Organized anti-communism developed in reaction to the rise of communism, especially after the 1917 October Revolution in Russia. It reached global dimensions during the Cold War, when America and the Soviet Union engaged in an intense rivalry. Most modern anti-communists reject the concept of historical materialism, which is a central idea in Marxism. Anti-communists reject the Marxist belief that capitalism will be followed by socialism and communism, just as feudalism was followed by capitalism. Anti-communists question the validity of the Marxist claim that the socialist state will \"wither away\" when it becomes unnecessary in a true communist society. Anti-communists also accuse communists of having caused several famines that occurred in 20th-century communist states, such as the Russian Famine of 1921 and the much more severe famine in China during the Great Leap Forward. Some anti-communists refer to both communism and fascism as totalitarianism, seeing similarity between the actions of communist and fascist governments. Opponents argue that communist parties that have come to power have tended to be rigidly intolerant of political opposition. Communist governments have also been accused of creating a new ruling class (a Nomenklatura), with powers and privileges greater than those previously enjoyed by the upper classes in the non-communist regimes.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe terme d'anticommunisme englobe, au sens large, l'ensemble des attitudes d'opposition ou d'hostilit\u00E9 envers les aspects th\u00E9oriques ou pratiques du communisme : l'anticommunisme peut se traduire sous forme de simple prise de position, de discours politique structur\u00E9, d'action ou de propagande. Son sens est cependant changeant en fonction de celui du \u00ABcommunisme\u00BB, mot qui recouvre lui-m\u00EAme un ensemble de r\u00E9alit\u00E9s tr\u00E8s diff\u00E9rentes les unes des autres en fonction des contextes sociaux, culturels et politiques. Les facteurs distinguant les diff\u00E9rents types d'anticommunisme sont notamment la forme de communisme explicitement vis\u00E9e et les motivations qui poussent \u00E0 s'opposer au communisme ; le terme \u00ABanticommunisme\u00BB est employ\u00E9, selon les \u00E9poques et les contextes, pour qualifier l'opposition aux th\u00E9ories marxistes ou communistes elles-m\u00EAmes, ou aux mouvances et partis politiques s'en r\u00E9clamant, ou bien \u00E0 la pratique politique des r\u00E9gimes communistes. Le terme d'\u00ABanticommunisme\u00BB a pu ainsi \u00EAtre utilis\u00E9 pour qualifier les opposants au stalinisme, que ces derniers aient \u00E9t\u00E9 ou non anticommunistes au sens strict. Apparu au XIXe si\u00E8cle en tant que concept, l'anticommunisme s'est largement d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 au cours du XXe si\u00E8cle, \u00E0 la suite de la prise du pouvoir par les bolcheviks en Russie en octobre 1917, puis \u00E0 la cr\u00E9ation de l'URSS : il s'est alors identifi\u00E9, pour l'essentiel, \u00E0 l'opposition aux r\u00E9gimes communistes et aux partis communistes d'inspiration l\u00E9niniste et stalinienne. Apr\u00E8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'anticommunisme devient un \u00E9l\u00E9ment majeur de la politique \u00E9trang\u00E8re et int\u00E9rieure des \u00C9tats-Unis, oppos\u00E9s \u00E0 l'URSS dans le contexte de la guerre froide.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-conscriptionism"@en . "lutte contre la conscription militaire"@fr . "anti-conscriptionist"@en . "Opposition to compulsory enlistment of people in either war or peacetime into a national service, usually military service."@en . "Opposition \u00E0 la conscription militaire obligatoire pour le service nationale en temps de guerre ou de paix, g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement \u00E0 travers le service militaire. Voir Antimilitarisme \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia "@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-Contagious Diseases Act"@en . "anti-Contagious Diseases Acte"@fr . . "against the Contagious Diseases Acts"@en . "anti-contagious diseases act activist"@en . "anti-contagious diseases acts"@en . . . "Opposition to government regulation of prostitution including the forced physical examination of suspected prostitutes for venereal disease. See: Contagious Diseases Acts - Wikipedia"@en . "Opposition \u00E0 la r\u00E9gulation gouvernementale de la prostitution, incluant les examens m\u00E9dicaux forc\u00E9s conduits sur les prostitu\u00E9es suspect\u00E9es de v\u00E9hiculer des maladies v\u00E9n\u00E9riennes. Voir Contagious Diseases Acts \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia; Abolitionnisme (prostitution) \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-corporal punishment"@en . "lutte contre les ch\u00E2timents corporels"@fr . . . "\"Campaigns against corporal punishment aim to reduce or eliminate corporal punishment of minors by instigating legal and cultural changes in the areas where such punishments are practiced. Such campaigns date mostly from the late 20th century, although occasional voices in opposition to corporal punishment existed from ancient times through to the modern era. The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child defines \"corporal punishment\" as: any punishment in which physical force is used and intended to cause some degree of pain or discomfort, however light. Most involves hitting (\"smacking\", \"slapping\", \"spanking\") children, with the hand or with an implement \u2013 whip, stick, belt, shoe, wooden spoon, etc. But it can also involve, for example, kicking, shaking or throwing children, scratching, pinching, biting, pulling hair or boxing ears, forcing children to stay in uncomfortable positions, burning, scalding, or forced ingestion.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-Dreyfusard"@en . "antidreyfusard"@fr . . . "D\u00E9fenseurs de l'Arm\u00E9e lors de le proc\u00E8s du capitaine Alfred Dreyfus. Voir Affaire Dreyfus \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . "Supporters of the French military during the prosecution of Captain Alfred Dreyfus. See: Dreyfus affair - Wikipedia"@en . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Euroscepticisme"@fr . "anti-European politics"@en . . "anti-European"@en . "Opposed to the existence, policies, or influence of the European Union. On Euroskepticism, see Euroscepticism - Wikipedia"@en . "Opposition \u00E0 l'existence, aux politiques, ou \u00E0 l'influence de l'Union Europ\u00E9enne. Sur l'euroscepticisme, voir Euroscepticisme \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Antifascisme"@fr . "anti-fascism"@en . . "anti-fascist"@en . "anti-nazi"@en . "strongly opposed Fascism"@en . "\"Anti-fascism is opposition to fascist ideologies, groups and individuals. The anti-fascist movement began in a few European countries in the 1920s and eventually spread to other countries around the world.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'antifascisme est l'opposition organis\u00E9e au fascisme et, plus largement, \u00E0 l'extr\u00EAme droite. Il prend forme dans les ann\u00E9es 1920 et se d\u00E9veloppe cons\u00E9quemment \u00E0 la mont\u00E9e du fascisme en Europe. Il a connu un tr\u00E8s fort d\u00E9veloppement au cours des ann\u00E9es 1930, \u00E9tant \u00E0 l'origine de la formation des Fronts populaires , puis pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale au sein des r\u00E9sistances contre les dictatures fascistes et nazies ainsi que les r\u00E9gimes de collaboration. L'antifascisme peut d\u00E9signer dans une acception plus large une id\u00E9ologie tendant \u00E0 s'opposer \u00E9galement \u00E0 la droite dite \u00ABdure\u00BB. Certains historiens reprochent \u00E0 l'antifascisme d'avoir \u00E9t\u00E9 instrumentalis\u00E9 par le mouvement communiste.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Anti-Federalism"@en . "Antif\u00E9d\u00E9ralisme"@fr . . "anti-federalist"@en . "\"Anti-Federalism refers to a movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution. The previous constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, gave state governments more authority. Led by Patrick Henry of Virginia, Anti-Federalists worried, among other things, that the position of president, then a novelty, might evolve into a monarchy.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "Antif\u00E9d\u00E9ralisme fut le nom donn\u00E9 \u00E0 deux mouvements politiques distincts \u00E0 la fin du XVIIIe si\u00E8cle aux \u00C9tats-Unis:\n * Le premier mouvement antif\u00E9d\u00E9raliste des ann\u00E9es 1780, s'opposa \u00E0 la cr\u00E9ation d'un gouvernement national plus fort, tel que le permettait la Constitution et chercha \u00E0 le conserver tel qu'il \u00E9tait institu\u00E9 dans les Articles de la Conf\u00E9d\u00E9ration de 1777.\n * Le second mouvement antif\u00E9d\u00E9raliste se\" constitua en r\u00E9action aux lois fiscales d'Alexander Hamilton lors du premier mandat de George Washington. Ce mouvement est parfois nomm\u00E9 l'Anti-Administration Party qui deviendra plus tard le Parti r\u00E9publicain-d\u00E9mocrate de Thomas Jefferson et James Madison.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Antif\u00E9minisme"@fr . "anti-feminism"@en . . "anti-feminist"@en . "anti-women's liberation"@en . "antifeminist"@en . "gender conservative"@en . "misogynist"@en . "non-feminist"@en . "\"Antifeminism is criticism of some or all feminist ideology, arguing that modern feminism is not practiced in ways that promote true gender equality. This opposition has taken various forms across time and cultures. For example, antifeminists in the late 1800s and early 1900s resisted women's suffrage, while antifeminists in the late 20th century opposed the Equal Rights Amendment. Antifeminism may be motivated by the belief that feminist theories of patriarchy and disadvantages suffered by women in modern society are mischaracterized or exaggerated; that feminism as a movement encourages misandry and results in harm or oppression of men; or driven by general opposition towards women's rights.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'antif\u00E9minisme est un n\u00E9ologisme qualifiant des critiques ou une opposition aux mouvements ou aux th\u00E8ses f\u00E9ministes, pour des raisons politiques, philosophiques, religieuses, sociologiques ou culturelles. Il s'applique soit \u00E0 la lutte contre l'\u00E9mancipation f\u00E9minine, soit au refus des th\u00E8ses d'un ou plusieurs mouvements se disant \u00ABf\u00E9ministes\u00BB.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Mouvement antimondialisation"@fr . "anti-globalism"@en . . "anti-globalist"@en . "anti-globalization"@en . "\"The anti-globalization movement, or counter-globalization movement, is a social movement critical of the globalization of corporate capitalism. The movement is also commonly referred to as the global justice movement, alter-globalization movement, anti-globalist movement, anti-corporate globalization movement, or movement against neoliberal globalization. Participants base their criticisms on a number of related ideas. What is shared is that participants oppose what they see as large, multi-national corporations having unregulated political power, exercised through trade agreements and deregulated financial markets. Specifically, corporations are accused of seeking to maximize profit at the expense of work safety conditions and standards, labor hiring and compensation standards, environmental conservation principles, and the integrity of national legislative authority, independence and sovereignty. As of January 2012, some commentators have characterized the unprecedented changes in the global economy as \"turbo-capitalism\" (Edward Luttwak), \"market fundamentalism\" (George Soros), \"casino capitalism\" (Susan Strange), and as \"McWorld\" (Benjamin Barber). Many anti-globalization activists call for forms of global integration that better provide democratic representation, advancement of human rights, fair trade and sustainable development and therefore feel the term \"anti-globalization\" is misleading.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe mouvement antimondialisation d\u00E9signe le mouvement d'opposition \u00E0 la mondialisation.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Anti-imperialism"@en . "Anti-imp\u00E9rialisme"@fr . . "Zulu resistance to colonial rule"@en . "anti-colonial"@en . "anti-colonialism"@en . "anti-colonialist"@en . "anti-imperial"@en . "anti-imperialist"@en . . "\"\"Anti-imperialism\" in political science and international relations is a term used in a variety of contexts, usually by nationalist movements, who want to secede from a larger polity (usually in the form of an empire, but also in a multi-ethnic sovereign state) or as a specific theory opposed to capitalism in Marxist\u2013Leninist discourse, derived from Vladimir Lenin's work Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. A less common usage is by isolationists who oppose an interventionist foreign policy. People who categorise themselves as anti-imperialists, often state that they are opposed to colonialism, colonial empire, hegemony, imperialism, and territorial expansion of a country beyond its established borders. The phrase gained a wide currency after the Second World War and at the onset of the Cold War as political movements in colonies of European powers promoted national sovereignty. Some \"anti-imperialist\" groups who opposed the United States supported the power of the Soviet Union, such as in Guevarism, while in Maoism, this was criticized as \"social imperialism\". In the Arab and Muslim world, the term is often used in the context of Anti-Zionist nationalist and religious movements.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'anti-imp\u00E9rialisme est une id\u00E9ologie d'opposition \u00E0 l'imp\u00E9rialisme, c'est-\u00E0-dire la doctrine d'un \u00C9tat ou un groupe d'\u00C9tats \u00E0 mettre un autre \u00C9tat ou un groupe d'\u00C9tats plus faible sous sa d\u00E9pendance politique, \u00E9conomique et culturelle par la conqu\u00EAte militaire ou toute autre forme de coercition. Cette id\u00E9ologie est corollaire au processus de d\u00E9colonisation, aux mouvements de lib\u00E9ration nationale et, dans une certaine mesure, au nationalisme. Bien que le terme imp\u00E9rialisme est utilis\u00E9 la langue fran\u00E7aise au cours XIXe si\u00E8cle pour d\u00E9signer l'appui au r\u00E9gime napol\u00E9onien et le \u00ABsyst\u00E8me de gouvernement et de domination de l'Empire romain\u00BB, l'anti-imp\u00E9rialisme prend son origine durant la seconde moiti\u00E9 de XIXe si\u00E8cle de l'anglais imperialism qui d\u00E9signe d'abord la politique d'extension coloniale de l'Empire britannique sous le premier ministre britannique Benjamin Disraeli au cours des ann\u00E9es 1870. Le concept sera approfondi par John Atkinson Hobson en 1902 dans son livre Imperialism: A Study. L'anti-imp\u00E9rialisme est aussi une notions cruciale du marxisme-l\u00E9ninisme. Le concept, qui diff\u00E8re de l'usage commun, est approfondi dans le livre de 1917 L'Imp\u00E9rialisme, stade supr\u00EAme du capitalisme de L\u00E9nine entre autres. Dans la th\u00E9orie marxiste, l'imp\u00E9rialisme est un stade du capitalisme au cours duquel le capital financier supplante toutes les autres formes du capital. L'anti-imp\u00E9rialisme a \u00E9t\u00E9 l'un des principales politique de l'URSS, de la R\u00E9publique populaire de Chine, de Cuba et des autres pays communistes depuis la seconde moiti\u00E9 du XXe si\u00E8cle. La fin du XXe si\u00E8cle sous l'h\u00E9g\u00E9monie des \u00C9tats-Unis voit la naissance d'un nouvel imp\u00E9rialisme . L'anti-imp\u00E9rialisme, dans ces circonstances, est une part int\u00E9grante du mouvement altermondialiste qui s'oppose \u00E0 la mondialisation lib\u00E9rale et aux grands accords de libre-\u00E9change et du mouvement pacifiste qui s'oppose aux invasions militaires.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-Jacobin"@en . "anti-Jacobin"@fr . . "anti-revolutionary"@en . "Opposed to Jacobinism. See Jacobin - Wikipedia"@en . "Opposition au jacobinisme. Voir Jacobinisme \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-Jacobite"@en . "anti-Jacobite"@fr . . "Opposed to Jacobitism. See Jacobitism - Wikipedia"@en . "Opposition au jacobitisme. Voir Jacobitisme \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Anti-Irish National Land League"@en . "Anti-Irish National Land League"@fr . . "Unionist (Irish)"@en . "anti-Irish Home Rule"@en . "anti-Land League"@en . "Opposed to the Irish Land League movement. See Irish National Land League - Wikipedia"@en . "Opposition au mouvement de la Irish Land Lead."@fr . . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-monarchism"@en . "antimonarchisme"@fr . . "anti-monarchist"@en . "anti-royalist"@en . "\"The abolition of monarchy has occurred throughout history, either through revolutions, coups d'\u00E9tat, wars, or legislative reforms (such as abdications). The founding of the Roman Republic is a noteworthy example and became part of the nation's traditions including as justification for the assassination of Julius Caesar. The twentieth century saw a major acceleration of this process, with many monarchies violently overthrown by revolution or war, or else abolished as part of the process of decolonisation. By contrast, the restoration of monarchies is rare in modern times, with only two major examples, Spain and Cambodia.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-nuclear movement"@en . "mouvement antinucl\u00E9aire"@fr . . "Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament"@en . "anti-atomic"@en . "anti-nuclear"@en . "anti-nuclear activist"@en . "anti-nuclear war"@en . "anti-nuclear weapons"@en . "nuclear disarmament"@en . "nuclear disarmament campaigner"@en . "pro nuclear disarmament"@en . . "\"The anti-nuclear movement is a social movement that opposes various nuclear technologies. Some direct action groups, environmental groups, and professional organisations have identified themselves with the movement at the local, national, and international level. Major anti-nuclear groups include Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, and the Nuclear Information and Resource Service. The initial objective of the movement was nuclear disarmament, though since the late 1960s opposition has included the use of nuclear power. Many anti-nuclear groups oppose both nuclear power and nuclear weapons. The formation of green parties in the 1970s and 1980s was often a direct result of anti-nuclear politics. Scientists and diplomats have debated nuclear weapons policy since before the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. The public became concerned about nuclear weapons testing from about 1954, following extensive nuclear testing in the Pacific. In 1963, many countries ratified the Partial Test Ban Treaty which prohibited atmospheric nuclear testing. Some local opposition to nuclear power emerged in the early 1960s, and in the late 1960s some members of the scientific community began to express their concerns. In the early 1970s, there were large protests about a proposed nuclear power plant in Wyhl, West Germany. The project was cancelled in 1975 and anti-nuclear success at Wyhl inspired opposition to nuclear power in other parts of Europe and North America. Nuclear power became an issue of major public protest in the 1970s. A protest against nuclear power occurred in July 1977 in Bilbao, Spain, with up to 200,000 people in attendance. Following the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, an anti-nuclear protest was held in New York City, involving 200,000 people. In 1981, Germany's largest anti-nuclear power demonstration took place to protest against the Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant west of Hamburg; some 100,000 people came face to face with 10,000 police officers. The largest protest was held on June 12, 1982, when one million people demonstrated in New York City against nuclear weapons. A 1983 nuclear weapons protest in West Berlin had about 600,000 participants. In May 1986, following the Chernobyl disaster, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people marched in Rome to protest against the Italian nuclear program. In the US, public opposition preceded the shutdown of the Shoreham, Yankee Rowe, Millstone 1, Rancho Seco, Maine Yankee, and many other nuclear power plants. For many years after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster nuclear power was off the policy agenda in most countries, and the anti-nuclear power movement seemed to have won its case. Some anti-nuclear groups disbanded. In the 2000s (decade), however, following public relations activities by the nuclear industry, advances in nuclear reactor designs, and concerns about climate change, nuclear power issues came back into energy policy discussions in some countries. The 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents subsequently undermined the nuclear power industry's proposed renaissance and revived nuclear opposition worldwide, putting governments on the defensive. As of 2016, countries such as Australia, Austria, Denmark, Greece, Malaysia, New Zealand, and Norway have no nuclear power stations and remain opposed to nuclear power. Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland are phasing-out nuclear power. Globally, more nuclear power reactors have closed than opened in recent years.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe mouvement antinucl\u00E9aire d\u00E9signe l'ensemble des personnes et organisations (associations, syndicats, partis politiques) qui s'opposent de fa\u00E7on g\u00E9n\u00E9rale \u00E0 l'utilisation de l'\u00E9nergie nucl\u00E9aire. Cette opposition peut s'\u00E9tendre de la bombe atomique aux armes utilisant l'uranium appauvri, jusqu'\u00E0 la production d'\u00E9lectricit\u00E9 d'origine nucl\u00E9aire, l'irradiation des aliments et l'utilisation de la radioactivit\u00E9. Les opposants au nucl\u00E9aire soutiennent qu'il existe des solutions alternatives, telles que les \u00E9conomies d'\u00E9nergie ou les \u00E9nergies renouvelables et que l'uranium est, de m\u00EAme que les \u00E9nergies fossiles, une source d'\u00E9nergie dont l'\u00E9puisement est attendu dans quelques d\u00E9cennies. Il existe aussi une opposition sp\u00E9cifique \u00E0 l'arme nucl\u00E9aire, que l'on peut qualifier de \u00ABmouvement antinucl\u00E9aire militaire\u00BB. Les opposants au nucl\u00E9aire soutiennent notamment qu'il existe des liens \u00E9troits entre le nucl\u00E9aire civil et militaire, et que le nucl\u00E9aire civil a une responsabilit\u00E9 lourde dans la prolif\u00E9ration nucl\u00E9aire.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-pacifism"@en . "antipacifisme"@fr . . "anti-appeasement"@en . "conscriptionist"@en . "non-pacifist"@en . "war supporter"@en . "Opposed to pacifism. See Pacifism - Wikipedia"@en . "Opposition au pacifisme. Voir Pacifisme \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-poverty movement"@en . "mouvement de lutte contre la pauvret\u00E9"@fr . . "anti-poverty activist"@en . "poverty activist"@en . "Advocacy or activism to reduce poverty. See Poverty reduction - Wikipedia"@en . "Militantisme pour r\u00E9duire la pauvret\u00E9. Voir Pauvret\u00E9 \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-racism"@en . "antiracisme"@fr . . "anti-racist"@en . . "\"Anti-racism includes beliefs, actions, movements, and policies adopted or developed to oppose racism. In general, anti-racism is intended to promote an egalitarian society in which people do not face discrimination on the basis of their race, however defined. By its nature, anti-racism tends to promote the view that racism in a particular society is both pernicious and socially pervasive, and that particular changes in political, economic, and/or social life are required to eliminate it.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'antiracisme inclut les opinions, actions, mouvements et les politiques adopt\u00E9es ou d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e pour s'opposer au racisme. En g\u00E9n\u00E9ral l'antiracisme promeut une soci\u00E9t\u00E9 dans laquelle les individus ne subissent pas de discrimination sur la base de leur ethnie dont la d\u00E9finition peut varier. De par sa nature, l'antiracisme avance la vision que le racisme dans une soci\u00E9t\u00E9 est \u00E0 la fois pernicieux et socialement p\u00E9nalisant et que des changements politiques, \u00E9conomiques et/ou sociaux sont n\u00E9cessaires pour l'\u00E9radiquer. La notion d'antiracisme, tout comme les acteurs de la lutte dite antiraciste, ont \u00E9t\u00E9 critiqu\u00E9s par certains intellectuels notamment pour sa faiblesse conceptuelle, ses utilisations politiques, voire paradoxalement par la r\u00E9introduction de la notion de race au sein du d\u00E9bat national.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Critiques du socialisme"@fr . "anti-socialism"@en . . "anti-socialist"@en . "\"Criticism of socialism refers to any critique of socialist models of economic organisation and their feasibility; as well as the political and social implications of adopting such a system. Some criticisms are not directed towards socialism as a system, but are directed towards the socialist movement, socialist political parties or existing socialist states. Some critics consider socialism to be a purely theoretical concept that should be criticized on theoretical grounds (such as in the Socialist calculation debate); others hold that certain historical examples exist and that they can be criticized on practical grounds. Economic liberals and right libertarians view private ownership of the means of production and the market exchange as natural entities or moral rights which are central to their conceptions of freedom and liberty, and view the economic dynamics of capitalism as immutable and absolute. Therefore, they perceive public ownership of the means of production, cooperatives and economic planning as infringements upon liberty. According to the Austrian school economist Ludwig von Mises, an economic system that does not utilize money, financial calculation and market pricing will be unable to effectively value capital goods and coordinate production, and therefore socialism is impossible because it lacks the necessary information to perform economic calculation in the first place. Another central argument leveled against socialist systems based on economic planning is based on the use of dispersed knowledge. Socialism is unfeasible in this view because information cannot be aggregated by a central body and effectively used to formulate a plan for an entire economy, because doing so would result in distorted or absent price signals. Many economic criticisms of socialism focus on the experiences of Soviet-type planned economies. It is argued that a lack of budget constraints in enterprises operating in a planned economy reduces incentives for enterprises to act on information efficiently, thereby reducing overall welfare for society. Other economists criticize models of socialism based on neoclassical economics for their reliance on the faulty and unrealistic assumptions of economic equilibrium and pareto efficiency. Some philosophers have also criticized the aims of socialism, arguing that equality erodes away at individual diversities, and that the establishment of an equal society would have to entail strong coercion. Critics of the socialist political movement often criticize the internal conflicts of the socialist movement as creating a sort of \"responsibility void.\" Because there are many models of socialism, most critiques are only focused on a specific type of socialism. Therefore, the criticisms presented below may not apply to all forms of socialism, and many will focus on the experience of Soviet-type economies. It is also important to note that different models of socialism conflict with each other over questions of property ownership, economic coordination and how socialism is to be achieved - so critics of specific models of socialism might be advocates of a different type of socialism.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLes critiques du socialisme se r\u00E9f\u00E8rent aux critiques des mod\u00E8les socialistes d'organisation \u00E9conomique, de leurs efficacit\u00E9s et de leurs faisabilit\u00E9s, ainsi que des implications politiques et sociales de tels syst\u00E8mes. Certaines critiques ne sont pas dirig\u00E9es vers le socialisme en tant que syst\u00E8me, mais sont dirig\u00E9s vers des mouvements socialistes, des partis politiques socialistes ou des \u00E9tats socialistes existants. Certaines critiques consid\u00E8rent le socialisme comme un concept purement th\u00E9orique qui doit \u00EAtre critiqu\u00E9 pour des raisons th\u00E9oriques, d'autres soutiennent que les exp\u00E9riences socialistes peuvent \u00EAtre critiqu\u00E9es sur les faits. Certains encore veulent englober plusieurs exemples historiques d'\u00C9tats communistes dans une forme de socialisme.Le socialisme est donc une notion large, certaines critiques pr\u00E9sent\u00E9es dans cet article ne s'appliqueront qu'a un mod\u00E8le sp\u00E9cifique du socialisme qui peuvent diff\u00E9rer consid\u00E9rablement des autres types de socialisme. Les lib\u00E9raux \u00E9conomiques, libertariens, pro-capitalistes et quelques lib\u00E9raux classiques consid\u00E8rent l'entreprise priv\u00E9e, la propri\u00E9t\u00E9 priv\u00E9e des moyens de production et l'\u00E9change sur le march\u00E9 comme des ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes naturels ou moraux[pas clair], au centre de leurs conceptions de la libert\u00E9. Et par opposition, les membres de ces trois groupes peuvent percevoir la propri\u00E9t\u00E9 publique des moyens de production, des coop\u00E9ratives et de la planification \u00E9conomique parrain\u00E9 par l'\u00C9tat comme des atteintes \u00E0 la libert\u00E9[pas clair]. Les membres de l'\u00E9cole n\u00E9oclassique d'\u00E9conomie critiquent les th\u00E9ories socialistes qui favorisent la participation de l'\u00C9tat ou de la centralisation du capital sur les motifs du manque de motivation au sein des institutions de l'\u00C9tat d'agir sur l'information aussi efficacement que les gestionnaires dans les entreprises capitalistes parce qu'ils n'ont pas de forte contrainte (profit et m\u00E9canisme de perte), ce qui r\u00E9duit le bien-\u00EAtre \u00E9conomique global pour la soci\u00E9t\u00E9. Les membres de l'\u00E9cole autrichienne d'\u00E9conomie soutiennent que les syst\u00E8mes socialistes bas\u00E9 sur la planification \u00E9conomique sont impossibles parce qu'ils n'ont pas l'information pour effectuer le calcul \u00E9conomique en premier lieu en raison d'un manque de prix libre, qu'ils croient n\u00E9cessaires pour rationnelle calcul \u00E9conomique. Les membres du mouvement politique socialiste critiquent souvent les conflits internes du mouvement socialiste en cr\u00E9ant une sorte de \u00ABvide de responsabilit\u00E9\u00BB.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-suffrage"@en . "opposition au suffrage universel"@fr . . "anti-sufffragist"@en . "anti-suffrage movement"@en . "anti-suffragist"@en . "anti-suffragist movement"@en . "non-suffragist"@en . . "\"Anti-suffragism was a political movement composed mainly of women, begun in the late 19th century in order to campaign against women's suffrage in Great Britain and the United States. It was closely associated with \"domestic feminism\", the belief that women had the right to complete freedom within the home.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-trade-unionism"@en . "opposition au syndicalisme"@fr . . "anti-Union"@en . "anti-trade-unionist"@en . "Opposed to trade unions or the trade union movement. See Trade union - Wikipedia"@en . "Opposition aux syndicats ou au mouvement syndical. Voir R\u00E9pression antisyndicale \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-urbanism"@en . "antiurbain"@fr . . "pro-countryside"@en . "\"Anti-urbanism is hostility towards the city as opposed to the country, a simple rejection of the city, or a wish to destroy the city.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'antiurbain est l'hostilit\u00E9 \u00E0 l'\u00E9gard de la ville par opposition \u00E0 la campagne, un rejet pur et simple, une volont\u00E9 de d\u00E9truire la ville. \u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-vaccination movement"@en . "mouvement contre la vaccination"@fr . . . "movement against compulsory vaccination"@en . "Opposition to vaccination, usually compulsory vaccination. See Vaccine hesitancy - Wikipedia Also see: Category:Vaccine controversies - Wikipedia"@en . "Opposition \u00E0 la vaccination, g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement lorsqu'elle est obligatoire. Voir Controverse sur la vaccination \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-vivisection"@en . "antivivisection"@fr . . . "anti-vivisection movement"@en . "anti-vivisectionist"@en . "Opposition to experimentation and testing on live animals. See Category:Anti-vivisection movement - Wikipedia Also see Vivisection - Wikipedia"@en . "Opposition \u00E0 l'exp\u00E9rimentation et aux tests conduits sur des animaux vivants. Voir Ligue fran\u00E7aise contre la vivisection \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia. Voir aussi Vivisection \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Antiguerre"@fr . "anti-war movement"@en . . "anti Vietnam war"@en . "anti-Vietnam-War demonstrations"@en . "anti-militarism"@en . "anti-militaristic"@en . "anti-war"@en . "anti-war activism"@en . "vietnam war protester"@en . . "\"An anti-war movement (also antiwar) is a social movement, usually in opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict, unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. The term can also refer to pacifism, which is the opposition to all use of military force during conflicts. Many activists distinguish between anti-war movements and peace movements. Anti-war activists work through protest and other grassroots means to attempt to pressure a government (or governments) to put an end to a particular war or conflict.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe mouvement antiguerre est un mouvement social[r\u00E9f. n\u00E9cessaire] s'opposant aux conflits arm\u00E9s.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Antisionisme"@fr . "anti-Zionism"@en . . "anti-Israeli"@en . "anti-israel"@en . "anti-zionist"@en . "\"Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism, broadly defined in the modern era as the opposition to the ethnonationalist and political movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the establishment of a Jewish state as a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (also referred to as Palestine, Canaan or the Holy Land) or to the modern State of Israel as defined as A Jewish and Democratic State. The term is used to describe various religious, moral, and political points of view, but their diversity of motivation and expression is sufficiently different that \"anti-Zionism\" cannot be seen as having a single ideology or source. According to many notable Jewish and non-Jewish sources, anti-Zionism has become a cover for modern-day antisemitism, a position that critics have challenged as a tactic to silence criticism of Israeli policies.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'antisionisme (ou anti-sionisme) d\u00E9signe historiquement l'opposition au projet sioniste d'\u00E9tablissement d'un foyer national juif en Palestine. Il appara\u00EEt d'une part parmi les dirigeants traditionalistes juifs pour des raisons religieuses ou par crainte des Juifs assimiliationistes et d'autre part parmi les dirigeants arabes de Palestine et certains officiers britanniques quand la Grande-Bretagne obtient de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 des Nations un mandat pour administrer le pays. Outre l'opposition politique, l'antisionisme arabe palestinien de l'\u00E9poque se manifeste lors de la Grande R\u00E9volte arabe de 1936-1939 et puis par la Guerre isra\u00E9lo-arabe de 1948. L'antisionisme juif est moins important et d'origine religieuse. Il se r\u00E9duit fortement \u00E0 partir de 1921 avec la nomination au grand rabbinat d'Eretz Israel du rabbin Abraham Isaac Kook pour dispara\u00EEtre presque totalement apr\u00E8s la Shoah, la R\u00E9solution 181 de l'ONU du 30 novembre 1947 qui pr\u00E9voit le Plan de partage de la Palestine et l'\u00E9tablissement d'un \u00C9tat juif, l'\u00C9tat d'Isra\u00EBl, que les Arabes tent\u00E8rent vainement d'emp\u00EAcher lors de la guerre de 1948 et qui est l'aboutissement du projet sioniste originel. Apr\u00E8s la guerre de 1967 et les conqu\u00EAtes territoriales isra\u00E9liennes, et en parall\u00E8le avec la m\u00E9diatisation de la cause palestinienne et du probl\u00E8me des r\u00E9fugi\u00E9s palestiniens, la notion d'antisionisme \u00E9volue et devient plus ambigu\u00EB. Le terme peut caract\u00E9riser des prises de positions aussi \u00E9loign\u00E9es que le simple rejet de la politique isra\u00E9lienne \u00E0 la revendication de son an\u00E9antissement. Ainsi, l'antisionisme est parfois invoqu\u00E9 comme une \u00E9chappatoire pour voiler une nouvelle forme d'antis\u00E9mitisme et cette accusation est elle-m\u00EAme d\u00E9nonc\u00E9e comme une manipulation visant \u00E0 emp\u00EAcher toute critique d'Isra\u00EBl et du sionisme. En Isra\u00EBl m\u00EAme, la situation a engendr\u00E9 les mouvements n\u00E9osioniste et postsioniste, tous deux en opposition avec le \u00ABsionisme s\u00E9culaire\u00BB des \u00ABp\u00E8res fondateurs\u00BB mais pas n\u00E9cessairement antisionistes.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-masonry"@en . "antima\u00E7onnisme"@fr . . "anti-masonic"@en . "\"Anti-Masonry (alternatively called Anti-Freemasonry) is defined as \"avowed opposition to Freemasonry\". However, there is no homogeneous anti-Masonic movement. Anti-Masonry consists of radically differing criticisms from sometimes incompatible groups who are hostile to Freemasonry in some form.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABL'antima\u00E7onnisme (ou antima\u00E7onnerie) d\u00E9signe la critique, l'opposition et l'hostilit\u00E9 manifest\u00E9es \u00E0 l\u2019encontre de la franc-ma\u00E7onnerie et de ses membres. Souvent li\u00E9es \u00E0 l\u2019\u00C9glise catholique, qui condamna \u00E0 plusieurs reprises la franc-ma\u00E7onnerie en tant que telle depuis la bulle pontificale In eminenti apostolatus specula en 1738, les condamnations au sujet de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 initiatique se sont exprim\u00E9es sous des natures et formes diverses. L'acceptation globale de l'id\u00E9ologie d\u00E9montre que la distribution des pr\u00E9jug\u00E9s fut variables au sein des classes sociales et selon les appartenances religieuses. En tant que ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne soci\u00E9tal, l'antima\u00E7onnisme constitue une r\u00E9alit\u00E9 historique et sociale qui puise sa source dans plusieurs strates de l'histoire. La chronologie du ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne rapporte un ensemble de faits concentr\u00E9s g\u00E9ographiquement en occident. Les politiques et publications antima\u00E7onniques d\u00E9crient g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement des intentions et des actions de conspiration li\u00E9es \u00E0 un secret, telles les th\u00E9ories du complot ma\u00E7onnique. Les hostilit\u00E9s furent nourries de tout temps par de multiples interpr\u00E9tations sp\u00E9culatives telles que l\u2019immixtion dans le pouvoir politique et judiciaire, les hauts grades, l'influence d\u00E9terminante et l\u2019insertion de symboles dans la vie civile qui en r\u00E9sultent. Dans une optique plus rationnelle, l'antima\u00E7onnisme d\u00E9coule d'une opposition aux id\u00E9es progressistes et lib\u00E9rales issues du si\u00E8cle des Lumi\u00E8res \u00E9poque o\u00F9 certains philosophes de renom ont adh\u00E9r\u00E9 \u00E0 l'\u00E9cole de pens\u00E9e. \u00C0 la suite notamment des ouvrages de l\u2019abb\u00E9 Barruel, qui d\u00E9fend la th\u00E8se que la R\u00E9volution fran\u00E7aise r\u00E9sulterait d\u2019un complot ma\u00E7onnique, l\u2019antima\u00E7onnisme devient progressivement une doctrine qui se d\u00E9veloppe dans les milieux catholiques ultramontains et chez les penseurs de la contre-r\u00E9volution. Au XXe si\u00E8cle, si la franc-ma\u00E7onnerie est jug\u00E9e \u00AB contre-r\u00E9volutionnaire \u00BB par l'Internationale communiste qui l'interdit \u00E0 ses partisans, la d\u00E9fiance \u00E0 son encontre est reprise par l\u2019extr\u00EAme droite qui l'associe au discours antis\u00E9mite par une d\u00E9nonciation de \u00AB complot jud\u00E9o-ma\u00E7onnique \u00BB, soup\u00E7onnant l\u2019existence d\u2019un faisceau d\u2019int\u00E9r\u00EAts communs. Les r\u00E9gimes dictatoriaux en g\u00E9n\u00E9ral de par le monde et la Seconde Guerre mondiale furent les th\u00E9\u00E2tres des pers\u00E9cutions les plus s\u00E9v\u00E8res \u00E0 l\u2019\u00E9gard de la franc-ma\u00E7onnerie.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "anti-clericalism"@en . "anticl\u00E9ricalisme"@fr . . . "\"Anti-clericalism refers to historical movements that oppose the clergy for reasons including their actual or alleged power and influence in all aspects of public and political life and their involvement in the everyday life of the citizen, their privileges, or their enforcement of orthodoxy. Not all anti-clericals are irreligious or anti-religious, some have been religious and have opposed clergy on the basis of institutional issues and/or disagreements in religious interpretation, such as during the Protestant Reformation.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABL'anticl\u00E9ricalisme est un syst\u00E8me oppos\u00E9 aux tendances du clerg\u00E9. D'apr\u00E8s Fran\u00E7oise Marcard, l'anticl\u00E9ricalisme s'oppose au cl\u00E9ricalisme, \u00AB sachant qu'il y a pr\u00E9somption de cl\u00E9ricalisme chaque fois que le fait religieux transgresse les fronti\u00E8res du terrain dit temporel \u00BB. L'anticl\u00E9ricalisme insiste sur la n\u00E9cessaire s\u00E9paration du religieux et du profane. Il postule la libert\u00E9 de conscience individuelle. Autour de ce noyau dur de convictions, l'anticl\u00E9ricalisme \u00E9volue en relation \u00E9troite avec le cl\u00E9ricalisme qu'il combat, et d'une fa\u00E7on plus large avec les religions. Selon l'historien et politologue Ren\u00E9 R\u00E9mond : \u00AB L'anticl\u00E9ricalisme comporte un \u00E9l\u00E9ment irr\u00E9ductible et qui est une d\u00E9fiance, peut-\u00EAtre une aversion insurmontable pour toute \u00C9glise. Si peu cl\u00E9rical que le fait religieux puisse devenir, il gardera toujours de quoi irriter, inqui\u00E9ter ou susciter l'anticl\u00E9ricalisme. Il y a donc lieu de consid\u00E9rer que l'anticl\u00E9ricalisme constitue un facteur durable du champ des id\u00E9ologies. \u00BB L\u2019anticl\u00E9ricalisme, composante essentielle de la tradition du Si\u00E8cle des Lumi\u00E8res, reste une position extr\u00EAmement minoritaire sur la plan\u00E8te : les croyances et les pratiques religieuses continuent de r\u00E9guler plus ou moins profond\u00E9ment la vie quotidienne de la plus grande partie de sa population.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "antidisestablishmentarianism"@en . "opposition \u00E0 l'Establismhment"@fr . . "antidisestablishmentarian"@en . "\"Antidisestablishmentarianism (/\u02CC\u00E6n.ti.d\u026As.\u026As.t\u00E6b.l\u026A\u0283.m\u0259n\u02C8t\u025B\u0259.r\u026A\u0259.n\u026A.z\u1D4Am/, /\u02CC\u00E6n.ta\u026A\u02CCd\u026As.\u025Bs\u02CCt\u00E6b.l\u026A\u0283.m\u0259nt\u02C8\u025B.ri.\u0259n\u02CC\u026A.zm/) is a political position that developed in 19th-century Britain in opposition to Liberal proposals for the disestablishment of the Church of England\u2014meaning the removal of the Anglican Church's status as the state church of England, Ireland, and Wales. The establishment was maintained in England, but in Ireland the Church of Ireland (Anglican) was disestablished in 1871. In Wales, four Church of England dioceses were disestablished in 1920 and became the Church in Wales. Antidisestablishmentarianism is also one of the longest non-scientific words. The word has also come by analogy to refer to any opposition to those who oppose the establishment, whether the government, in whole or part, or the established society.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Antis\u00E9mitisme"@fr . "antisemitism"@en . . "anti-semitism"@en . "antisemitic"@en . . "\"Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is widely considered to be a form of racism. The root word Semite gives the false impression that antisemitism is directed against all Semitic people. However, the compound word antisemite was popularized in Germany in 1879 as a scientific-sounding term for Judenhass (\"Jew-hatred\") ,and that has been its common use since then. Antisemitism may be manifested in many ways, ranging from expressions of hatred of or discrimination against individual Jews to organized pogroms by mobs, state police, or even military attacks on entire Jewish communities. Although the term did not come into common usage until the 19th century, it is now also applied to historic anti-Jewish incidents. Notable instances of persecution include the Rhineland massacres preceding the First Crusade in 1096, the Edict of Expulsion from England in 1290, the massacres of Spanish Jews in 1391, the persecutions of the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion from Spain in 1492, the Cossack massacres in Ukraine from 1648 to 1657, various anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire between 1821 and 1906, the 1894\u20131906 Dreyfus affair in France, the Holocaust in German-occupied Europe, official Soviet anti-Jewish policies, and Arab and Muslim involvement in the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'antis\u00E9mitisme (originellement : anti-s\u00E9mitisme) est le nom donn\u00E9 de nos jours \u00E0 la discrimination et \u00E0 l'hostilit\u00E9 manifest\u00E9es \u00E0 l'encontre des Juifs en tant que groupe ethnique, religieux ou racial. Il s'agit, dans son acception originelle telle que formul\u00E9e vers la fin du XIXe si\u00E8cle, d'une forme de racisme dirig\u00E9e nominalement contre les peuples s\u00E9mites, regroup\u00E9s en tant que tels sur base de crit\u00E8res linguistiques, mais ne visant en r\u00E9alit\u00E9 que les Juifs. Bien que certains historiens comme Jules Isaac insistent pour distinguer antijuda\u00EFsme et antis\u00E9mitisme, le second terme est cependant le plus souvent utilis\u00E9 aujourd'hui pour qualifier tous les actes d'hostilit\u00E9 anti-juive au cours de l'Histoire, que leurs fondements soient raciaux ou non. Les motifs et mises en pratique de l'antis\u00E9mitisme incluent divers pr\u00E9jug\u00E9s, des all\u00E9gations, des mesures discriminatoires ou d'exclusion socio-\u00E9conomique, des expulsions, voire des massacres d'individus ou de communaut\u00E9s enti\u00E8res.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "appeasement"@en . "politique d'apaisement"@fr . . "\"Appeasement in a political context is a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an enemy power in order to avoid conflict. The term is most often applied to the foreign policy of the British Prime Ministers Ramsay Macdonald, Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain towards Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy between 1935 and 1939. Their policies have been the subject of intense debate for more than seventy years among academics, politicians and diplomats. The historians' assessments have ranged from condemnation for allowing Adolf Hitler's Germany to grow too strong, to the judgment that they had no alternative and acted in their country's best interests. At the time, these concessions were widely seen as positive, and the Munich Pact concluded on 30 September 1938 among Germany, Britain, France, and Italy prompted Chamberlain to announce that he had secured \"peace for our time.\"\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLa politique d'apaisement dans les relations internationales vise \u00E0 \u00E9viter la guerre en faisant des concessions \u00E0 l'ennemi.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "appraiser"@en . "project appraiser"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "approximate birth date"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "birth date of"@en . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "approximate death date"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "death date of"@en . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Arab"@en . "Arabe"@fr . . "\"Arabs (Arabic: \u0639\u0631\u0628\u200E\u200E, \u2018arab) are a panethnicity of peoples whose native language is a variety of Arabic. They primarily inhabit Western Asia, North Africa, and parts of the Horn of Africa and East Africa. Before the spread of Islam, Arab referred to any of the largely nomadic Semitic people from the northern and central Arabian Peninsula. In modern usage Arab refers to a heterogeneous collection of Arabic-speaking peoples in Western Asia and North Africa. The ties that bind Arabs are linguistic, cultural, political, and ethnic, with Arabized Arabs displaying genetic contributions, in varying proportions, from both indigenous elements and the Arabian peninsula. As such, Arab identity is based on one or more of genealogical, linguistic or cultural grounds, although with competing identities often taking a more prominent role, based on considerations including regional, national, clan, kin, sect, and tribe affiliations and relationships. Not all people who could be considered Arab identify as such. If the Arab pan-ethnicity is regarded as a single population, then it constitutes the world's second largest group of people after the Han Chinese. The Arabian Peninsula itself was not entirely Arab linguistically or culturally before the spread of Islam. Arabization occurred in the southern and eastern regions of the peninsula. For example, the language shift to Arabic displaced the distinct Old South Arabian languages from what is now modern-day Yemen and southern Oman. These were the languages spoken in the civilizations of Sheba, Magan, and Dilmun.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes Arabes sont des individus anthropologiquement diff\u00E9rents les uns des autres mais qui s\u2019identifient par des liens linguistiques et/ou culturels. Ils sont r\u00E9partis sur une vaste zone qui s\u2019\u00E9tend d\u2019Oman \u00E0 la Mauritanie. Cela comprend les descendants d'habitants de la p\u00E9ninsule arabique qui ont migr\u00E9 au nord et \u00E0 l'ouest et qui parlent des variantes de l'arabe, une langue s\u00E9mitique. Ainsi d\u00E9finis, ils sont estim\u00E9s \u00E0 environ 450 millions dans le monde. Ils sont principalement pr\u00E9sents en Asie occidentale, en Afrique et en Europe occidentale.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "archaeologist"@en . "palaeontologist"@en . "paleontologist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "director of archaeology in the department of antiquities"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "architecture"@en . "architect"@en . "architectural draftsman"@en . "architectural restoration"@en . "draftsman"@en . "draughter"@en . "draughtsman"@en . "royal architect"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "archivist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "aristocrat"@en . . "baron"@en . "baronet"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "army"@en . "army colonel"@en . "army commander"@en . "army doctor"@en . "army officer"@en . "army paymaster"@en . "army surgeon"@en . "billetting officer"@en . "cavalry officer"@en . "cavalry soldier"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "inspector of army education"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "arts manager"@en . "art acquisitions officer"@en . "arts administrator"@en . "arts centre director"@en . "arts festival director"@en . "musical manager"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "director of the national gallery"@en . "joint chairman of the writers' guild of great britain"@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "arts advocacy"@en . "d\u00E9fense des arts"@fr . "advocate for the arts"@en . "artists' advocate"@en . "Action pour les beaux arts, les arts du spectale ou les humanit\u00E9s."@fr . "Advocacy for the fine, performing, or liberal arts."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "literature advocate"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "asceticism"@en . "asc\u00E8se"@fr . . "\"Asceticism (/\u0259\u02C8s\u025Bt\u026As\u026Az\u0259m/; from the Greek: \u1F04\u03C3\u03BA\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03C2 \u00E1skesis, \"exercise\" or \"training\") is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals. Ascetics may withdraw from the world for their practices or continue to be part of their society, but typically adopt a frugal lifestyle, characterised by the renunciation of material possessions and physical pleasures, and time spent fasting while concentrating on the practice of religion or reflection upon spiritual matters. Asceticism is classified into two types. \"Natural asceticism\" consists of a lifestyle where material aspects of life are reduced to utmost simplicity and a minimum but without maiming the body or harsher austerities that make the body suffer, while \"unnatural asceticism\" is defined as a practice that involves body mortification and self infliction of pain such as by sleeping on a bed of nails. Asceticism has been historically observed in many religious traditions, including Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Mainstream Islam has lacked asceticism, except for its minority Sufi sect whose long tradition has included strict asceticism. The practitioners of these religions eschewed worldly pleasures and led an abstinent lifestyle, in the pursuit of redemption, salvation or spirituality. Asceticism is seen in the ancient theologies as a journey towards spiritual transformation, where the simple is sufficient, the bliss is within, the frugal is plenty.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABL'asc\u00E8se ou asc\u00E9tisme est une discipline volontaire du corps et de l'esprit cherchant \u00E0 tendre vers une perfection, par une forme de renoncement ou d'abn\u00E9gation.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . "asexuality"@en . "asexualit\u00E9"@fr . . "asexual"@en . ""@fr . "Indicates a lack of interest in sex or sexual attraction to other subjects and is not to be confused with celibacy"@en . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Ashkenazi Jewish"@en . "Juif ashk\u00E9naze"@fr . . "Ashkenazim"@en . "Ashkenazim, or German Jewish"@en . . "\n \"Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or simply Ashkenazim (Hebrew: \u05D0\u05B7\u05E9\u05B0\u05C1\u05DB\u05B0\u05BC\u05E0\u05B7\u05D6\u05B4\u05BC\u05D9\u05DD, Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation: [\u02CCa\u0283k\u0259\u02C8nazim], singular: [\u02CCa\u0283k\u0259\u02C8nazi], Modern Hebrew: [a\u0283kena\u02C8zim, a\u0283kena\u02C8zi]; also \u05D9\u05B0\u05D4\u05D5\u05BC\u05D3\u05B5\u05D9 \u05D0\u05B7\u05E9\u05B0\u05C1\u05DB\u05B2\u05BC\u05E0\u05B7\u05D6 Y'hudey Ashkenaz), are a Jewish diaspora population who coalesced as a distinct community of Jews in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the 1st millennium. The traditional diaspora language of Ashkenazi Jews consisted of various dialects of Yiddish.\" (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@en . "\n \u00ABL'appellation Ashk\u00E9naze, Ashkenaze ou Achkenaze d\u00E9signe 'les Juifs de l'Europe occidentale, centrale et orientale qui sont d'origine et de langue germaniques par opposition \u00E0 ceux qui sont originaires d'Espagne et sont dits s\u00E9farades (sefardim)' et aux Juifs descendant des communaut\u00E9s juives des r\u00E9gions proche et moyen-orientales dits Mizrahim. Leur nom vient du patriarche biblique Ashkenaz. Les communaut\u00E9s ashk\u00E9nazes se sont principalement concentr\u00E9es en Allemagne, en Pologne, en Russie, dans l'ancien Empire austro-hongrois et, de fa\u00E7on plus clairsem\u00E9e, dans le reste de l'Europe centrale et orientale. Les Ashk\u00E9nazes sont caract\u00E9ris\u00E9s par des coutumes, un h\u00E9ritage culturel et des traditions religieuses particuli\u00E8res. \u00C0 la diff\u00E9rence des communaut\u00E9s s\u00E9farades ou mizrahim, la langue vernaculaire des Ashk\u00E9nazes est le yiddish5, vari\u00E9t\u00E9 de moyen-haut allemand enrichie d'emprunts \u00E0 l'h\u00E9breu, au polonais et au russe6). Certaines sources attestent de leur pr\u00E9sence dans toute l'Europe du nord-ouest au d\u00E9but du Moyen ge. Les Ashk\u00E9nazes constituent aujourd'hui la cat\u00E9gorie la plus nombreuse du juda\u00EFsme mondial.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Asian"@en . "Asiatique"@fr . . "\n \"Asian people or Asiatic people are people who descend from a portion of Asia's population. There are varieties of definition and geographical data presented by organisations and individuals for classifying the ethnic groups in Asia.\"(DBpedia, 2017)\n "@en . "\n \u00ABLe terme asiatique d\u00E9signe une personne originaire d'Asie, et pr\u00E9sentant des caract\u00E9ristiques physiques d'Asie de l'Est, d'Asie du Sud-Est et de certaines r\u00E9gions d'Asie centrale. En fran\u00E7ais, l'adjectif asiatique d\u00E9signe, au sens large, tout ce qui se rapporte \u00E0 l'Asie : dans le langage courant, quand il se rapporte \u00E0 des personnes, il est cependant essentiellement utilis\u00E9 pour d\u00E9signer les populations originaires de ces r\u00E9gions asiatiques. Les personnes originaires d'autres r\u00E9gions d'Asie comme le Moyen-Orient ou le sous-continent indien ne sont que rarement appel\u00E9es Asiatiques, bien qu'elles le soient \u00E9galement au sens g\u00E9ographique.\u00BB\n "@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "assistant"@en . "administrative assistant"@en . "personal assistant"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "full time programme assistant"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "associated by violence with"@en . . ""@fr . "A connection between persons and other persons or entities related to instances of physical, sexual, and undue emotional violence, whether the subject was the victim or the perpetrator. Broadly conceived to include the effect of exposure to violence of which the person was neither perpetrator nor survivor."@en . . . . . . . . . . . "associated via health with"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "association involvement"@en . "club leader"@en . "club president"@en . "clubman"@en . "clubperson"@en . "clubwoman"@en . "freemason"@en . "president of professional association"@en . "president of society"@en . "president of the society of authors"@en . "secretary of literary society"@en . "society director"@en . "society member"@en . "society president"@en . "society secretary"@en . "society vice president"@en . "vice president of society"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "president of the british club for belgian soldiers"@en . "president of the herdwick association"@en . "president of the literary ladies club"@en . "president of the society of women journalists"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "astronomer"@en . "amateur astronomer"@en . "assistant astronomer"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "atheism"@en . "ath\u00E9isme"@fr . . "\"Atheism is, in a broad sense, the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Most inclusively, atheism is the absence of belief that any deities exist. Atheism is contrasted with theism, which, in its most general form, is the belief that at least one deity exists. The term \"atheism\" originated from the Greek \u1F04\u03B8\u03B5\u03BF\u03C2 (atheos), meaning \"without god(s)\", used as a pejorative term applied to those thought to reject the gods worshiped by the larger society. With the spread of freethought, skeptical inquiry, and subsequent increase in criticism of religion, application of the term narrowed in scope. The first individuals to identify themselves using the word \"atheist\" lived in the 18th century during the Age of Enlightenment. The French Revolution, noted for its \"unprecedented atheism,\" witnessed the first major political movement in history to advocate for the supremacy of human reason. Arguments for atheism range from the philosophical to social and historical approaches. Rationales for not believing in deities include arguments that there is a lack of empirical evidence; the problem of evil; the argument from inconsistent revelations; the rejection of concepts that cannot be falsified; and the argument from nonbelief. Although some atheists have adopted secular philosophies (eg. humanism and skepticism), there is no one ideology or set of behaviors to which all atheists adhere. Many atheists hold that atheism is a more parsimonious worldview than theism and therefore that the burden of proof lies not on the atheist to disprove the existence of God but on the theist to provide a rationale for theism. Since conceptions of atheism vary, accurate estimations of current numbers of atheists are difficult. Several comprehensive global polls on the subject have been conducted by Gallup International: their 2015 poll featured over 64,000 respondents and indicated that 11% were \"convinced atheists\" whereas an earlier 2012 poll found that 13% of respondents were \"convinced atheists.\" An older survey by the BBC, in 2004, recorded atheists as comprising 8% of the world's population. Other older estimates have indicated that atheists comprise 2% of the world's population, while the irreligious add a further 12%. According to these polls, Europe and East Asia are the regions with the highest rates of atheism. In 2015, 61% of people in China reported that they were atheists. The figures for a 2010 Eurobarometer survey in the European Union (EU) reported that 20% of the EU population claimed not to believe in \"any sort of spirit, God or life force\".\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'ath\u00E9isme est une attitude ou une doctrine qui nie l'existence de quelque dieu ou divinit\u00E9 que ce soit, contrairement, par exemple, au d\u00E9isme et au th\u00E9isme qui soutiennent ces existences, ou \u00E0 l'agnosticisme qui consid\u00E8re que personne ne peut r\u00E9pondre \u00E0 ces questions. C'est une position philosophique qui peut \u00EAtre formul\u00E9e ainsi : il n'existe rien qui ressemble de pr\u00E8s ou de loin \u00E0 ce que les croyants appellent un \u00ABdieu\u00BB, ou \u00ABDieu\u00BB.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "attends"@en . "scolarisation"@fr . . . . " Indique que le sujet fr\u00E9quente ou a fr\u00E9quent\u00E9 un \u00E9tablissement \u00E9ducatif en particulier ou a re\u00E7u une forme d'enseignement sp\u00E9cifique"@fr . "Indicates attending or having attended for education either a particular school or a particular type of schooling."@en . . . . ""@fr . "attends post-secondary school"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates attending or having attended for education a post-secondary school."@en . . . . ""@fr . "attends primary school"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates attending or having attended for education a primary school."@en . . . . ""@fr . "attends secondary school"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates attending or having attended for education a secondary school."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "attorney general"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "attorney general of ireland"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "auctioneer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "aunt"@en . . . . . . . "aunt of"@en . "tante de"@fr . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "automobileIndustry"@en . "car industry"@en . "car part manufacturer"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "award"@en . "une r\u00E9compense"@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "awarded to"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "B.A."@en . "Baccalaur\u00E9at universitaire \u00E8s lettres"@fr . . "2:2 BA"@en . "AB degree"@en . "BA"@en . "BA (Honours)"@en . "BA (Hons) in English Language and Literature"@en . "BA (Second Class Honours)"@en . "BA Honours degree"@en . "BA Honours degree in English was a third class"@en . "BA Honours in English"@en . "BA Pass Degree"@en . "BA degee"@en . "BA degree"@en . "BA first-class Honours in English"@en . "BA honours in History"@en . "BA honours, second class"@en . "BA honours, third class"@en . "BA in Arts"@en . "BA in Classics, Class II"@en . "BA in Drama and Theatre Arts"@en . "BA in English"@en . "BA in English Language and Literature"@en . "BA in English Literature"@en . "BA in English and History"@en . "BA in English with First Class Honours"@en . "BA in PPE"@en . "BA in cultural anthropology"@en . "BA in history"@en . "BA in modern history"@en . "BA, Second Class, in English Language and Literature"@en . "Bachelor of Arts"@en . "Bachelor of Arts degree (at pass level only)"@en . "Bachelor of Arts with honours in English"@en . "Cambridge BA"@en . "Class Three BA"@en . "Honours BA"@en . "Honours BA degree"@en . "Honours BA in Classics, First Class"@en . "Honours BA in English"@en . "Honours BA in French"@en . "Honours BA in Greats"@en . "Honours BA, Second Class,"@en . "Second Class Honours BA"@en . "Second Class degree"@en . "Second Class honours degree"@en . "degree with first-class honours"@en . "double first Honours BA"@en . "first class honours"@en . "first in her BA"@en . "first-class BA"@en . "first-class BA in English"@en . "first-class degree"@en . "first-class honours BA"@en . "second-class honours"@en . "third-class degree (in history)"@en . "third-class honours"@en . . "\"A Bachelor of Arts (BA, B.A., AB or A.B. from the Latin artium baccalaureus or baccalaureus artium) is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs generally take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium (from the Latin bacca, a berry, and laureus, \"of the bay laurel\") should not be confused with baccalaureatus (translatable as \"gold-plated scepter\" by using the Latina bacum and aureatus), which refers to the one- to two-year postgraduate Bachelor of Arts with Honours degree (Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore) in some countries. Diplomas generally give the name of the institution, signatures of officials of the institution (generally the president or rector of the university as well as the secretary or dean of the component college), the type of degree conferred, the conferring authority and the location at which the degree is conferred. Degree diplomas generally are printed on high quality paper or parchment; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. The Bachelor of Arts degree is usually attained in four years in Afghanistan, Lebanon, Armenia, Greece, Bangladesh, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Iran, Japan, Nigeria, Serbia, Spain, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, Russia, Ireland, South Korea, Iraq, Kuwait, Turkey, the United States of America and most of the Americas. They generally last three years in nearly all of the European Union, and in Albania, Australia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, India, Israel, New Zealand, Iceland, Norway, Singapore, the Caribbean, South Africa, and Switzerland.\"\n (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe baccalaur\u00E9at universitaire en lettres ou baccalaur\u00E9at en arts est un grade universitaire d\u00E9livr\u00E9 g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement apr\u00E8s des \u00E9tudes dans le domaine des lettres, des beaux-arts ou des sciences sociales ou humaines. Ce terme est parfois abr\u00E9g\u00E9 en BA (ou plus rarement AB de l'expression latine Artium Baccalaureus).\u00BB\n (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "B.Sc."@en . "Baccalaur\u00E9at universitaire en sciences"@fr . . "B.Sc. (with honours)"@en . "BSc"@en . "BSc in Physics"@en . . "\"A Bachelor of Science (Latin Baccalaureus Scientiae, B.S., BS, B.Sc., or BSc; or, less commonly, S.B., SB, or Sc.B., from the equivalent Latin Scientiae Baccalaureus) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years. Whether a student of a particular subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities. For one example, an economics degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) by one university but as a B.Sc. by another, and some universities offer the choice of either. Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA, even in the natural sciences, while some universities offer only the BS even in non-science fields. Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service awards Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service degrees to all of its undergraduates, although many major in humanities-oriented fields such as international history and culture and politics. The London School of Economics offers B.Sc. degrees in practically all subject areas, even those normally associated with arts degrees, while the Oxbridge universities almost exclusively award arts qualifications. In both instances, there are historical and traditional reasons. Northwestern University's School of Communication grants B.Sc. degrees in all of its programs of study, including theater, dance, and radio/television/film. University of California, Berkeley grants B.S. degree in Environmental Economics and Policy in College of Natural Resources (CNR), and B.A. degree in Environmental Economics and Policy in College of Letters and Science (L&S). The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860. Prior to this, science subjects were included in the B.A. bracket, notably in the cases of mathematics, physics, physiology and botany.\"\n (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe baccalaur\u00E9at universitaire en sciences (BSc) est un grade universitaire existant dans de nombreux pays, notamment dans les pays de tradition universitaire anglo-saxonne. Il existait en France au XIXe si\u00E8cle.\u00BB\n (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "baker"@en . "pastrycook"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "bankrupt"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "grande scale bankrupt"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus."@en . . "Baptisme"@fr . "Baptisme"@nl . "Baptismo"@es . "Baptist Christianity"@en . "Baptistas"@es . "chin li tsung"@zh-latn-wadegile . "jin li zong"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-notone . "j\u00ECn l\u01D0 z\u014Dng"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-hanyu . "\u6D78\u4FE1\u6703"@zh-hant . "\u6D78\u79AE\u5B97"@zh-hant . "\u6D78\u79AE\u6D3E"@zh-hant . . "Baptist"@en . "Baptist Church"@en . "Particular Baptist"@en . . "\"Refers to a Protestant denomination centered around the belief that the sacrament of baptism should only be administered to adult members after a personal profession of belief in Jesus Christ. Baptism in this faith is usually done by full immersion. Emphasis is placed on biblical scripture and preaching. The Baptist denomination is primarily derived from early 17th-century England and Wales where it quickly spread although there are some links with the Anabaptists of the 16th century. Baptist churches very rapidly increased in the late 19th century in the United States.\" (Getty, 2017)"@en . "\"Se refiere a la religi\u00F3n protestante centrada en torno a la creencia que el sacramento del bautismo deber\u00EDa ser administrado s\u00F3lo a miembros adultos tras una manifestaci\u00F3n personal de creencia en Jesucristo. El bautismo en esta fe es usualmente hecho por inmersi\u00F3n total. El \u00E9nfasis es puesto en las Escrituras B\u00EDblicas y la oraci\u00F3n. La denominaci\u00F3n baptista deriva principalmente de la Inglaterra y Gales del siglo XVII en donde r\u00E1pidamente se difundi\u00F3 a pesar que hay algunas conexiones con los Anabaptistas del siglo XVI. La iglesia baptista creci\u00F3 r\u00E1pidamente en el siglo XIX en los Estados Unidos.\" (Getty, 2017)"@es . "\"Verwijst naar een protestantse gezindte waarbij het geloof centraal staat dat het sacrament van de doop alleen moet worden toegediend aan volwassen leden na een persoonlijke belijdenis van geloof in Jezus Christus. De doop vindt bij deze gezindte doorgaans plaats door volledige onderdompeling. De nadruk ligt op Bijbelse geschriften en preken. Het baptisme is in hoofdzaak ontstaan in de vroege 17de eeuw in Engeland en Wales waar het zich snel verspreidde, hoewel er enige verbanden zijn met de anabaptisten van de 16de eeuw. In de late 19de eeuw nam het aantal baptistische kerken in de Verenigde Staten snel toe.\" (Getty, 2017)"@nl . "\"\u4E00\u652F\u65B0\u6559\u6D3E\u5225\uFF0C\u76F8\u4FE1\u53EA\u6709\u89AA\u81EA\u8072\u660E\u4FE1\u4EF0\u57FA\u7763\u7684\u6210\u4EBA\u624D\u53EF\u53D7\u6D17\u3002\u6B64\u6559\u7684\u6D17\u79AE\u901A\u5E38\u9700\u5168\u8EAB\u6D78\u6D17\u3002\u91CD\u8996\u8056\u7D93\u7D93\u6587\u8207\u4F48\u9053\u3002\u6D78\u4FE1\u6703\u8207\u5341\u516D\u4E16\u7D00\u7684\u91CD\u6D78\u6D3E\u6709\u4E9B\u6DF5\u6E90\uFF0C\u4F46\u4E3B\u8981\u6E90\u65BC\u5341\u4E03\u4E16\u7D00\u521D\u7684\u82F1\u683C\u862D\u8207\u5A01\u723E\u65AF\uFF0C\u5728\u9019\u5169\u8655\u5FEB\u901F\u5EE3\u50B3\u3002\u5176\u6559\u6703\u65BC\u5341\u4E5D\u4E16\u7D00\u672B\u5728\u7F8E\u570B\u6025\u901F\u589E\u52A0\u3002\" (Getty, 2017)"@zh-hant . "\u00ABLe baptisme est un courant chr\u00E9tien \u00E9vang\u00E9lique issu d'un r\u00E9veil d\u00E9marr\u00E9 par les pasteurs anglais John Smyth en Hollande en 1609, puis Thomas Helwys en Angleterre en 1612. Ce mouvement se caract\u00E9rise par l'importance donn\u00E9e \u00E0 la Bible, \u00E0 la nouvelle naissance, au bapt\u00EAme adulte en tant que t\u00E9moignage volontaire, un esprit missionnaire, un engagement moral de vie ainsi que par l'autonomie locale des \u00E9glises, la s\u00E9paration de l'\u00C9glise et de l'\u00C9tat, et finalement l'autorit\u00E9 de la congr\u00E9gation (congr\u00E9gationalisme). Selon les chiffres du Pew Research Center, en 2011, le mouvement recense 72 millions de croyants.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Baptist Christianity."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance Baptisme."@fr . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus."@en . . "Baptisme"@fr . "Baptisme"@nl . "Baptismo"@es . "Baptist"@en . "Baptistas"@es . "chin li tsung"@zh-latn-wadegile . "jin li zong"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-notone . "j\u00ECn l\u01D0 z\u014Dng"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-hanyu . "\u6D78\u4FE1\u6703"@zh-hant . "\u6D78\u79AE\u5B97"@zh-hant . "\u6D78\u79AE\u6D3E"@zh-hant . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . . "\"Refers to a Protestant denomination centered around the belief that the sacrament of baptism should only be administered to adult members after a personal profession of belief in Jesus Christ. Baptism in this faith is usually done by full immersion. Emphasis is placed on biblical scripture and preaching. The Baptist denomination is primarily derived from early 17th-century England and Wales where it quickly spread although there are some links with the Anabaptists of the 16th century. Baptist churches very rapidly increased in the late 19th century in the United States.\" (Getty, 2017)"@en . "\"Se refiere a la religi\u00F3n protestante centrada en torno a la creencia que el sacramento del bautismo deber\u00EDa ser administrado s\u00F3lo a miembros adultos tras una manifestaci\u00F3n personal de creencia en Jesucristo. El bautismo en esta fe es usualmente hecho por inmersi\u00F3n total. El \u00E9nfasis es puesto en las Escrituras B\u00EDblicas y la oraci\u00F3n. La denominaci\u00F3n baptista deriva principalmente de la Inglaterra y Gales del siglo XVII en donde r\u00E1pidamente se difundi\u00F3 a pesar que hay algunas conexiones con los Anabaptistas del siglo XVI. La iglesia baptista creci\u00F3 r\u00E1pidamente en el siglo XIX en los Estados Unidos.\" (Getty, 2017)"@es . "\"Verwijst naar een protestantse gezindte waarbij het geloof centraal staat dat het sacrament van de doop alleen moet worden toegediend aan volwassen leden na een persoonlijke belijdenis van geloof in Jezus Christus. De doop vindt bij deze gezindte doorgaans plaats door volledige onderdompeling. De nadruk ligt op Bijbelse geschriften en preken. Het baptisme is in hoofdzaak ontstaan in de vroege 17de eeuw in Engeland en Wales waar het zich snel verspreidde, hoewel er enige verbanden zijn met de anabaptisten van de 16de eeuw. In de late 19de eeuw nam het aantal baptistische kerken in de Verenigde Staten snel toe.\" (Getty, 2017)"@nl . "\"\u4E00\u652F\u65B0\u6559\u6D3E\u5225\uFF0C\u76F8\u4FE1\u53EA\u6709\u89AA\u81EA\u8072\u660E\u4FE1\u4EF0\u57FA\u7763\u7684\u6210\u4EBA\u624D\u53EF\u53D7\u6D17\u3002\u6B64\u6559\u7684\u6D17\u79AE\u901A\u5E38\u9700\u5168\u8EAB\u6D78\u6D17\u3002\u91CD\u8996\u8056\u7D93\u7D93\u6587\u8207\u4F48\u9053\u3002\u6D78\u4FE1\u6703\u8207\u5341\u516D\u4E16\u7D00\u7684\u91CD\u6D78\u6D3E\u6709\u4E9B\u6DF5\u6E90\uFF0C\u4F46\u4E3B\u8981\u6E90\u65BC\u5341\u4E03\u4E16\u7D00\u521D\u7684\u82F1\u683C\u862D\u8207\u5A01\u723E\u65AF\uFF0C\u5728\u9019\u5169\u8655\u5FEB\u901F\u5EE3\u50B3\u3002\u5176\u6559\u6703\u65BC\u5341\u4E5D\u4E16\u7D00\u672B\u5728\u7F8E\u570B\u6025\u901F\u589E\u52A0\u3002\" (Getty, 2017)"@zh-hant . "\u00ABLe baptisme est un courant chr\u00E9tien \u00E9vang\u00E9lique issu d'un r\u00E9veil d\u00E9marr\u00E9 par les pasteurs anglais John Smyth en Hollande en 1609, puis Thomas Helwys en Angleterre en 1612. Ce mouvement se caract\u00E9rise par l'importance donn\u00E9e \u00E0 la Bible, \u00E0 la nouvelle naissance, au bapt\u00EAme adulte en tant que t\u00E9moignage volontaire, un esprit missionnaire, un engagement moral de vie ainsi que par l'autonomie locale des \u00E9glises, la s\u00E9paration de l'\u00C9glise et de l'\u00C9tat, et finalement l'autorit\u00E9 de la congr\u00E9gation (congr\u00E9gationalisme). Selon les chiffres du Pew Research Center, en 2011, le mouvement recense 72 millions de croyants.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "beautician"@en . "barber"@en . "cosmetician"@en . "hairdresser"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "beauty"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "pre raphaelite muse"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "beggar"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . ""@fr . "Behemenism"@en . . "Behmenist"@en . ""@fr . "\"Behmenism, also Behemenism and similar, is the English-language designation for a 17th-century European Christian movement based on the teachings of German mystic and theosopher Jakob B\u00F6hme (1575-1624). The term was not usually applied by followers of B\u00F6hme's theosophy to themselves, but rather was used by some opponents of B\u00F6hme's thought as a polemical term. The origins of the term date back to the German literature of the 1620s, when opponents of B\u00F6hme's thought, such as the Thuringian antinomian Esajas Stiefel, the Lutheran theologian Peter Widmann and others denounced the writings of B\u00F6hme and the B\u00F6hmisten. When his writings began to appear in England in the 1640s, B\u00F6hme's surname was irretrievably corrupted to the form \"Behmen\" or \"Behemen\", whence the term \"Behmenism\" developed. A follower of B\u00F6hme's theosophy is a \"Behmenist\".\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Benedictine Order"@en . "Ordre de Saint-Beno\u00EEt"@fr . . "Benedictine"@en . . "\"The Order of Saint Benedict (OSB; Latin: Ordo Sancti Benedicti), also known \u2013 in reference to the color of its members' habits \u2013 as the Black Monks, is a Catholic religious order of independent monastic communities that observe the Rule of Saint Benedict. Each community (monastery, priory or abbey) within the order maintains its own autonomy, while the order itself represents their mutual interests. The terms \"Order of Saint Benedict\" and \"Benedictine Order\" are, however, also used to refer to all Benedictine communities collectively, sometimes giving the incorrect impression that there exists a generalate or motherhouse with jurisdiction over them. Internationally, the order is governed by the Benedictine Confederation, a body, established in 1883 by Pope Leo XIII's Brief Summum semper, whose head is known as the Abbot Primate. Individuals whose communities are members of the order generally add the initials \"OSB\" after their names.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABL\u2019ordre de Saint-Beno\u00EEt [OSB], plus connu sous le nom d\u2019ordre des B\u00E9n\u00E9dictins, est une f\u00E9d\u00E9ration de monast\u00E8res ayant, au cours de leur histoire, adopt\u00E9 la r\u00E8gle de saint Beno\u00EEt. Ainsi saint Beno\u00EEt de Nursie (480-547) en est-il consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme le fondateur (en 529). Ce n'est pas le plus ancien Ordre de l'Occident chr\u00E9tien (cf. la R\u00E8gle des moines de Saint-Augustin, la fondation de Ligug\u00E9 par Saint Martin et de Saint-Victor de Marseille par Jean Cassien, et la laus perennis en 515 \u00E0 l\u2019abbaye de Saint-Maurice d'Agaune), mais c'est celui qui a connu le plus large succ\u00E8s ; ses membres suivent la r\u00E8gle de saint Beno\u00EEt et appartiennent \u00E0 la conf\u00E9d\u00E9ration b\u00E9n\u00E9dictine.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Bengali"@en . "bengali"@fr . . "\n \"The Bengalis (\u09AC\u09BE\u0999\u09BE\u09B2\u09BF Bangali), also spelled as the Bangalees, are a major Indo-Aryan ethnic group. They are native to the region of Bengal in South Asia, which is presently-divided between Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. They speak the Bengali language, the most easterly branch of the Indo-European language family. Bengalis are the third largest ethnic group in the world after the Han Chinese and the Arabs. They have four major religious subgroups, including Bengali Muslims, Bengali Hindus, Bengali Christians and Bengali Buddhists.\" (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@en . "\n \u00ABLes Bengalis (Bengali: \u09AC\u09BE\u0999\u09BE\u09B2\u09BF Bangali) sont le principal groupe ethnique de la r\u00E9gion du Bengale partag\u00E9e entre le Bangladesh et l'Inde. Les langues Bengalis sont les principales langues maternelles des Bengalis. Ils sont majoritaires au Bangladesh et dans les \u00C9tats du Bengale-Occidental et de Tripura d'Inde. Ils repr\u00E9sentent quelque 150 millions d'individus au Bangladesh, 70 millions en Inde, 3 millions au Pakistan et forment d'importantes minorit\u00E9s d'Arabie Saoudite et des \u00C9mirats arabes unis. Environ 65 % des Bengalis sont Musulmans, 34 % Hindous, et moins de 1% sont de diverses confessions (dont Chr\u00E9tiens). Les Bengalis Musulmans vivent principalement au Bangladesh, ou ils constituent plus de 80 % des croyants. Le reste des Bengalis, Hindous, vivent en Inde, surtout au Bengale-occidental. Au Bangladesh, entre 11 et 15% de la population Bengalie est Hindoue.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Bengale"@fr . "bengali"@en . . "\"Bengal (b\u025B\u014Bg\u0259l; Bengali: \u09AC\u09BE\u0982\u09B2\u09BE and \u09AC\u0999\u09CD\u0997) is a region in Asia which is located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. Geographically, it is made up by the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta system, the largest such formation in the world; along with mountains in its north (bordering the Himalayan states) and east (bordering Northeast India and Burma). Politically, Bengal is divided between the sovereign republic of Bangladesh, which covers two-thirds of the region, and West Bengal, which is a part of the Republic of India, in the western part of the region. In 2011, the population of Bengal was estimated to be 250 million, making it the most densely populated region in South Asia. An estimated 160 million people live in Bangladesh, while 91.3 million people live in West Bengal. The predominant ethno-linguistic group are the Bengali people, who speak the Indo-Aryan Bengali language. Bengali Muslims are the majority in Bangladesh. Bengali Hindus are the majority in West Bengal. Outside Bengal proper, the Indian territories of Tripura, the Barak Valley of Assam and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; as well as Myanmar's Rakhine State; are also home to significant communities with Bengali heritage. Dense woodlands, including hilly rainforests, cover Bengal's northern and eastern areas; while an elevated forested plateau covers its central area. In the littoral southwest are the Sunderbans, the world's largest mangrove forest and home of the Bengal tiger. In the coastal southeast lies Cox's Bazaar, the longest beach in the world at 125 km (78 mi). The Bengali calendar divides the region's climate into six seasons. Bengal has played a major role in the history of Asia. In antiquity, its kingdoms were known as seafaring nations. At times an independent regional empire, or a bastion of larger empires, the historical region was a leading power of the Indian subcontinent and the Islamic East. It had extensive trade networks. Bengali culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature, music, art, architecture, sports, commerce, politics and cuisine.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe Bengale d\u00E9signe aujourd'hui une zone g\u00E9ographique de l'est du sous-continent indien aujourd'hui partag\u00E9e entre l'Inde et le Bangladesh. Le nom de Bengale n'a pas recouvert exactement la m\u00EAme zone au fil des si\u00E8cles. Cette zone recoupe \u00E9galement plus ou moins l'aire de distribution de la langue bengali.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La bibliographie de l'ontologie CWRC"@fr . "The CWRC ontology bibliography"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "bibliophile"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "bill collector"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . . . . "biographical relationship"@en . . ""@en . . . . . ""@fr . "biologist"@en . "conchologist"@en . "entomologist"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "birth control"@en . "contraception"@en . "family planning"@en . ""@fr . "Related to birth control."@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "birth control activism"@en . "d\u00E9fense du contr\u00F4le des naissances"@fr . . . "birth control campaigner"@en . "birth control movement"@en . "birth-control activist"@en . "contraceptionist"@en . "pro-birth control"@en . "pro-contraception"@en . "supporter of contraception"@en . . "Promotion of birth control awareness, practices, and resources. See: Birth control movement in the United States - Wikipedia. Also see:Category:Birth control - Wikipedia"@en . "Sensibilisation sur le contr\u00F4le des naissances, \u00E0 travers les savoirs, les pratiques et les ressources qui y sont li\u00E9es. Voir Contr\u00F4le des naissances \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "birth date"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "birth date of"@en . . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "birth place"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "birth place of"@en . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "birth position"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "birth position of"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "birth relationship"@en . . . . . . "bisexuality"@en . "bisexualit\u00E9"@fr . . "bisexual"@en . "Bisexuality indicates sexual attraction to both genders. In terms of binary understandings of sex or gender, bisexuality is often defined as being sexually attracted to \"both sexes\"."@en . "La bisexualit\u00E9 r\u00E9f\u00E8re \u00E0 l'attraction sexuelle pour les deux genres. En terme d'acceptation binaire du sexe ou du genre, la bisexualit\u00E9 est souvent d\u00E9finie comme attraction sexuelle pour les \u00ABdeux sexes\u00BB."@fr . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance black."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance noir."@fr . . "black (race)"@en . "noir (race)"@fr . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . "blackwoman"@en . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "black anti-oppression movement"@en . "mouvement contre l'oppression des Noirs"@fr . . . "anti-segregationist"@en . "black activist"@en . "black liberation"@en . "black liberationist"@en . "black power"@en . "black pride"@en . . . "Opposition to the social, institutional, and political oppression of people defined as black, which varies historically and geographically. See Racism in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia and Civil rights movement - Wikipedia"@en . "Opposition \u00E0 l'oppression sociale, institutionnelle et politique des personnes identifi\u00E9es comme noires, qui diff\u00E8re selon le contexte historique et g\u00E9ographique. Voir Racisme en France \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia et Mouvement afro-am\u00E9ricain des droits civiques \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "black"@en . "noir"@fr . . "\n \"Black people (seen both capitalized and with lowercase 'b') is a term used in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity, to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other given populations. As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, \"black\" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result is neither used nor defined. Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as \"black\", and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for \"blackness\" vary. For example, in North America the term black people is not necessarily an indicator of skin color or ethnic origin, but is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. In South Africa and Latin America, mixed-race people are generally not classified as \"black\". In other regions such as Australasia, settlers applied the term \"black\" or it was used by local populations with different histories and ancestral backgrounds.\" (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@en . "\n \u00ABLa cat\u00E9gorie Noir(e) est g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement employ\u00E9e en fran\u00E7ais pour distinguer un \u00EAtre humain ayant la peau fonc\u00E9e. S'il d\u00E9signe souvent des \u00EAtres humains originaires d'Afrique subsaharienne, ce terme peut \u00EAtre utilis\u00E9 pour qualifier des personnes asiatiques (Papous...) ou oc\u00E9aniennes (Aborig\u00E8nes\u2026). Les \u00E9tudes scientifiques, fond\u00E9es depuis le milieu du xxe si\u00E8cle sur la g\u00E9n\u00E9tique, ont affirm\u00E9 que le concept de race n'est pas pertinent pour caract\u00E9riser les diff\u00E9rents sous-groupes g\u00E9ographiques de l'esp\u00E8ce humaine car la variabilit\u00E9 g\u00E9n\u00E9tique entre individus d'un m\u00EAme sous-groupe est plus importante que la variabilit\u00E9 g\u00E9n\u00E9tique moyenne entre sous-groupes g\u00E9ographiques. Le consensus scientifique actuel rejette en tout \u00E9tat de cause la pr\u00E9sence d'arguments biologiques pour l\u00E9gitimer la notion de race, rel\u00E9gu\u00E9e \u00E0 une repr\u00E9sentation arbitraire selon des crit\u00E8res morphologiques, ethnico-sociaux, culturels ou politiques, comme les identit\u00E9s. D'un point de vue biologique la peau fonc\u00E9e est un \u00E9piderme qui comporte un fort taux de m\u00E9lanine, c'est donc une adaptation g\u00E9n\u00E9tique issue de la s\u00E9lection naturelle permettant une protection face aux radiations UV dans les milieux fortement ensoleill\u00E9s. Ces milieux sont moins soumis au risque de carence en vitamine D \u00E0 l'inverse des pays faiblement ensoleill\u00E9s dans lesquels les individus ont la peau claire.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@fr . . . . . . . . . . "black identity"@en . "identit\u00E9 noir"@fr . "A subclass of textual label, this discursive label reflects the ambiguity of blackness associated with different cultural forms. It provides a means of aggregating and searching multiple instances of \"Black\" (e.g. black, black) cultural identities."@en . "Une sous-classe d'\u00E9tiquettes textuelles, cette \u00E9tiquette discursive refl\u00E8te l'ambiguit\u00E9 de la noirceur de peau en tant que charact\u00E9rique physique associ\u00E9e \u00E0 diverses formes culturelles. Elle permet de compiler et de rechercher les multiples instances d'identit\u00E9s culturelles \u00ABnoires\u00BB (par exemple noir, noir)."@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Black nationalism"@en . "nationalisme Noir"@fr . . "\"Black nationalism (BN) advocates a racial definition (or redefinition) of national identity. There are different indigenous nationalist philosophies but the principles of all Black nationalist ideologies are unity and self-determination\u2014that is, separation, or independence, from European society.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe nationalisme noir, souvent d\u00E9sign\u00E9 sous le terme anglais Black nationalism, est un terme g\u00E9n\u00E9rique regroupant une s\u00E9rie d'id\u00E9ologies affirmant l'unit\u00E9 fondamentale des populations africaines ou d'origine africaine. Le \u00AB nationalisme noir \u00BB ne doit pas \u00EAtre confondu avec des id\u00E9ologies ou attitudes nationalistes sp\u00E9cifiques \u00E0 certains groupe de population, qui affirment au contraire leur sp\u00E9cificit\u00E9 par rapport \u00E0 l'ensemble des autres populations noires. Il a trouv\u00E9 ses expressions dominantes en Afrique et dans les deux Am\u00E9riques, et notamment aux \u00C9tats-Unis, o\u00F9 son histoire se confond avec celle de l'UNIA de Marcus Garvey et du Black Panther Party. Dans les ann\u00E9es 1970, le Black feminism qui m\u00EAlait revendications f\u00E9ministes et Black nationalism a fait son apparition, bouleversant la sc\u00E8ne du f\u00E9minisme am\u00E9ricain. En Afrique du Sud, il regroupe des mouvements proches du Black Consciousness Movement, tel que l'AZAPO, un parti politique fond\u00E9 en 1978. Le nationalisme noir est n\u00E9 du sentiment d'un destin commun difficile, ici du fait de l'esclavage des noirs et de la colonisation europ\u00E9enne. Il se distingue largement des formes classiques de nationalisme qui militent pour la cr\u00E9ation ou la d\u00E9fense d'un \u00C9tat-nation : le nationalisme noir, mouvement h\u00E9t\u00E9rog\u00E8ne, peut pr\u00F4ner par exemple le s\u00E9paratisme (ainsi le Black Panther Party aux \u00C9tats-Unis) ou, au contraire, le panafricanisme, c'est-\u00E0-dire l'union des Africains dans un m\u00EAme ensemble politique, projet plus proche du panam\u00E9ricanisme.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "black"@en . "noir"@fr . . "blackwoman"@en . "\n \"Black people (seen both capitalized and with lowercase 'b') is a term used in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity, to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other given populations. As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, 'black' is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result is neither used nor defined. Different societies apply different criteria regarding who is classified as 'black', and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for 'blackness' vary. For example, in North America the term black people is not necessarily an indicator of skin color or ethnic origin, but is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. In South Africa and Latin America, mixed-race people are generally not classified as 'black'. In other regions such as Australasia, settlers applied the term 'black' or it was used by local populations with different histories and ancestral backgrounds.\" (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@en . "\n \u00ABLa cat\u00E9gorie Noir(e) est g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement employ\u00E9e en fran\u00E7ais pour distinguer un \u00EAtre humain ayant la peau fonc\u00E9e. S'il d\u00E9signe souvent des \u00EAtres humains originaires d'Afrique subsaharienne, ce terme peut \u00EAtre utilis\u00E9 pour qualifier des personnes asiatiques (Papous...) ou oc\u00E9aniennes (Aborig\u00E8nes...). Les \u00E9tudes scientifiques, fond\u00E9es depuis le milieu du xxe si\u00E8cle sur la g\u00E9n\u00E9tique, ont affirm\u00E9 que le concept de race n'est pas pertinent pour caract\u00E9riser les diff\u00E9rents sous-groupes g\u00E9ographiques de l'esp\u00E8ce humaine car la variabilit\u00E9 g\u00E9n\u00E9tique entre individus d'un m\u00EAme sous-groupe est plus importante que la variabilit\u00E9 g\u00E9n\u00E9tique moyenne entre sous-groupes g\u00E9ographiques. Le consensus scientifique actuel rejette en tout \u00E9tat de cause la pr\u00E9sence d'arguments biologiques pour l\u00E9gitimer la notion de race, rel\u00E9gu\u00E9e \u00E0 une repr\u00E9sentation arbitraire selon des crit\u00E8res morphologiques, ethnico-sociaux, culturels ou politiques, comme les identit\u00E9s. D'un point de vue biologique la peau fonc\u00E9e est un \u00E9piderme qui comporte un fort taux de m\u00E9lanine, c'est donc une adaptation g\u00E9n\u00E9tique issue de la s\u00E9lection naturelle permettant une protection face aux radiations UV dans les milieux fortement ensoleill\u00E9s. Ces milieux sont moins soumis au risque de carence en vitamine D \u00E0 l'inverse des pays faiblement ensoleill\u00E9s dans lesquels les individus ont la peau claire.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@fr . . . . . . . "blackwoman"@en . "femme noire"@fr . "An intersectional identity that co-occurs with but is not reducible to the combination of \"has gender identity woman\" and \"has race or colour identity black\". See Black women - Wikipedia and (Kimberl\u00E9 Crenshaw, 1989).\n "@en . "Une identit\u00E9 intersectionnelle qui r\u00E9sulte de la combinaison de \"a le genre femme\" et de \"a une identit\u00E9 de race ou de couleur noire\". Voir Afrof\u00E9minisme \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia et (Kimberl\u00E9 Crenshaw, 1989).\n "@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "blacksmith"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . "Deprecated, with no current equivalence, in favour of definition of family relationships as more fluid and expansive than blood relations."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver sans \u00E9quivalence."@fr . . "blood relative of"@en . "liens de sang"@fr . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "board member"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "boarding house keeper"@en . "boarding house manager"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "established boarding houses"@en . . . . . . "Bohemianism"@en . "Boh\u00E8me"@fr . . "alternative society of young artists, dropouts, and nonconformists"@en . "bohemian with upper-class connections"@en . "classlessness"@en . "\"Bohemianism is the practice of an unconventional lifestyle, often in the company of like-minded people, with few permanent ties, involving musical, artistic, or literary pursuits. In this context, Bohemians may be wanderers, adventurers, or vagabonds. This use of the word bohemian first appeared in the English language in the nineteenth century to describe the non-traditional lifestyles of marginalized and impoverished artists, writers, journalists, musicians, and actors in major European cities.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLa boh\u00E8me est une fa\u00E7on de vivre au jour le jour dans la pauvret\u00E9 mais aussi dans l\u2019insouciance. Elle correspond \u00E0 un mouvement litt\u00E9raire et artistique du XIXe si\u00E8cle, en marge du mouvement romantique plus \u00AB aristocratique \u00BB. C\u2019est \u00E0 la fois un style de vie qui rejette la domination bourgeoise et sa rationalit\u00E9 dans le cadre de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 industrielle, et la recherche d\u2019un id\u00E9al artistique. Si l\u2019expression avait connu un certain d\u00E9clin \u00E0 partir des Trente Glorieuses et des ann\u00E9es 1960, p\u00E9riode de la normalisation technocratique de Paris, l\u2019expression \u00AB bourgeois boh\u00E8me \u00BB, ou \u00AB bobo \u00BB, lui donne un certain regain. Le concept s\u2019appuie \u00E9videmment sur la m\u00E9taphore des \u00AB peuples boh\u00E9miens \u00BB ou des tziganes, qui \u00E9taient associ\u00E9s, au XIXe si\u00E8cle, au mouvement romantique.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Bolcheviks"@fr . "Bolshevism"@en . . "Bolshevist"@en . "pro-bolshevik"@en . "\"The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki (Russian: \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043A\u0438, \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043A (singular); IPA: [b\u0259l\u02B2\u0282\u0268\u02C8v\u02B2ik]; derived from \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E bol'shinstvo, \"majority\", literally meaning \"one of the majority\") were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903. The RSDLP was a revolutionary socialist political party formed in 1898 in Minsk to unite the various revolutionary organisations of the Russian Empire into one party. In the Second Party Congress vote, the Bolsheviks won on the majority of important issues, hence their name. They ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Bolsheviks or Reds came to power in Russia during the October Revolution phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and founded the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). With the Reds defeating the Whites, and others during the Russian Civil War of 1917\u20131922, the RSFSR became the chief constituent of the Soviet Union in December 1922. The Bolsheviks, founded by Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov, were by 1905 a major organisation consisting primarily of workers under a democratic internal hierarchy governed by the principle of democratic centralism, who considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary working class of Russia. Their beliefs and practices were often referred to as Bolshevism.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLes bolcheviks, bolcheviques ou bolch\u00E9viques sont les membres d'une fraction du Parti ouvrier social-d\u00E9mocrate de Russie, cr\u00E9\u00E9e en 1903 sous la direction de L\u00E9nine, devenue un parti ind\u00E9pendant en 1912. Apr\u00E8s la r\u00E9volution russe de f\u00E9vrier 1917, les bolcheviks prennent le pouvoir au nom des soviets en octobre 1917 dans le cadre de la R\u00E9publique socialiste f\u00E9d\u00E9rative sovi\u00E9tique de Russie. En 1918, le Parti bolch\u00E9vique est renomm\u00E9 Parti communiste. Apr\u00E8s la mise en place de l'URSS (1922), il devient le Parti communiste de l'Union sovi\u00E9tique (PCUS), ajoutant jusqu'en 1952 \u00E0 ce nom l'adjectif bolchevik (plac\u00E9 entre parenth\u00E8ses).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Bonapartism"@en . "Bonapartisme"@fr . . "pro-bonapartist"@en . "\"Bonapartism is the political ideology of Napoleon Bonaparte and his followers and successors. It was later used to refer to persons who hoped to restore the House of Bonaparte and its style of government. After Napoleon, the term was applied to the French politicians who seized power in the coup of 18 Brumaire, ruling in the French Consulate and subsequently in the First and Second French Empires under the House of Bonaparte (the family of Bonaparte and his nephew Louis). The term was used more generally for a political movement that advocated a dictatorship or authoritarian centralized state, with a strongman charismatic leader based on anti-elitist rhetoric, army support, and conservatism. Marxism and Leninism developed a vocabulary of political terms that included Bonapartism, derived from their analysis of the career of Napoleon Bonaparte. Karl Marx was a student of Jacobinism and the French Revolution, and was a contemporary critic of the Second Republic and Second Empire. He used \"Bonapartism\" to refer to a situation in which counter-revolutionary military officers seize power from revolutionaries, and use selective reforms to co-opt the radicalism of the popular classes. Marx argued that in the process, Bonapartists preserve and mask the power of a narrower ruling class. According to his essay \"The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon\" (1852), Marx believed that both Bonaparte and his nephew Napoleon III had corrupted revolutions in France in this way. In this document, he drew attention to what he calls the phenomenon's repetitive history by saying: \"History repeats itself, first as tragedy, then as farce.\" More generally, \"Bonapartism\" may be used to describe the replacement of civilian leadership by military leadership within revolutionary movements or governments. Many modern-day Trotskyists and other leftists use the phrase \"left Bonapartist\" to describe those, such as Stalin and Mao, who controlled 20th-century bureaucratic socialist regimes. In addition, Leon Trotsky was accused of using his position as commander of the Red Army to gain top-level power after Lenin's death. Noted political scientists and historians greatly differ on the definition and interpretation of Bonapartism. Sudhir Hazareesingh's book The Legend of Napoleon explores numerous interpretations of the term. He says that it refers to a \"popular national leader confirmed by popular election, above party politics, promoting equality, progress, and social change, with a belief in religion as an adjunct to the State, a belief that the central authority can transform society and a belief in the 'nation' and its glory and a fundamental belief in national unity.\" Hazareesingh believes that although recent research shows Napoleon used forced conscription of French troops, some men must have fought believing in Napoleon's ideals. He says that to argue Bonapartism co-opted the masses is an example of the Marxist perspective of false consciousness: the idea that the masses can be manipulated by a few determined leaders in the pursuit of ends. Scholar Raymond Hinnebusch has characterized Hafez al-Asad's regime in Syria as Bonapartist.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "Le bonapartisme est une famille de pens\u00E9e politique fran\u00E7aise, qui s'inspire de l'action de l'empereur Napol\u00E9on Ier. Le terme a deux acceptions :\n * au sens strict, le bonapartisme vise \u00E0 \u00E9tablir un r\u00E9gime r\u00E9publicain imp\u00E9rial en France \u00E0 la t\u00EAte duquel serait plac\u00E9 un membre de la famille de Napol\u00E9on Bonaparte ;\n * au sens large, le\" bonapartisme vise \u00E0 \u00E9tablir un \u00C9tat national \u00E0 ex\u00E9cutif fort et centralis\u00E9 mais d'essence r\u00E9publicaine et assis sur la consultation r\u00E9guli\u00E8re du peuple par le biais de pl\u00E9biscites. Le bonapartisme n'implique donc pas forc\u00E9ment l'adh\u00E9sion \u00E0 un syst\u00E8me d'organisation politique h\u00E9r\u00E9ditaire mais peut au contraire s'accommoder d'une forme r\u00E9publicaine de gouvernement. Il repose sur la fusion des \u00E9lites et l'adh\u00E9sion populaire. Ces deux facettes peuvent \u00EAtre distinctes ou confondues, selon les personnes et p\u00E9riodes.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "book production"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "bookbinder"@en . . "book binder"@en . "bookbinding"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "bookclub participation"@en . "book club founder"@en . "book club organizer"@en . "book society member"@en . "bookclub president"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "member of the new english art club"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "botanist"@en . "assistant botanist"@en . "botany"@en . "botany enthusiast"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Boulangisme"@fr . "boulangism"@en . . "boulangist"@en . "Followed the three principles of \"revenge on Germany\", \"revision of the constitution\", and \"the return to monarchy\" in frustration with French conservatism. Based on the politics of Georges Ernest Boulanger. See: Georges Ernest Boulanger - Wikipedia"@en . "Mouvement politique suivant trois principes qui sont la revenge contre l'Allemagne, la r\u00E9vision de la constitution et le retour \u00E0 la monarchie, en r\u00E9ponse \u00E0 la frustration provoqu\u00E9e par le r\u00E9gime conservateur fran\u00E7ais. S'appuie sur les id\u00E9es politiques du g\u00E9n\u00E9ral Georges Ernest Boulanger. Voir Boulangisme \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . "Brahmane"@fr . "Brahmin"@en . . "\"Brahmin is a varna (class) in Hinduism specialising as priests, teachers (acharya) and protectors of sacred learning across generations. Brahmins were traditionally responsible for religious rituals in temples, as intermediaries between temple deities and devotees, as well as rite of passage rituals such as solemnising a wedding with hymns and prayers. However, Indian texts suggest that Brahmins were often agriculturalists and warriors in ancient and medieval India.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABUn brahmane (sanskrit : br\u0101hma\u1E47a ; devanagari : \u092C\u094D\u0930\u093E\u0939\u094D\u092E\u0923 ; li\u00E9 au sacr\u00E9) est un membre d'une des quatre castes en Inde (var\u1E47a), regroupant notamment les pr\u00EAtres, les sacrificateurs, les professeurs et les hommes de loi \u2013 ou plus largement les enseignants du Brahman comme l'indique clairement le titre de \u00AB br\u00E2hmane \u00BB. Le brahmane a pour devoir principal d'incarner le dharma, de le d\u00E9fendre, et de le faire respecter par les autres castes sacr\u00E9es, afin de maintenir le bon ordre cosmique. La caste des brahmanes repr\u00E9sente environ 6 % de la population de l'Inde. La vie du brahmane se divise en quatre stades (ashrama). Lors de son enfance, il re\u00E7oit une initiation (upanayana) qui repr\u00E9sente une deuxi\u00E8me naissance, il devient alors dvija, \u00AB deux fois n\u00E9 \u00BB. Il n'y a jamais eu de tentation politique pour les brahmanes . Plus g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement, un brahmane est un homme de lettres disposant de connaissances importantes sur le monde ; il peut ainsi \u00EAtre appel\u00E9 Pandit, qui est le titre le plus glorieux que peut avoir un brahmane du fait de sa large connaissance philosophique, scientifique ou artistique.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "brewer"@en . "brewers"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "British"@en . "Brittaniques"@fr . "Indicates a subject's identification with or labelling as British as a national identity. See British people - Wikipedia."@en . "\u00ABLes Britanniques, \u00E9galement appel\u00E9s en anglais les Britons (en fran\u00E7ais, les Bretons insulaires), famili\u00E8rement les Brits, et de mani\u00E8re archa\u00EFque les Britishers, se d\u00E9finissent comme les citoyens ou les natifs du Royaume-Uni, des d\u00E9pendances de la Couronne et des territoires britanniques d\u2019Outre-mer, ainsi que leurs descendants\u00BB. Britanniques \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia(DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "British nationalism"@en . "nationalisme anglais"@fr . . "british nationalist"@en . "pro-British"@en . . "\"British nationalism asserts that the British are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of the British, in a definition of Britishness that may include people of English, Scottish, Welsh, Ulster, Scots and Irish descent. British nationalism is closely associated with British unionism, which seeks to uphold the political union that is the United Kingdom, or strengthen the links between the countries of the United Kingdom. British nationalism's unifying identity descends from the ancient Britons who dwelt on the island of Great Britain. British nationalism grew to include people outside Great Britain, in Ireland, because of the 1542 Crown of Ireland Act, which declared that the crown of Ireland was to be held by the ruling monarch of England as well as Anglo-Irish calls for unity with Britain. It is characterised as a \"powerful but ambivalent force in British politics\". In its moderate form, British nationalism has been a civic nationalism, emphasising both cohesion and diversity of the people of the United Kingdom, its dependencies, and its former colonies. Recently however, nativist nationalism has arisen based on fear of Britain being swamped by immigrants; this anti-immigrant nativist nationalism has manifested politically in the British National Party and other nativist nationalist movements. Politicians, such as British Prime Minister David Cameron of the Conservative Party and his direct predecessor Gordon Brown of the Labour Party, have sought to promote British nationalism as a progressive cause.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "broadcaster"@en . "broadcasting"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "brother"@en . . . . . . . "brother of"@en . "fr\u00E8re de"@fr . . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus."@en . . "Boeddhisme"@nl . "Bouddhisme"@fr . "Buddhism"@en . "Budismo"@es . "fo chiao"@zh-latn-wadegile . "fo jiao"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-notone . "f\u00F3 ji\u00E0o"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-hanyu . "\u4F5B\u6559"@zh-hant . . "Buddhist"@en . "\"Refers to the philosophy and religion based on the enlightenment and teachings of the Buddha Gautama in the early sixth century BCE in the northeastern region of modern India. Playing dominant roles in the art and culture of Southeast Asia and East Asia, this religion is based on the transcendence of human suffering and pain through the acceptance of the limitations of individuality, the surrender of worldly desires and cravings that cause disappointment and sorrow, and the deliverance from the impermanence of living and individual ego based on wealth, social position, or family through the process of enlightenment (nirvana). The religion also centers around 'anatman', or no-self, the idea that the self is in a state of action or a series of changing manifestations rather than in a state of fixed, metaphysical substance. The structure of the religion is based on the Triratna (\"Three Jewels\" of Buddha), a tripartite schematic for living based on three elements: Buddha (the teacher), dharma (the teaching), and sangha (community).\" (Getty, 2017)"@en . "\"Se refiere a la filosof\u00EDa y religi\u00F3n basada en la iluminaci\u00F3n y ense\u00F1anza del Buddha Gautama en el siglo VI a.C temprano en la regi\u00F3n nordeste de la India Moderna. Jugando un rol dominante en el arte y la cultura del Asia Sudeste y Asia Oriental, esta religi\u00F3n est\u00E1 basada en la trascendencia del sufrimiento y dolor humano a trav\u00E9s de la aceptaci\u00F3n de las limitaciones de individualidad, la rendici\u00F3n de deseos mundanos y anhelos que causan desilusi\u00F3n y aflicci\u00F3n y la liberaci\u00F3n desde la transitoriedad of living and individual ego based on wealth, social position, or family through the process of enlightenment (nirvana). The religion also centers around anatman, or no-self, the idea that the self is in a state of action or a series of changing manifestations rather than in a state of fixed, metaphysical substance. The structure of the religion is based on the Triratna (\"Three Jewels\" of Buddha), a tripartite schematic for living based on three elements: Buddha (the teacher), dharma (the teaching), and sangha (community).\" (Getty, 2017)"@es . "\"Verwijst naar de filosofie en religie die zijn gebaseerd op de verlichting en leer van Boeddha Gautama in de vroege 6de eeuw v. Chr. in het Noord-Oosten van het moderne India. Deze religie, die een dominante rol speelt in de kunst en cultuur van Zuidoost-Azi\u00EB en Oost-Azi\u00EB, is gebaseerd op het overstijgen van menselijk lijden en pijn door het accepteren van de grenzen van de individualiteit, het opgeven van wereldse verlangens en wensen die voor teleurstellingen en verdriet zorgen en het loslaten van het niet-permanente van het leven en het afzonderlijke ego met de bijbehorende welvaart, sociale positie of familierelaties, allemaal door het proces van de verlichting (nirvana). Bij deze religie staat ook 'anatman' centraal, het idee dat 'het zelf' altijd in ontwikkeling is of deel uitmaakt van een reeks veranderende verschijningsvormen in plaats van een vaste, metafysische substantie. De structuur van de religie is gebaseerd op de Triratna ('drie juwelen' van boeddha), een drieledige structuur voor het leven gebaseerd op drie elementen: boeddha (de leraar), dharma (de leer) en sangha (de gemeenschap).\" (Getty, 2017)"@nl . "\"\u6839\u64DA\u91CB\u8FE6\u725F\u5C3C\u4F5B\u4E4B\u958B\u609F\u8207\u6559\u8AA8\u7684\u54F2\u5B78\u548C\u5B97\u6559\uFF0C\u5728\u897F\u5143\u524D\u516D\u4E16\u7D00\u521D\u8D77\u6E90\u65BC\u73FE\u4ECA\u5370\u5EA6\u6771\u5317\u90E8\u3002\u4F5B\u6559\u65BC\u6771\u5357\u4E9E\u53CA\u6771\u4E9E\u7684\u85DD\u8853\u8207\u6587\u5316\u5C64\u9762\u626E\u6F14\u4E3B\u8981\u89D2\u8272\uFF0C\u76F8\u4FE1\u900F\u904E\u63A5\u53D7\u81EA\u8EAB\u7684\u5C40\u9650\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u653E\u68C4\u6703\u5F15\u8D77\u5931\u671B\u8207\u60B2\u50B7\u7684\u4E16\u4FD7\u6B32\u6C42\u53CA\u6E34\u671B\uFF0C\u80FD\u5920\u4F7F\u4EBA\u985E\u7684\u82E6\u75DB\u5F97\u4EE5\u6607\u83EF\uFF0C\u800C\u5728\u958B\u609F\uFF08\u6D85\u76E4\uFF09\u904E\u7A0B\u4E2D\u5F97\u4EE5\u5F9E\u77ED\u66AB\u7684\u751F\u547D\u4EE5\u53CA\u5EFA\u7BC9\u5728\u8CA1\u5BCC\u3001\u793E\u6703\u5730\u4F4D\u8207\u5BB6\u5EAD\u4E0A\u7684\u500B\u4EBA\u81EA\u5C0A\u4E2D\u7372\u5F97\u89E3\u812B\u3002\u6B64\u5B97\u6559\u7684\u4E2D\u5FC3\u601D\u60F3\u70BA\u300C\u7121\u6211\u300D\uFF0C\u8A8D\u70BA\u81EA\u6211\u662F\u8655\u65BC\u6D3B\u52D5\u72C0\u614B\u6216\u662F\u4E00\u9023\u4E32\u7684\u5F62\u5F0F\u6539\u8B8A\uFF0C\u800C\u975E\u56FA\u5B9A\u7684\u5F62\u4E0A\u5BE6\u9AD4\u72C0\u614B\u3002\u4F5B\u6559\u7684\u67B6\u69CB\u5960\u57FA\u65BC\u300C\u4E09\u5BF6\u300D\uFF0C\u5373\u751F\u547D\u4E09\u5143\u7D20\uFF1A\u4F5B(\u8001\u5E2B)\u3001\u6CD5(\u898F\u7BC4)\u3001\u50E7(\u773E)\u3002\" (Getty, 2017)"@zh-hant . "\u00ABLe bouddhisme est, selon les points de vue en Occident, une religion (notamment une religion d'\u00C9tat) ou une philosophie, voire les deux, dont les origines remontent en Inde au Ve si\u00E8cleav. J.-C. \u00E0 la suite de l'\u00E9veil de Siddhartha Gautama et de son enseignement. Le bouddhisme comptait en 2005 entre 230 millions et 500 millions d'adeptes, ce qui en fait la quatri\u00E8me religion mondiale, derri\u00E8re (dans l'ordre d\u00E9croissant) le christianisme, l'islam, et l'hindouisme. Le bouddhisme pr\u00E9sente un ensemble ramifi\u00E9 de pratiques m\u00E9ditatives, de pratiques \u00E9thiques, de th\u00E9ories psychologiques, philosophiques, cosmogoniques et cosmologiques, abord\u00E9es dans la perspective de la bodhi, \u00ABl'\u00E9veil\u00BB. \u00C0 l'instar du ja\u00EFnisme, le bouddhisme est \u00E0 l'origine une tradition shramana, et non brahmanique comme l'est l'hindouisme. Les notions de dieu et de divinit\u00E9 dans le bouddhisme sont particuli\u00E8res : bien que le bouddhisme soit souvent per\u00E7u comme une religion sans dieu cr\u00E9ateur, la notion \u00E9tant absente de la plupart des formes du bouddhisme, la v\u00E9n\u00E9ration et le culte du Bouddha historique Siddhartha Gautama en tant que bhagavat joue un r\u00F4le important dans le Therav\u0101da et \u00E9galement dans le Mah\u0101y\u0101na, dans lesquels il est un \u00EAtre \u00E9veill\u00E9 ayant trois aspects ou manifestations (trik\u0101ya).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "bullion carrier"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "burial place"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "burial place of"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "bursar"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Bushido"@en . "Bushido"@fr . . "\"Bushido (\u6B66\u58EB\u9053, \"the way of the warrior\") is a Japanese term for the samurai way of life, loosely analogous to the concept of chivalry in Europe. Just like the knights of Europe, the samurai had a code to live by that was also based in a moral way of life. The \"way\" itself originates from the samurai moral values, most commonly stressing some combination of frugality, loyalty, martial arts mastery, and honor until death. Born from Neo-Confucianism during times of peace in Tokugawa Japan and following Confucian texts, Bushido was also influenced by Shinto and Zen Buddhism, allowing the violent existence of the samurai to be tempered by wisdom and serenity. Bushid\u014D developed between the 16th and 20th centuries, debated by pundits who believed they were building on a legacy dating back to the 10th century, although some scholars have noted that the term bushid\u014D itself is \"rarely attested in premodern literature\". Under the Tokugawa Shogunate, some aspects of warrior values became formalized into Japanese feudal law. The word was first used in Japan during the 17th century in K\u014Dy\u014D Gunkan. It came into common usage in Japan and the West after the 1899 publication of Nitobe Inaz\u014D's Bushido: The Soul of Japan. In Bushido (1899), Nitobe wrote: [\u2026] Bushid\u014D, then, is the code of moral principles which the samurai were required or instructed to observe [\u2026] More frequently it is a code unuttered and unwritten [\u2026] It was an organic growth of decades and centuries of military career. In order to become a samurai this code has to be mastered. Nitobe was not the first to document Japanese chivalry in this way. In Feudal and Modern Japan (1896), historian Arthur May Knapp wrote: \"The samurai of thirty years ago had behind him a thousand years of training in the law of honor, obedience, duty, and self-sacrifice.... It was not needed to create or establish them. As a child he had but to be instructed, as indeed he was from his earliest years, in the etiquette of self-immolation.\"\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe bushido est le code des principes moraux que les samoura\u00EFs japonais \u00E9taient tenus d'observer.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "business"@en . "business agent"@en . "business assistant"@en . "business entrepreneur"@en . "business manager"@en . "businessman"@en . "businesswoman"@en . "company president"@en . "entrepeneur"@en . "entrepreneur"@en . "family business"@en . "industrialist"@en . "industrialists"@en . "market research"@en . "marketing"@en . "small businessman"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "industrialist/manager"@en . "market researcher"@en . "small entrepreneur"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "business owner"@en . "bar owner"@en . "barbershop owner"@en . "coffee shop owner"@en . "colliery owner"@en . "factory owner"@en . "magazine proprietor"@en . "mill owner"@en . "mine owner"@en . "music shop owner"@en . "newspaper magnate"@en . "newspaper proprietor"@en . "owner of food outlet"@en . "proprietor"@en . "sex shop owner"@en . "shop owner"@en . "store owner"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "mail order business"@en . "news agency proprietor"@en . "pottery magnate"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "butcher"@en . "slaughterman"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "shochet or ritual butcher"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "calligraphy"@en . "calligrapher"@en . "calligraphist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Calvinism"@en . "calvinisme"@fr . . "Reformed"@en . "\"Calvinism (also called the Reformed tradition, Reformed Christianity, Reformed Protestantism or the Reformed faith) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice of John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians. Calvinists broke with the Roman Catholic Church but differed from Lutherans on the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, theories of worship, and the use of God's law for believers, among other things. The term Calvinism can be misleading, because the religious tradition it denotes is and has always been diverse, with a wide range of influences rather than a single founder. The movement was first called Calvinism by Lutherans who opposed it, and many within the tradition would prefer to use the word Reformed. Early influential Reformed theologians include Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, Martin Bucer, William Farel, Heinrich Bullinger, Peter Martyr Vermigli, Theodore Beza, and John Knox. In the twentieth century Abraham Kuyper, Herman Bavinck, B. B. Warfield, Karl Barth, Martyn Lloyd-Jones, Cornelius Van Til, and Gordon Clark were influential, while contemporary Reformed theologians include J. I. Packer, R. C. Sproul, Timothy J. Keller, John Piper, and Michael Horton. Reformed churches may exercise several forms of ecclesiastical polity, but most are presbyterian or congregationalist with some being episcopalian. Calvinism is largely represented by Continental Reformed, Presbyterian, and Congregationalist traditions. The biggest Reformed association is the World Communion of Reformed Churches with more than 80 million members in 211 member denominations around the world. There are more conservative Reformed federations like the World Reformed Fellowship and the International Conference of Reformed Churches, as well as independent churches.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe calvinisme (nomm\u00E9 ainsi d'apr\u00E8s Jean Calvin et aussi appel\u00E9 la tradition r\u00E9form\u00E9e, la foi r\u00E9form\u00E9e ou la th\u00E9ologie r\u00E9form\u00E9e) est une doctrine th\u00E9ologique protestante et une approche de la vie chr\u00E9tienne qui reposent sur le principe de la souverainet\u00E9 de Dieu en toutes choses. Bien qu\u2019elle f\u00FBt d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e par plusieurs th\u00E9ologiens tels que Martin Bucer, Heinrich Bullinger, Pierre Martyr Vermigli, Ulrich Zwingli et Th\u00E9odore de B\u00E8ze, elle porte le nom du r\u00E9formateur fran\u00E7ais Jean Calvin en raison de l\u2019influence dominante qu\u2019il eut sur elle et du r\u00F4le d\u00E9terminant qu\u2019il exer\u00E7a dans les d\u00E9bats confessionnels et eccl\u00E9siastiques du XVIe si\u00E8cle. Aujourd\u2019hui ce terme fait r\u00E9f\u00E9rence aux doctrines et aux pratiques des \u00C9glises r\u00E9form\u00E9es. Plus rarement, il d\u00E9signe l\u2019enseignement de Calvin lui-m\u00EAme. Le calvinisme est aussi connu pour les doctrines de la pr\u00E9destination et de la corruption totale.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Camisard"@fr . "Camisards"@en . . "French Prophets"@en . . "\"Camisards were Huguenots (French Protestants) of the rugged and isolated C\u00E9vennes region, and the Vaunage in southern France. They raised an insurrection against the persecutions which followed the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, which had made being Protestant illegal. The Camisards operated throughout the mainly protestant C\u00E9vennes region which in the eighteenth century also included the Vaunage and the parts of the Camargue around Aigues Mortes. The revolt by the Camisards broke out in 1702, with the worst of the fighting continuing until 1704, then scattered fighting until 1710 and a final peace by 1715. The Edict of Tolerance was not finally signed until 1787.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes Camisards \u00E9taient des protestants fran\u00E7ais (huguenots) de la r\u00E9gion des C\u00E9vennes, en France, qui ont men\u00E9 une insurrection contre les pers\u00E9cutions qui ont suivi la R\u00E9vocation de l'\u00C9dit de Nantes en 1685. De 1685 \u00E0 1700, le petit peuple protestant est lentement pass\u00E9 de la r\u00E9signation \u00E0 la r\u00E9volte, et tous ses pasteurs ayant \u00E9t\u00E9 ex\u00E9cut\u00E9s ou mis en fuite, il se retrouve sans leaders. La place des pasteurs est alors prise par des \"inspir\u00E9s\", proph\u00E8tes sans formation qui appellent parfois ouvertement \u00E0 la r\u00E9volte violente. La Guerre des C\u00E9vennes \u00E9clate en 1702, avec les affrontements de plus en plus importants jusqu'en 1704, puis une lutte moindre jusqu'en 1710 avant une paix d\u00E9finitive en 1715.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "capitalism"@en . "capitalisme"@fr . . "capitalist"@en . "free market capitalism"@en . "Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Characteristics central to capitalism include private property, capital accumulation, wage labor, voluntary exchange, a price system, and competitive markets. In a capitalist market economy, decision-making and investment is determined by the owners of the factors of production in financial and capital markets, and prices and the distribution of goods are mainly determined by competition in the market. Economists, political economists, and historians have adopted different perspectives in their analyses of capitalism and have recognized various forms of it in practice. These include laissez-faire or free market capitalism, welfare capitalism, and state capitalism. Different forms of capitalism feature varying degrees of free markets, public ownership, obstacles to free competition, and state-sanctioned social policies. The degree of competition in markets, the role of intervention and regulation, and the scope of state ownership vary across different models of capitalism;the extent to which different markets are free, as well as the rules defining private property, are matters of politics and of policy. Most existing capitalist economies are mixed economies, which combine elements of free markets with state intervention, and in some cases, with economic planning. Capitalism has existed under many forms of government, in many different times, places, and cultures. Following the decline of mercantilism, mixed capitalist systems became dominant in the Western world and continue to spread See: Capitalism - Wikipedia"@en . "Le capitalisme est un concept \u00E0 la fois \u00E9conomique, sociologique et politique qui caract\u00E9rise un syst\u00E8me s'appuyant sur la propri\u00E9t\u00E9 priv\u00E9e des moyens de production. Sa d\u00E9finition donne lieu \u00E0 des variations dans l'espace et dans le temps, et en fonction des sensibilit\u00E9s politiques des personnes qui emploient le terme. On consid\u00E8re g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement que ses fondements sont l'accumulation du capital productif et la r\u00E9alisation du profit. Voir Capitalisme \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "captain"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "care giver"@en . "caregiver"@en . "elder care"@en . "family carer"@en . "home care giver"@en . "home carer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "attendant to the blind"@en . "devoting herself to the care of her elderly father"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Cartesianism"@en . "Cart\u00E9sianisme"@fr . . "Cartesian"@en . . "\"Cartesianism is the name given to the philosophical and scientific system of Ren\u00E9 Descartes and its subsequent development by other seventeenth century thinkers, most notably Nicolas Malebranche and Baruch Spinoza. Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to develop the natural sciences. For him, the philosophy was a thinking system that embodied all knowledge, and expressed it in this way: Cartesians view the mind as being wholly separate from the corporeal body. Sensation and the perception of reality are thought to be the source of untruth and illusions, with the only reliable truths to be had in the existence of a metaphysical mind. Such a mind can perhaps interact with a physical body, but it does not exist in the body, nor even in the same physical plane as the body. The question of how mind and body interact would be a persistent difficulty for Descartes and his followers, with different Cartesians providing different answers.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe cart\u00E9sianisme d\u00E9signe un courant philosophique qui se r\u00E9clame des principes et des th\u00E8ses de la pens\u00E9e de Ren\u00E9 Descartes (1596-1650). Le cart\u00E9sianisme s'est particuli\u00E8rement manifest\u00E9 \u00E0 travers le premier ouvrage philosophique publi\u00E9 en langue fran\u00E7aise, le c\u00E9l\u00E8bre Discours de la m\u00E9thode (1637), sous-titr\u00E9 \u00AB pour bien conduire sa raison et chercher la v\u00E9rit\u00E9 dans les sciences \u00BB. Le cart\u00E9sianisme est une philosophie rationaliste et m\u00E9taphysique.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "cartoonist"@en . "caricaturist"@en . "political cartoonist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "catering"@en . "caterer"@en . "catering assistant"@en . "catering manager"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Roman Catholicism."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance Catholicisme."@fr . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus."@en . . "Catholicisme"@fr . "Catolicismo"@es . "Catolicismo Romano"@es . "Katholicisme"@nl . "Katholiek"@nl . "Roman Catholic"@en . "Rooms-Katholicisme"@nl . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . . "\"Refers to the branch of Christianity characterized by a uniform, highly developed ritual canon and organisational structure with doctrinal roots based in the teachings of the Apostles of Jesus Christ in the first century, in the Alexandrian school of theology, and in Augustinian thought. In this religious branch, faith is considered an acceptance of revelation; revelation appears as doctrine. In juridical terms, it refers to the branch of Christianity distinguished as a unified, monolithic sacramental system under the governance of papal authority. Throughout much of its history, the seat of the Pope has been in Rome, thus \"Roman Catholicism\" is often used to distinguish this concept from the Orthodox Catholic church.\" (Getty, 2017)"@en . "\"Se refiere a la rama del cristianismo caracterizada por un canon ritual uniforme y altamente desarrollado y una estructura organizacional con ra\u00EDces doctrinales basadas en las ense\u00F1anzas de los Apostoles de Jesucristo en la primera centuria, en la Escuela Alejandrina de teolog\u00EDa, y en el pensamiento agustiniano. En esta rama de la religi\u00F3n, la fe es considerada como una aceptaci\u00F3n de revelaci\u00F3n; la revelaci\u00F3n aparece como doctrina. Se refiere a la rama del cristianismo caracterizada por un canon ritual uniforme y altamente desarrollado y una estructura organizacional con ra\u00EDces doctrinales basadas en las ense\u00F1anzas de los Ap\u00F3stoles de Jesucristo en el primer siglo, en la Escuela Alejandrina de teolog\u00EDa, y en el pensamiento agustiniano. En esta rama de la religi\u00F3n, la fe es considerada como una aceptaci\u00F3n de revelaci\u00F3n; la revelaci\u00F3n aparece como doctrina. En t\u00E9rminos jur\u00EDdicos, se refiere a la rama del Cristianismo distinguido como sistema sacramental unificado, monol\u00EDtico bajo gobierno de la autoridad papal. A trav\u00E9s de la mayor parte de su historia, \"la silla del papal\" ha estado en Roma, mediante este concepto el Catolicismo Romano se distingue de la Iglesia Cat\u00F3lica Ortodoxa.\" (Getty, 2017)"@es . "\"Verwijst naar de richting van het christendom die zich kenmerkt door een uniforme, hoogontwikkelde rituele canon en organisatiestructuur met een doctrine die wortelt in de leer van de apostelen van Jezus Christus in de 1ste eeuw, in de theologie van de Alexandrijnse school en in het augustijner gedachtegoed. In deze godsdienstige richting wordt het geloof beschouwd als een aanvaarding van de openbaring; de openbaring heeft de vorm van een doctrine. In juridische zin verwijst de term naar de richting van het christendom die zich onderscheidt als een verenigd, monolithisch sacramenteel systeem onder het bestuur van het pauselijk gezag. Gedurende het grootste deel van de geschiedenis van dit systeem was de paus gevestigd in Rome en daarom wordt 'rooms-katholicisme' vaak gebruikt om dit begrip te onderscheiden van de orthodoxe katholieke kerk.\" (Getty, 2017)"@nl . "\u00ABL'\u00C9glise catholique, ou \u00C9glise catholique, apostolique et romaine, est la plus grande \u00C9glise chr\u00E9tienne avec plus d'un milliard de fid\u00E8les. Elle r\u00E9unit l'ensemble des chr\u00E9tiens en communion avec le pape et les \u00E9v\u00EAques qui sont consid\u00E9r\u00E9s par les catholiques comme \u00E9tant les successeurs des ap\u00F4tres de J\u00E9sus-Christ. L'\u00C9glise catholique est l'une des plus vieilles institutions religieuses au monde et a jou\u00E9 un r\u00F4le important dans l'histoire, surtout du monde occidental. La foi de l'\u00C9glise catholique est r\u00E9sum\u00E9e par le symbole de Nic\u00E9e et elle se caract\u00E9rise par la c\u00E9l\u00E9bration des sept sacrements dont le plus important est l'Eucharistie c\u00E9l\u00E9br\u00E9 liturgiquement durant la messe. Selon son propre cat\u00E9chisme, l'\u00C9glise catholique est compos\u00E9e de trois parties qui ne forment qu'une seule \u00C9glise plac\u00E9e sous J\u00E9sus-Christ : l'\u00C9glise militante, l'\u00C9glise triomphante et l'\u00C9glise souffrante correspondant respectivement \u00E0 l'ensemble des fid\u00E8les sur terre, l'ensemble des saints qui sont au ciel et l'ensemble des \u00E2mes qui sont au purgatoire. L'\u00C9glise catholique sur terre se con\u00E7oit comme une communion d'\u00C9glises locales ou particuli\u00E8res, c'est-\u00E0-dire ayant chacune un territoire et un \u00E9v\u00EAque \u00E0 sa t\u00EAte. Celles-ci sont chacune pleinement l'\u00C9glise catholique dans la mesure o\u00F9 elles sont en communion avec le pape, qui est l'\u00E9v\u00EAque de Rome et consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme \u00E9tant le successeur de saint Pierre, et en communion les unes avec les autres. L'\u00C9glise catholique se d\u00E9finit comme une institution \u00E0 la fois humaine et divine : \u00ABsoci\u00E9t\u00E9 parfaite en d\u00E9pit de l'imperfection de ses membres\u00BB. En plus d'\u00EAtre l'ensemble des baptis\u00E9s, elle est aussi une institution et un clerg\u00E9 organis\u00E9s de fa\u00E7on hi\u00E9rarchique. Une tr\u00E8s grande majorit\u00E9 des catholiques (au moins 98 %) sont de l'\u00C9glise latine, mais il existe aussi des catholiques de diff\u00E9rentes \u00C9glises catholiques orientales.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Catholic emancipation"@en . "\u00E9mancipation des catholiques"@fr . . "\"Catholic emancipation or Catholic relief was a process in the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the late 18th century and early 19th century that involved reducing and removing many of the restrictions on Roman Catholics introduced by the Act of Uniformity, the Test Acts and the penal laws. Requirements to abjure (renounce) the temporal and spiritual authority of the Pope and transubstantiation placed major burdens on Roman Catholics. From the death on 14 January 1766 of James Francis Edward Stuart, the son of the deposed James II of England and Ireland (also James VII of Scotland) and pretender to the English, Scottish and Irish thrones since 1701, the papacy recognised the Hanoverian dynasty as lawful rulers of England, Scotland and Ireland, 52 years after it had taken power, and thereafter the penal laws started to be dismantled. The most significant measure was the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, which removed the most substantial restrictions on Roman Catholicism in the United Kingdom.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABL'\u00E9mancipation des catholiques (irlandais : Fuascailt na gCaitliceach), fut un processus qui se d\u00E9roula en Grande-Bretagne et en Irlande \u00E0 la fin du XVIIIe si\u00E8cle et au d\u00E9but du XIXe si\u00E8cle. Il consista \u00E0 r\u00E9duire ou \u00E0 supprimer de nombreuses restrictions, frappant les catholiques, introduites par l'Act of Uniformity, le Test Act, et les Lois p\u00E9nales. La n\u00E9cessit\u00E9 d'abjurer l'autorit\u00E9 spirituelle et temporelle du pape, ainsi que la transsubstantiation, avait accabl\u00E9 lourdement les catholiques. Apr\u00E8s la mort de Jacques Fran\u00E7ois Stuart en janvier 1766, et apr\u00E8s un silence de soixante-dix ans, le Saint-Si\u00E8ge reconnut la Maison de Hanovre comme la dynastie r\u00E9gnante l\u00E9gitime en Angleterre, en \u00C9cosse et en Irlande. Peu apr\u00E8s, les Lois p\u00E9nales commenc\u00E8rent \u00E0 \u00EAtre d\u00E9mantel\u00E9es.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus."@en . . "Catholicisme"@fr . "Catolicismo"@es . "Catolicismo Romano"@es . "Katholicisme"@nl . "Katholiek"@nl . "Roman Catholicism"@en . "Rooms-Katholicisme"@nl . . "Catholic Church"@en . "Catholicism"@en . "Roman Catholic Church"@en . . "\"Refers to the branch of Christianity characterized by a uniform, highly developed ritual canon and organisational structure with doctrinal roots based in the teachings of the Apostles of Jesus Christ in the first century, in the Alexandrian school of theology, and in Augustinian thought. In this religious branch, faith is considered an acceptance of revelation; revelation appears as doctrine. In juridical terms, it refers to the branch of Christianity distinguished as a unified, monolithic sacramental system under the governance of papal authority. Throughout much of its history, the seat of the Pope has been in Rome, thus \"Roman Catholicism\" is often used to distinguish this concept from the Orthodox Catholic church.\" (Getty, 2017)"@en . "\"Se refiere a la rama del cristianismo caracterizada por un canon ritual uniforme y altamente desarrollado y una estructura organizacional con ra\u00EDces doctrinales basadas en las ense\u00F1anzas de los Apostoles de Jesucristo en la primera centuria, en la Escuela Alejandrina de teolog\u00EDa, y en el pensamiento agustiniano. En esta rama de la religi\u00F3n, la fe es considerada como una aceptaci\u00F3n de revelaci\u00F3n; la revelaci\u00F3n aparece como doctrina. Se refiere a la rama del cristianismo caracterizada por un canon ritual uniforme y altamente desarrollado y una estructura organizacional con ra\u00EDces doctrinales basadas en las ense\u00F1anzas de los Ap\u00F3stoles de Jesucristo en el primer siglo, en la Escuela Alejandrina de teolog\u00EDa, y en el pensamiento agustiniano. En esta rama de la religi\u00F3n, la fe es considerada como una aceptaci\u00F3n de revelaci\u00F3n; la revelaci\u00F3n aparece como doctrina. En t\u00E9rminos jur\u00EDdicos, se refiere a la rama del Cristianismo distinguido como sistema sacramental unificado, monol\u00EDtico bajo gobierno de la autoridad papal. A trav\u00E9s de la mayor parte de su historia, \"la silla del papal\" ha estado en Roma, mediante este concepto el Catolicismo Romano se distingue de la Iglesia Cat\u00F3lica Ortodoxa.\" (Getty, 2017)"@es . "\"Verwijst naar de richting van het christendom die zich kenmerkt door een uniforme, hoogontwikkelde rituele canon en organisatiestructuur met een doctrine die wortelt in de leer van de apostelen van Jezus Christus in de 1ste eeuw, in de theologie van de Alexandrijnse school en in het augustijner gedachtegoed. In deze godsdienstige richting wordt het geloof beschouwd als een aanvaarding van de openbaring; de openbaring heeft de vorm van een doctrine. In juridische zin verwijst de term naar de richting van het christendom die zich onderscheidt als een verenigd, monolithisch sacramenteel systeem onder het bestuur van het pauselijk gezag. Gedurende het grootste deel van de geschiedenis van dit systeem was de paus gevestigd in Rome en daarom wordt 'rooms-katholicisme' vaak gebruikt om dit begrip te onderscheiden van de orthodoxe katholieke kerk.\" (Getty, 2017)"@nl . "\u00ABL'\u00C9glise catholique, ou \u00C9glise catholique, apostolique et romaine, est la plus grande \u00C9glise chr\u00E9tienne avec plus d'un milliard de fid\u00E8les. Elle r\u00E9unit l'ensemble des chr\u00E9tiens en communion avec le pape et les \u00E9v\u00EAques qui sont consid\u00E9r\u00E9s par les catholiques comme \u00E9tant les successeurs des ap\u00F4tres de J\u00E9sus-Christ. L'\u00C9glise catholique est l'une des plus vieilles institutions religieuses au monde et a jou\u00E9 un r\u00F4le important dans l'histoire, surtout du monde occidental. La foi de l'\u00C9glise catholique est r\u00E9sum\u00E9e par le symbole de Nic\u00E9e et elle se caract\u00E9rise par la c\u00E9l\u00E9bration des sept sacrements dont le plus important est l'Eucharistie c\u00E9l\u00E9br\u00E9 liturgiquement durant la messe. Selon son propre cat\u00E9chisme, l'\u00C9glise catholique est compos\u00E9e de trois parties qui ne forment qu'une seule \u00C9glise plac\u00E9e sous J\u00E9sus-Christ : l'\u00C9glise militante, l'\u00C9glise triomphante et l'\u00C9glise souffrante correspondant respectivement \u00E0 l'ensemble des fid\u00E8les sur terre, l'ensemble des saints qui sont au ciel et l'ensemble des \u00E2mes qui sont au purgatoire. L'\u00C9glise catholique sur terre se con\u00E7oit comme une communion d'\u00C9glises locales ou particuli\u00E8res, c'est-\u00E0-dire ayant chacune un territoire et un \u00E9v\u00EAque \u00E0 sa t\u00EAte. Celles-ci sont chacune pleinement l'\u00C9glise catholique dans la mesure o\u00F9 elles sont en communion avec le pape, qui est l'\u00E9v\u00EAque de Rome et consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme \u00E9tant le successeur de saint Pierre, et en communion les unes avec les autres. L'\u00C9glise catholique se d\u00E9finit comme une institution \u00E0 la fois humaine et divine : \u00ABsoci\u00E9t\u00E9 parfaite en d\u00E9pit de l'imperfection de ses membres\u00BB. En plus d'\u00EAtre l'ensemble des baptis\u00E9s, elle est aussi une institution et un clerg\u00E9 organis\u00E9s de fa\u00E7on hi\u00E9rarchique. Une tr\u00E8s grande majorit\u00E9 des catholiques (au moins 98 %) sont de l'\u00C9glise latine, mais il existe aussi des catholiques de diff\u00E9rentes \u00C9glises catholiques orientales.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "cause of death"@en . . . . . . . "celibacy"@en . "c\u00E9libat"@fr . . "celibate"@en . "Celibacy indicates abstention from sex, and can stem from personal choice, religious prescriptions, or with religious occupations such as being a nun or priest. Celibacy is not the be confused with asexuality, which describes a lack of interest in sex or sexual attraction to other subjects."@en . "Le c\u00E9libat indique l'abstinence sexuelle, et peut \u00EAtre d\u00FB \u00E0 un choix personnel, \u00E0 des imp\u00E9ratifs religieux ou des professions cl\u00E9ricales comme religieuse ou pr\u00EAtre. Le c\u00E9libat ne doit pas \u00EAtre confondu avec l'asexualit\u00E9, qui d\u00E9crit une absence d'int\u00E9r\u00EAt pour les pratiques sexuelles ou d'attirance sexuelle pour d'autres personnes."@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Celte"@fr . "Celtic"@en . . "Highland"@en . "Highland (that is Celtic)"@en . . "\n \"A modern Celtic identity emerged in Western Europe following the identification of the native peoples of the Atlantic fringe as Celts by Edward Lhuyd in the 18th century. Lhuyd and others equated the Celts described by Greco-Roman writers with the pre-Roman peoples of France, Great Britain and Ireland. The Irish and ancient British languages were thus Celtic languages. The descendants of these languages were the Brittonic (Breton, Cornish and Welsh variants) and Gaelic (Irish, Manx and Scottish variants) languages. These peoples were therefore modern Celts. Attempts were made to link their distinctive cultures to those of the Ancient Celtic people.\" (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@en . "\n \u00ABLes Celtes constituent une civilisation protohistorique qui se d\u00E9finit par l'usage de langues celtiques et par certains particularismes culturels. Ils ont jadis \u00E9t\u00E9 pr\u00E9sents sur une grande partie du continent europ\u00E9en et en Asie mineure. L'apog\u00E9e de l'expansion celte se situe entre le viiie si\u00E8cle av. J.-C. et le iiie si\u00E8cle, marqu\u00E9 notamment par la civilisation lat\u00E9nienne au ve si\u00E8cle av. J.-C. Une succession de conqu\u00EAtes et de migrations les m\u00E8nent jusqu'en Galatie, en Asie mineure. Ainsi, leur domination s'\u00E9tendait dans l'Europe actuelle de Galice jusqu'\u00E0 Gala\u021Bi.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "censor"@en . "bowdlerizer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "certainty of"@en . . . ""@fr . "Links a level of certainty to an assertion, description, identification, or value. Related to the certainty element of the Text Encoding Initiative."@en . . . . . "certificate"@en . "Cambridge Certificate"@en . "Certificat d'\u00C9tudes Fran\u00E7aises, 1er Degr\u00E9"@en . "Higher Cambridge Certificate"@en . "Higher National Certificate"@en . "Postgraduate Certificate"@en . "Postgraduate Certificate in Education, English as a Second Language"@en . "University Certificate"@en . "certificate in social science"@en . "certificate in the exam for women"@en . "Educational certificate, including those awarded to women in lieu of degrees in the early years of their admission to universities."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "chairperson"@en . "chair"@en . "chair of prize panel"@en . "chair of social anthropology"@en . "chair of society"@en . "chair of the greater london arts literature panel"@en . "chair of women's organization"@en . "chairman"@en . "chairwoman"@en . "committee chair"@en . "committee chairman"@en . "deputy chairman"@en . "society chair"@en . "vice chairman"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "chair of academy"@en . "chair of international organization"@en . "chairman of the authors' lending and copyright society or alcs"@en . "chairman of the photographic society"@en . "vice chair of the british copyright council"@en . "vice chairman of the copyright licensing agency"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "chaperone"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "charity worker"@en . "charitable causes"@en . "charitable donation"@en . "charitable giving"@en . "charitable worker"@en . "charity"@en . "charity administrator"@en . "charity agent"@en . "charity board member"@en . "charity campaigner"@en . "charity co ordinator"@en . "charity management"@en . "charity organiser"@en . "charity organizer"@en . "charity performer"@en . "charity representative"@en . "charity school supporter"@en . "charity speaker"@en . "charity work"@en . "church and community work"@en . "director of charity"@en . "president of charity"@en . "raise funds for a variety of wartime charities"@en . "vice president of charity"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "charititable activity"@en . "charity organiser"@en . "charity organization society"@en . "childbirth charity organiser"@en . "established a soup kitchen for starving peasants during the great famine"@en . "running church or charity bazaars"@en . "shelter provision"@en . "text distributor"@en . "work with women and the poor"@en . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . ""@fr . "Chartist"@en . . ""@fr . "Chartism was a working-class movement for political reform in Britain which existed from 1838 to 1858. It took its name from the People's Charter of 1838 and was a national protest movement, with particular strongholds of support in Northern England, the East Midlands, the Staffordshire Potteries, the Black Country, and the South Wales Valleys. Support for the movement was at its highest in 1839, 1842, and 1848, when petitions signed by millions of working people were presented to the House of Commons. The strategy employed was to use the scale of support which these petitions and the accompanying mass meetings demonstrated to put pressure on politicians to concede manhood suffrage."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "chemist"@en . "industrial chemist"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "chemist and immunologist"@en . "research chemist"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "chess"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "international chess master"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "child"@en . . . . . . . "child of"@en . "enfant de"@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "childcare"@en . "au pair"@en . "child care"@en . "child carer"@en . "child minding"@en . "child rearing"@en . "child recreation manager"@en . "childcare provider"@en . "childcare worker"@en . "children's home manager"@en . "nursemaid"@en . "nursery manager"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "child recreation manager"@en . "childcare guru"@en . "worker for children"@en . "worker with children"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "childcare work"@en . "child recreation manager"@en . "children's home manager"@en . "nursery manager"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "childlessness"@en . "childless"@en . "no children"@en . "no surviving children"@en . ""@fr . "Related to voluntary or involuntary childlessness."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "children"@en . . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "children's welfare"@en . "d\u00E9fense des droits des enfants"@fr . . "campaigner against child prostitution"@en . "children's rights"@en . "children's rights activist"@en . "children's rights advocate"@en . . "Advocacy or activism for the rights or welfare of children. See: Category:Child welfare - Wikipedia"@en . "Militantisme et activisme pour les droits et le bien-\u00EAtre des enfants. Voir Droits de l'enfant \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Chinese"@en . "Chinois"@fr . . "\"Chinese people are the various individuals or groups of people associated with China (or Greater China), either by reason of ancestry, heredity, ethnicity, nationality, citizenship, place of residence, or other affiliation.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes Chinois sont les diff\u00E9rents individus ou groupes de personnes associ\u00E9s \u00E0 la Chine (ou \u00E0 la Grande Chine), en raison de leur ascendance, leur h\u00E9r\u00E9dit\u00E9, leur ethnie, leur nationalit\u00E9, leur citoyennet\u00E9, leur lieu de r\u00E9sidence ou d'autre affiliation.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Christian pacifism"@en . "Pacifisme chr\u00E9tien"@fr . . "christian pacifist"@en . . "\"Christian pacifism is the theological and ethical position that any form of violence is incompatible with the Christian faith. Christian pacifists state that Jesus himself was a pacifist who taught and practiced pacifism and that his followers must do likewise. Notable Christian pacifists include Martin Luther King, Jr., Leo Tolstoy, and Ammon Hennacy. Hennacy believed that adherence to Christianity required not just pacifism but, because governments inevitably threatened or used force to resolve conflicts, anarchism. However, most Christian pacifists, including the peace churches, Christian Peacemaker Teams, and individuals such as John Howard Yoder, make no claim to be anarchists.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe pacifisme chr\u00E9tien est un courant de pens\u00E9e et d'action \u00E0 l'int\u00E9rieur du christianisme. Il d\u00E9signe, a minima, le refus de la participation \u00E0 la mise \u00E0 mort d'un \u00EAtre humain \u00E0 la guerre pour motif de conscience, et plus largement, le refus d'utiliser des moyens violents pour se d\u00E9fendre, parvenir \u00E0 ses fins ou opposer une r\u00E9sistance. Bien qu'\u00E9tant la position d'origine des premiers chr\u00E9tiens , le pacifisme est consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme la position minoritaire au sein des \u00C9glises chr\u00E9tiennes, la position dominante dans l'histoire de l'\u00C9glise \u00E9tant la doctrine de la guerre juste. Ce refus d'attenter \u00E0 la vie de la personne humaine se fonde sur l'un ou plusieurs les aspects bibliques-th\u00E9ologiques suivants : l'\u00EAtre humain comme cr\u00E9ature et image de Dieu \u00E0 ne pas tuer (Ge 1.27 ; Ge 9.5-6)la parole du D\u00E9calogue (Ex 20,13) : \u00ABTu ne tueras point\u00BB, et l'extension de son champ d'applicationl'enseignement du Christ (\u00ABNe vous opposez pas [violemment] au mal\u00BB (Mt 5.39) ; \u00ABAimez vos ennemis\u00BB (Mt 5.44)l'exemple de la vie du Christ (1 Pi 2.21-23)la mort du Christ interpr\u00E9t\u00E9e comme don de soi et comme mani\u00E8re de r\u00E9pondre au mal (Rm 5.6-10)la r\u00E9surrection du Christ vue comme la justification par Dieu de la mani\u00E8re de vivre du Messie (Phil 2.6-11)l'enseignement des ap\u00F4tres (\u00ABSoyez en paix avec tous\u00BB (Rm 12.18) ; \u00ABSois vainqueur du mal par le bien\u00BB (Rm 12.21) Le pacifisme chr\u00E9tien rejoint aujourd'hui l'ensemble de ce qui peut se d\u00E9signer par le vocable de non-violence et qui se d\u00E9cline en dialogue, r\u00E9solution de conflits, m\u00E9diation, protestation non-violence, justice restaurative, etc. Le pacifisme chr\u00E9tien et la non-violence sont notamment connu en milieu catholique \u00E0 travers les efforts de pacification de la communaut\u00E9 de Sant'Egidio et les nombreuses missions diplomatiques de Jean-Paul II[r\u00E9f. n\u00E9cessaire]. Au sein du protestantisme, la r\u00E9sistance spirituelle au nazisme suscit\u00E9e par le pasteur Andr\u00E9 Trocm\u00E9 autour du Chambon-sur-Lignon, le combat de Martin Luther King pour les droits civiques, les \u00C9quipes chr\u00E9tiennes d'action pour la paix (en) (Christian Peacemaker Teams), ou encore le pardon accord\u00E9 par la communaut\u00E9 amish apr\u00E8s la tuerie dans l'\u00E9cole de Nickel Mines en Pennsylvanie ont largement popularis\u00E9 la non-violence.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus."@en . . "Christenwetenschap"@nl . "Christian Science"@en . "Ciencia Cristiana"@es . "Science Chr\u00E9tienne"@fr . . "Christian Scientist"@en . "Church of Christ Scientist"@en . . "\"Refers to a Christian denomination and movement founded by Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) that seeks to reinstate the Christian message of salvation from all evil, including sickness and disease as well as sin. Eddy, a semi-invalid who was interested in cures not involving medicine, claimed a recovery from a bad injury without medical assistance in 1866. Afterwards, she devoted herself to restoring the healing emphasis of early Christianity. In 1875 she finished writing the first edition of the 'Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures.' This work and the Bible are the principal texts of the movement and importance has been laid on establishing reading rooms where these works can make their own appeal to readers. The 'Christian Science Monitor' is also published by the denomination. Christian Science believes that ignorance is at the root of human unease and thus 'dis-ease.' Instead of seeking medical treatment, special Christian Science healers are to be consulted for spiritual healing. Health, happiness, and holiness can be restored by applying to all aspects of life practices and attitudes in keeping with the principal of divine harmony. The first Church of Christ, Scientist was founded in 1879 in Boston and its headquarters remain there.\" (Getty, 2017)"@en . "\"Se refiere a una secta y movimiento cristiano fundado por Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) que busca reincorporar el mensaje cristiano de salvaci\u00F3n de todo mal, incluso la enfermedad y padecimiento as\u00ED como el pecado. Eddy, un semi-inv\u00E1lido que estaba interesado en curas que no involucraran medicina, afirm\u00F3 que se hab\u00EDa recuperado de una lesi\u00F3n grave sin la ayuda m\u00E9dica en 1866. Despu\u00E9s, se consagr\u00F3 a restaurar el \u00E9nfasis curativo de la primera cristiandad. En 1875 ella termin\u00F3 escribiendo la primera edici\u00F3n del \"la Ciencia y Salud con Llave a las Escrituras\". Este trabajo y la Biblia son los textos principales del movimiento y importancia se ha puesto en establecer salas de lectura donde estos trabajos pueden hacer su propia apelaci\u00F3n a los lectores. El \"Instructivo de ciencia cristiano\" tambi\u00E9n fue publicado por la secta. La Ciencia Cristiana cree que la ignorancia es la ra\u00EDz de los padecimientos humanos y por lo tanto de la enfermedad. En lugar de buscar tratamiento m\u00E9dico, los sanadores de la Ciencia Cristiana especiales ser\u00E1n consultados para la curaci\u00F3n espiritual. La salud, felicidad, y santidad pueden ser restauradas aplicando a todos los aspectos de la vida pr\u00E1cticas y actitudes en concordancia con la armon\u00EDa divina. La primera Iglesia Cient\u00EDfica de Cristo, se fund\u00F3 en 1879 en Boston y su centro principal permanece all\u00ED.\" (Getty, 2017)"@es . "\"Verwijst naar een christelijke gezindte en beweging die is gesticht door Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) en die streeft naar herbevestiging van de christelijke boodschap van verlossing van al het kwaad, met inbegrip van ziekte en zonde. Eddy, die half invalide was en ge\u00EFnteresseerd in genezing zonder medicijnen, beweerde dat zij in 1866 zonder medische hulp was hersteld van zwaar letsel. Daarna wijdde zij zich aan het herstel van de nadruk op gebedsgenezing die het vroege christendom had gekenmerkt. In 1875 voltooide zij de eerste editie van haar boek 'Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures'. Dit werk en de Bijbel zijn de voornaamste geschriften van de beweging, die veel belang hecht aan de inrichting van leesruimten waar deze boeken een eigen beroep op de lezers kunnen doen. Ook de 'Christian Science Monitor' wordt door het kerkgenootschap uitgegeven. Volgens de leer van Christian Science is onwetendheid de wortel van het menselijk ongemak, de menselijke ziekte. In plaats van medische behandeling te zoeken moet men gebedsgenezers van Christian Science raadplegen voor spirituele genezing. Gezondheid, geluk en heiligheid kunnen worden hersteld door alle aspecten van de levenspraktijk en -houding aan te spreken in overeenstemming met het beginsel van goddelijke harmonie. De eerste Church of Christ, Scientist werd in 1879 in Boston gesticht en het hoofdkwartier van de beweging is daar nog altijd gevestigd.\" (Getty, 2017)"@nl . "\u00ABLa Science chr\u00E9tienne (ou Christian Science en anglais) se d\u00E9finit elle-m\u00EAme comme la \u00ABScience du Christ\u00BB. Sa fondatrice, la th\u00E9ologienne am\u00E9ricaine Mary Baker Eddy, estime avoir red\u00E9couvert en 1866 les lois appliqu\u00E9es par J\u00E9sus dans la gu\u00E9rison des malades et la r\u00E9solution des al\u00E9as de la vie, lois toujours d\u00E9montrables aujourd'hui. Son observation des gu\u00E9risons et r\u00E9solutions diverses obtenues sur la base de sa th\u00E9orie en prouve, selon elle, la validit\u00E9. Ainsi, la Science chr\u00E9tienne est \u00ABchr\u00E9tienne\u00BB en ce sens qu'elle repose sur les enseignements de J\u00E9sus de Nazareth, tels qu'expos\u00E9s dans le Nouveau Testament. La Science chr\u00E9tienne se veut une religion pratique permettant l'application de lois divines d\u00E9montrables. Afin d'assurer la diffusion de cette science, Mary Baker Eddy fonde en 1879 une \u00C9glise sans credo, appel\u00E9e \u00AB\u00C9glise du Christ, Scientiste\u00BB (en anglais The First Church of Christ, Scientist), rassemblant de nos jours 1 800 \u00E9glises dans 82 pays et quelques centaines de milliers de pratiquants, principalement aux \u00C9tats-Unis. Reconnue comme association cultuelle dans de nombreux pays, notamment aux \u00C9tats-Unis, la Science chr\u00E9tienne pr\u00E9cise que, malgr\u00E9 la confusion possible entre les deux noms, elle n'a rien de commun avec l'\u00C9glise de Scientologie; de plus, bien qu'elle partage nombre de concepts m\u00E9taphysiques avec les \u00E9glises de la Nouvelle Pens\u00E9e comme Unit\u00E9, la Science divine et la Science religieuse, ce qui am\u00E8ne certains historiens et sociologues \u00E0 les aborder ensemble dans leurs travaux, la Science chr\u00E9tienne et ces \u00E9glises ne se reconnaissent pas mutuellement comme faisant partie de la m\u00EAme mouvance. La principale critique de la Science chr\u00E9tienne est qu'elle a un caract\u00E8re alternatif et non compl\u00E9mentaire au traitement m\u00E9dical. Ainsi, les gu\u00E9risons all\u00E9gu\u00E9es sont obtenues en dehors de tout contr\u00F4le m\u00E9dical. Ses gu\u00E9risons de maladies fonctionnelles ou organiques sont consid\u00E9r\u00E9es comme relevant de l'effet placebo par les d\u00E9tracteurs de la Science chr\u00E9tienne (ce qui n'est d'ailleurs pas tellement en contradiction avec la Science chr\u00E9tienne, qui ne consid\u00E8re la maladie que comme le r\u00E9sultat de simples croyances erron\u00E9es, qu'il faudrait donc corriger pour recouvrer la sant\u00E9.). La principale d\u00E9fense de la Science chr\u00E9tienne est que chacun est libre de choisir la m\u00E9thode de gu\u00E9rison qu'il juge la plus efficace et qu'il n'existe aucune contrainte \u00E0 ce sujet. Les sympathisants mettent en avant les gu\u00E9risons qu'ils disent avoir obtenues et r\u00E9futent toute id\u00E9e de rejet de la m\u00E9decine conventionnelle.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Christian socialism"@en . "socialisme chr\u00E9tien"@fr . . "christian socialist"@en . . "\"Christian socialism is a form of religious socialism based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. Many Christian socialists believe capitalism to be idolatrous and rooted in greed, which some Christian denominations consider a mortal sin. Christian socialists identify the cause of inequality to be the greed that they associate with capitalism. Christian socialism became a major movement in the United Kingdom beginning in the 1960s through the Christian Socialist Movement, since 2013 known as Christians on the Left. Other earlier figures are also viewed as Christian socialists, such as the nineteenth century writers Frederick Denison Maurice (The Kingdom of Christ, 1838), John Ruskin (Unto This Last, 1862), Charles Kingsley (The Water-Babies, 1863), Thomas Hughes (Tom Brown's Schooldays, 1857), Frederick James Furnivall (co-creator of the Oxford English Dictionary), Adin Ballou (Practical Christian Socialism, 1854), and Francis Bellamy (a Baptist minister and the author of the United States' Pledge of Allegiance).\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus."@en . . "Christelijk"@nl . "Christendom"@nl . "Christianisme"@fr . "Christianity"@en . "Cristianismo"@es . "chi tu chiao"@zh-latn-wadegile . "ji du jiao"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-notone . "j\u012B d\u016B ji\u0101o"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-hanyu . "\u57FA\u7763\u6559"@zh-hant . . "Christian"@en . "Free Christian Church"@en . "Greek Orthodox"@en . "Russian Orthodox"@en . "orthodox Christianity"@en . . "\"Refers to the world religion and culture that developed in the first century CE, driven by the teachings of Jesus Christ of Nazareth. Its roots are in the Judaic tradition and the Old Testament. The tenets include a belief in the death and redemptive resurrection of Jesus. The religion incorporates a tradition of faith, ritual, and a form of church authority or leadership.\" (Getty, 2017)"@en . "\"Se refiere a la religi\u00F3n y cultura que se desarroll\u00F3 en la primera centuria, guiado por la creencia y reverencia por la vida, ense\u00F1anza, muerte y resurrecci\u00F3n redentiva de Jesucristo de Nazaret. La religi\u00F3n incorpora una tradici\u00F3n de fe, ritual y una forma de iglesia de autoridad y liderazgo.\" (Getty, 2017)"@es . "\"Verwijst naar de wereldreligie en -cultuur die in de eerste eeuw n. Chr. tot ontwikkeling kwam op basis van de leer van Jezus Christus van Nazareth. De wortels van deze religie liggen in de joodse traditie en het Oude Testament. Een van de kenmerkende grondbeginselen is het geloof in de dood en wederopstanding van Jezus. De religie omvat een traditie van geloof, rituelen en een vorm van kerkelijke autoriteit of leiderschap.\" (Getty, 2017)"@nl . "\"\u767C\u5C55\u65BC\u897F\u5143\u4E00\u4E16\u7D00\u7684\u4E16\u754C\u5B97\u6559\u8207\u6587\u5316\uFF0C\u8DDF\u96A8\u62FF\u85A9\u52D2(Nazareth)\u8036\u7A4C\u57FA\u7763\u7684\u6559\u8AA8\u3002\u6E90\u65BC\u7336\u592A\u50B3\u7D71\u53CA\u820A\u7D04\u8056\u7D93\u3002\u6559\u7FA9\u5305\u62EC\u76F8\u4FE1\u8036\u7A4C\u4E4B\u6B7B\u8207\u6551\u8D16\u5FA9\u6D3B\u3002\u6B64\u6559\u878D\u5408\u4FE1\u4EF0\u50B3\u7D71\u3001\u5100\u5F0F\uFF0C\u53CA\u67D0\u7A2E\u5F62\u5F0F\u7684\u6559\u6703\u6B0A\u5A01\u6216\u9818\u5C0E\u3002\" (Getty, 2017)"@zh-hant . "\u00ABLe christianisme est une religion abrahamique fond\u00E9e sur l'enseignement, la personne et la vie de J\u00E9sus de Nazareth tels qu'ils sont interpr\u00E9t\u00E9s par la tradition chr\u00E9tienne \u00E0 partir du Nouveau Testament de la Bible. Il s'agit d'une religion du salut consid\u00E9rant J\u00E9sus-Christ comme le Messie annonc\u00E9 par les proph\u00E8tes dans l'Ancien Testament qui vient sauver l'humanit\u00E9 du Mal et la faire participer \u00E0 la vie de Dieu. La foi en la r\u00E9surrection de J\u00E9sus est au c\u0153ur du christianisme car elle signifie le d\u00E9but d'une humanit\u00E9 nouvelle lib\u00E9r\u00E9e du Mal. Les premi\u00E8res communaut\u00E9s chr\u00E9tiennes naissent au Ier si\u00E8cle en Jud\u00E9e et dans les grandes villes de la diaspora juive telles que Rome, \u00C9ph\u00E8se, Antioche et Alexandrie. Le christianisme se d\u00E9veloppe d\u00E8s le IIe si\u00E8cle dans l'Empire romain, dont il devient la religion officielle au IVe si\u00E8cle, mais aussi en Perse, en Inde et en \u00C9thiopie. Au Moyen-\u00C2ge, le christianisme devint majoritaire en Europe, tandis qu'il s'amenuise face \u00E0 l'islam dans les r\u00E9gions o\u00F9 il est n\u00E9. Depuis le XVIe si\u00E8cle, il est devenu la religion la plus importante de la plan\u00E8te par son expansion en Am\u00E9rique et, plus tard, en Afrique. Il est actuellement pr\u00E9sent dans tous les pays du monde. Les \u00C9glises chr\u00E9tiennes sont classiquement regroup\u00E9es en trois principales branches : le catholicisme, le christianisme orthodoxe et le protestantisme repr\u00E9sentant respectivement 50%, 12% et 37% du total des chr\u00E9tiens en 2010. \u00C0 la mi-2015, le nombre total de chr\u00E9tiens dans le monde est \u00E9valu\u00E9 \u00E0 2,419 milliards, ce qui en fait la religion comptant le plus grand nombre de fid\u00E8les au monde devant l'islam qui en compte environ 1,6 milliard.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Christian Science."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance Science Chr\u00E9tienne."@fr . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus."@en . . "Christenwetenschap"@nl . "Christian Science"@en . "Ciencia Cristiana"@es . "Science CHR\u00C9TIENNE"@fr . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . . "\"Refers to a Christian denomination and movement founded by Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) that seeks to reinstate the Christian message of salvation from all evil, including sickness and disease as well as sin. Eddy, a semi-invalid who was interested in cures not involving medicine, claimed a recovery from a bad injury without medical assistance in 1866. Afterwards, she devoted herself to restoring the healing emphasis of early Christianity. In 1875 she finished writing the first edition of the \"Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures.\" This work and the Bible are the principal texts of the movement and importance has been laid on establishing reading rooms where these works can make their own appeal to readers. The \"Christian Science Monitor\" is also published by the denomination. Christian Science believes that ignorance is at the root of human unease and thus \"dis-ease.\" Instead of seeking medical treatment, special Christian Science healers are to be consulted for spiritual healing. Health, happiness, and holiness can be restored by applying to all aspects of life practices and attitudes in keeping with the principal of divine harmony. The first Church of Christ, Scientist was founded in 1879 in Boston and its headquarters remain there.\" (Getty, 2017)"@en . "\"Se refiere a una secta y movimiento cristiano fundado por Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) que busca reincorporar el mensaje cristiano de salvaci\u00F3n de todo mal, incluso la enfermedad y padecimiento as\u00ED como el pecado. Eddy, un semi-inv\u00E1lido que estaba interesado en curas que no involucraran medicina, afirm\u00F3 que se hab\u00EDa recuperado de una lesi\u00F3n grave sin la ayuda m\u00E9dica en 1866. Despu\u00E9s, se consagr\u00F3 a restaurar el \u00E9nfasis curativo de la primera cristiandad. En 1875 ella termin\u00F3 escribiendo la primera edici\u00F3n del \"la Ciencia y Salud con Llave a las Escrituras\". Este trabajo y la Biblia son los textos principales del movimiento y importancia se ha puesto en establecer salas de lectura donde estos trabajos pueden hacer su propia apelaci\u00F3n a los lectores. El \"Instructivo de ciencia cristiano\" tambi\u00E9n fue publicado por la secta. La Ciencia Cristiana cree que la ignorancia es la ra\u00EDz de los padecimientos humanos y por lo tanto de la enfermedad. En lugar de buscar tratamiento m\u00E9dico, los sanadores de la Ciencia Cristiana especiales ser\u00E1n consultados para la curaci\u00F3n espiritual. La salud, felicidad, y santidad pueden ser restauradas aplicando a todos los aspectos de la vida pr\u00E1cticas y actitudes en concordancia con la armon\u00EDa divina. La primera Iglesia Cient\u00EDfica de Cristo, se fund\u00F3 en 1879 en Boston y su centro principal permanece all\u00ED.\" (Getty, 2017)"@es . "\"Verwijst naar een christelijke gezindte en beweging die is gesticht door Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) en die streeft naar herbevestiging van de christelijke boodschap van verlossing van al het kwaad, met inbegrip van ziekte en zonde. Eddy, die half invalide was en ge\u00EFnteresseerd in genezing zonder medicijnen, beweerde dat zij in 1866 zonder medische hulp was hersteld van zwaar letsel. Daarna wijdde zij zich aan het herstel van de nadruk op gebedsgenezing die het vroege christendom had gekenmerkt. In 1875 voltooide zij de eerste editie van haar boek 'Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures'. Dit werk en de Bijbel zijn de voornaamste geschriften van de beweging, die veel belang hecht aan de inrichting van leesruimten waar deze boeken een eigen beroep op de lezers kunnen doen. Ook de 'Christian Science Monitor' wordt door het kerkgenootschap uitgegeven. Volgens de leer van Christian Science is onwetendheid de wortel van het menselijk ongemak, de menselijke ziekte. In plaats van medische behandeling te zoeken moet men gebedsgenezers van Christian Science raadplegen voor spirituele genezing. Gezondheid, geluk en heiligheid kunnen worden hersteld door alle aspecten van de levenspraktijk en -houding aan te spreken in overeenstemming met het beginsel van goddelijke harmonie. De eerste Church of Christ, Scientist werd in 1879 in Boston gesticht en het hoofdkwartier van de beweging is daar nog altijd gevestigd.\" (Getty, 2017)"@nl . "\u00ABLa Science chr\u00E9tienne (ou Christian Science en anglais) se d\u00E9finit elle-m\u00EAme comme la \u00ABScience du Christ\u00BB. Sa fondatrice, la th\u00E9ologienne am\u00E9ricaine Mary Baker Eddy, estime avoir red\u00E9couvert en 1866 les lois appliqu\u00E9es par J\u00E9sus dans la gu\u00E9rison des malades et la r\u00E9solution des al\u00E9as de la vie, lois toujours d\u00E9montrables aujourd'hui. Son observation des gu\u00E9risons et r\u00E9solutions diverses obtenues sur la base de sa th\u00E9orie en prouve, selon elle, la validit\u00E9. Ainsi, la Science chr\u00E9tienne est \u00ABchr\u00E9tienne\u00BB en ce sens qu'elle repose sur les enseignements de J\u00E9sus de Nazareth, tels qu'expos\u00E9s dans le Nouveau Testament. La Science chr\u00E9tienne se veut une religion pratique permettant l'application de lois divines d\u00E9montrables. Afin d'assurer la diffusion de cette science, Mary Baker Eddy fonde en 1879 une \u00C9glise sans credo, appel\u00E9e \u00AB\u00C9glise du Christ, Scientiste\u00BB (en anglais The First Church of Christ, Scientist), rassemblant de nos jours 1 800 \u00E9glises dans 82 pays et quelques centaines de milliers de pratiquants, principalement aux \u00C9tats-Unis. Reconnue comme association cultuelle dans de nombreux pays, notamment aux \u00C9tats-Unis, la Science chr\u00E9tienne pr\u00E9cise que, malgr\u00E9 la confusion possible entre les deux noms, elle n'a rien de commun avec l'\u00C9glise de Scientologie; de plus, bien qu'elle partage nombre de concepts m\u00E9taphysiques avec les \u00E9glises de la Nouvelle Pens\u00E9e comme Unit\u00E9, la Science divine et la Science religieuse, ce qui am\u00E8ne certains historiens et sociologues \u00E0 les aborder ensemble dans leurs travaux, la Science chr\u00E9tienne et ces \u00E9glises ne se reconnaissent pas mutuellement comme faisant partie de la m\u00EAme mouvance. La principale critique de la Science chr\u00E9tienne est qu'elle a un caract\u00E8re alternatif et non compl\u00E9mentaire au traitement m\u00E9dical. Ainsi, les gu\u00E9risons all\u00E9gu\u00E9es sont obtenues en dehors de tout contr\u00F4le m\u00E9dical. Ses gu\u00E9risons de maladies fonctionnelles ou organiques sont consid\u00E9r\u00E9es comme relevant de l'effet placebo par les d\u00E9tracteurs de la Science chr\u00E9tienne (ce qui n'est d'ailleurs pas tellement en contradiction avec la Science chr\u00E9tienne, qui ne consid\u00E8re la maladie que comme le r\u00E9sultat de simples croyances erron\u00E9es, qu'il faudrait donc corriger pour recouvrer la sant\u00E9.). La principale d\u00E9fense de la Science chr\u00E9tienne est que chacun est libre de choisir la m\u00E9thode de gu\u00E9rison qu'il juge la plus efficace et qu'il n'existe aucune contrainte \u00E0 ce sujet. Les sympathisants mettent en avant les gu\u00E9risons qu'ils disent avoir obtenues et r\u00E9futent toute id\u00E9e de rejet de la m\u00E9decine conventionnelle.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Anglicanism."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance \u00C9glise d'Angleterre."@fr . . ""@fr . "Church of England"@en . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Anglicanism."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance \u00C9glise d'Angleterre."@fr . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Church of Ireland"@en . "\u00C9glise d'Irlande"@fr . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . "\"The Church of Ireland (Irish: Eaglais na h\u00C9ireann Scots: Kirk o Airlann) is a Christian church in Ireland and an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion. It is organised on an all-Ireland basis and is the second-largest Christian church on the island after the Catholic Church. Like other Anglican churches, it has retained elements of pre-Reformation practice, notably its episcopal polity, while rejecting the primacy of the Bishop of Rome. Nevertheless, in theological and liturgical matters, it incorporates many principles of the Reformation, particularly those espoused during the English Reformation. The church self identifies as being both Catholic and Reformed. Within the church, differences exist between those members who are more Catholic-leaning (high church) and those who are more Protestant-leaning (low church or evangelical). For historical and cultural reasons, the Church of Ireland is generally identified as a Protestant church. The Church of Ireland is the second-largest in the Republic of Ireland, with around 130,000 members, and the third-largest in Northern Ireland, with around 260,000 members.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'\u00C9glise d'Irlande (irlandais : Eaglais na h\u00C9ireann, anglais : Church of Ireland) est une communaut\u00E9 religieuse autonome de la communion anglicane, dont le rayon d'action touche la R\u00E9publique d'Irlande et l'Irlande du Nord. Comme d'autres \u00C9glises anglicanes, elle s'affirme \u00ABcatholique\u00BB et \u00ABr\u00E9form\u00E9e\u00BB. Quand l'\u00C9glise d'Angleterre rompt avec le Pape et l'\u00C9glise catholique romaine, l'\u00C9glise d'Irlande \u00E9volue \u00E9galement vers la R\u00E9forme, gardant son statut juridique et ses possessions, si sa doctrine change. Ainsi, de nos jours, l'\u00C9glise, dans ses cath\u00E9drales et ses \u00E9glises, conserve largement l'h\u00E9ritage des constructions m\u00E9di\u00E9vales de l'\u00EEle. La nouvelle \u00C9glise ind\u00E9pendante n'est cependant pas suivie par la majorit\u00E9 de la population ; l'\u00C9glise catholique romaine conserve le soutien de la plus grande partie des habitants, et ce jusqu'\u00E0 aujourd'hui. En d\u00E9pit de son caract\u00E8re minoritaire, cependant, l'\u00C9glise d'Irlande conserve le statut de religion d'\u00C9tat jusqu'au d\u00E9s\u00E9tablissement de 1869, quand Gladstone abolit l'Acte d'\u00E9tablissement. Le nombre d'\u00E9glises est tomb\u00E9 brusquement au cours du XXe si\u00E8cle, particuli\u00E8rement en R\u00E9publique d'Irlande, apr\u00E8s l'ind\u00E9pendance ; le dernier recensement de la R\u00E9publique montre un exemple rare de r\u00E9sistance \u00E0 la crise de la foi. Aujourd'hui, l'\u00C9glise d'Irlande est, apr\u00E8s l'\u00C9glise catholique, la deuxi\u00E8me plus importante \u00C9glise de l'\u00EEle d'Irlande. C'est \u00E9galement la plus importante \u00C9glise protestante de la R\u00E9publique d'Irlande et le deuxi\u00E8me plus importante d'Irlande du Nord, apr\u00E8s l'\u00C9glise presbyt\u00E9rienne d'Irlande. Elle est gouvern\u00E9e par un synode g\u00E9n\u00E9ral du clerg\u00E9 et des la\u00EFcs et organis\u00E9e en douze dioc\u00E8ses. Elle a \u00E0 sa t\u00EAte l'archev\u00EAque d'Armagh, qui porte le titre de \u00ABPrimat de toute l'Irlande\u00BB. L'archev\u00EAque actuel est Richard Clarke qui a succ\u00E9d\u00E9 le \u00E0 Alan Harper ; l'autre archev\u00EAque est celui de Dublin John Neill.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "cisgender"@en . "cisgenre"@fr . "\n Indicates alignment between a person's gender identity and their sex as understood or assigned at birth. As per the Trans Student Educational Resources (TSER), \"the term is not indicative of gender expression, sexual orientation, hormonal makeup, physical anatomy, or how one is perceived in daily life\" (TSER, 2017).\n "@en . "\n Indique l'alignement entre le genre et le sexe d'une personne, tel que celui-ci a \u00E9t\u00E9 compris ou assign\u00E9 \u00E0 sa naissance. Selon le Trans Student Educational Resources (TSER), \u00ABle terme n'est pas r\u00E9v\u00E9lateur de l'expression du genre, de l'orientation sexuelle, de la constitution hormonale, de l'anatomie, ou de la fa\u00E7on dont une personne est per\u00E7ue au quotidien\u00BB (TSER, 2017).\n "@fr . . . . . . . "cis man/cis male"@en . "homme cisgenre"@fr . "\n Indicates a cisgendered man.\n "@en . "\n Indique un homme cisgenre.\n "@fr . . . . . . . "cis woman/cis female"@en . "femme cisgenre"@fr . "\n Indicates a cisgendered woman.\n "@en . "\n Indique une femme cisgenre.\n "@fr . . . ""@fr . "citing"@en . . "A motivation for W3C Web Annotations for when the user is identifying a citation within a Target. The Body of the Annotation will typically be the item being cited. Citation involves \"creating a link between a concept, procedure, or kind of data, and a document or documents,\" often through the invocation of one or more authors of a publication (Small 1978, 337)."@en . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "civil libertarianism"@en . "mouvement libertaire"@fr . . "civil libertarian"@en . . "\"Civil libertarianism is a strain of political thought that supports civil liberties, or which emphasises the supremacy of individual rights and personal freedoms over and against any kind of authority (such as a state, a corporation, social norms imposed through peer pressure, etc.). Civil libertarianism is not a complete ideology; rather, it is a collection of views on the specific issues of civil liberties and civil rights.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "civil rights movement"@en . "droits civiques"@fr . . "civil rights"@en . "civil rights activist"@en . "personal rights advocate"@en . "pro civil rights"@en . "\"Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organisations, and private individuals. They ensure one's ability to participate in the civil and political life of the society and state without discrimination or repression. Civil rights include the ensuring of people's physical and mental integrity, life, and safety; protection from discrimination on grounds such as race, gender, national origin, colour, age, political affiliation, ethnicity, religion, or disability; and individual rights such as privacy and the freedoms of thought, speech, religion, press, assembly, and movement. Political rights include natural justice (procedural fairness) in law, such as the rights of the accused, including the right to a fair trial; the right to due process; the right to seek redress or a legal remedy; and rights of participation in civil society and politics such as freedom of association, the right to assemble, the right to petition, the right of self-defense, and the right to vote. Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human rights. They comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (with economic, social, and cultural rights comprising the second portion). The theory of three generations of human rights considers this group of rights to be \"first-generation rights\", and the theory of negative and positive rights considers them to be generally negative rights.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLes droits civiques d\u00E9signent les protections et privil\u00E8ges des libert\u00E9s fondamentales accord\u00E9s \u00E0 tous les citoyens par la loi contre toutes les discriminations.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "classicist"@en . "amateur classicist"@en . "classical scholar"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "cleaner"@en . "cleaning lady"@en . "domestic cleaner"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "clerical work"@en . "association secretary"@en . "clerical"@en . "clerical officer"@en . "clerk"@en . "club secretary"@en . "college secretary"@en . "executive secretary"@en . "factory secretary"@en . "legal secretary"@en . "pay clerk"@en . "private secretary"@en . "receptionist"@en . "scrivener"@en . "secretarial work"@en . "secretary"@en . "shorthand typist"@en . "stenographer"@en . "town clerk"@en . "typist"@en . "warehouse clerk"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "secretary and registrar"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "clothing production"@en . "cotton manufacturer"@en . "glove manufacturer"@en . "hosier"@en . "linen manufacturer"@en . "weaving manufacturer"@en . "woollen manufacturer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "clothworker"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "co-operative movement"@en . "mouvement pour l'\u00E9conomie sociale"@fr . . "Women's Co-operative Guild"@en . "D\u00E9fense de l'\u00E9conomie sociale, voir Histoire de l'\u00E9conomie sociale \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . "Supporter of the co-operative movement. See History of the cooperative movement - Wikipedia"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "coach"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "coach of the cambridge rowing crew"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "coastguard"@en . "coast guard"@en . . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "cobbler"@en . "apprentice shoemaker"@en . "shoemaker"@en . "shoemaker's assistant"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "cohabitant"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "collector"@en . "anthropological collector"@en . "antiquarian"@en . "antiquary"@en . "art collector"@en . "book collector"@en . "coin collector"@en . "zoological collector"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "collect irish folklore"@en . "collecting"@en . "collector of china and paintings"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "colonial official"@en . "colonial administrator"@en . "colonial civil servant"@en . "colonial magistrate"@en . "colonial manager"@en . "colonial officer"@en . "colonial organizer"@en . "colonial prime minister"@en . "lieutenantGovernor"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "chairman of the east india company"@en . "india agent"@en . "lord deputy of ireland"@en . "registrar of the naval prize court in bermuda"@en . "upper canada's first vice chancellor"@en . "viceroy of india"@en . "viceroy of ireland"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "commissioner"@en . "bankruptcy commissioner"@en . "commissioner of bankruptcy"@en . "commissioner of customs"@en . "commissioner of inland revenue"@en . "commissioner of the dockyards"@en . "customs commissioner"@en . "excise commissioner"@en . "parliamentary commissioner"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "committee member"@en . "committee man"@en . "committee president"@en . "committee woman"@en . "school board member"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "communalism"@en . "municipalisme libertaire"@fr . . "communalist"@en . "\"Communalism usually refers to a system that integrates communal ownership and federations of highly localised independent communities. A prominent libertarian socialist, Murray Bookchin, defines communalism as \"a theory of government or a system of government in which independent communes participate in a federation\", as well as \"the principles and practice of communal ownership\". This usage of communalism appears to have emerged during the late 20th century to distinguish commune-based systems from other political movements and/or governments espousing (if not actually practicing) similar ideas. In particular, earlier communities and movements advocating such practices that were often described as \"anarchist\", \"socialist\" and/or \"communist\". Many historical communities practicing utopian socialism or anarchist communism did implement internal rules of communalist property ownership in the context of federated communalism. It is at least theoretically possible for a federation of communes to include communes which do not practice communalist rules of property, which is to say, that the overall national government may be a federation of communes, but that private property rather than communalist property is the order within each such commune. Karl Marx, often viewed as the founder of modern communism, criticized older forms, including primitive communism and/or utopian socialism, as poorly conceived and/or prone to disintegration in practise. Communalism in the form described above is distinct from the predominant usage in South Asian forms of English: allegiance to a particular ethnic and/or religious group rather than to a broader society. As such, this usage is synonymous with sectarianism and associated with communal violence.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "commune organizer"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "communism"@en . "communisme"@fr . . "Communist Party"@en . "christian communist"@en . "communist"@en . . "\"In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis, \"common, universal\") is a social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state. Communism includes a variety of schools of thought, which broadly include Marxism, anarchism (anarchist communism), and the political ideologies grouped around both. All these hold in common the analysis that the current order of society stems from its economic system, capitalism, that in this system, there are two major social classes: the working class \u2013 who must work to survive, and who make up a majority of society \u2013 and the capitalist class \u2013 a minority who derive profit from employing the proletariat, through private ownership of the means of production (the physical and institutional means with which commodities are produced and distributed), and that political, social and economic conflict between these two classes will trigger a fundamental change in the economic system, and by extension a wide-ranging transformation of society. The primary element which will enable this transformation, according to this analysis, is the social ownership of the means of production.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe communisme (du latin communis \u2013 commun, universel) est un ensemble de doctrines politiques issues du socialisme et, pour la plupart, du marxisme, oppos\u00E9es au capitalisme et visant \u00E0 l'instauration d'une soci\u00E9t\u00E9 sans classes sociales. Plus largement, ce terme est associ\u00E9 au mouvement communiste international n\u00E9 apr\u00E8s la Premi\u00E8re Guerre mondiale, fruit d'une scission de la IIe Internationale provoqu\u00E9e par les bolcheviks. Il renvoie \u00E9galement, dans le contexte de la guerre froide, \u00E0 une alliance g\u00E9opolitique (bloc communiste) domin\u00E9e par l'Union sovi\u00E9tique, ainsi qu'au r\u00E9gime politique \u00E0 parti unique, dictatorial ou totalitaire, en vigueur dans les pays du bloc communiste. Dans son sens d'origine, le communisme est une forme d'organisation sociale sans classes, sans \u00C9tat et sans monnaie, o\u00F9 les biens mat\u00E9riels seraient partag\u00E9s. Au XIXe si\u00E8cle, le mot \u00ABcommunisme\u00BB entre dans le vocabulaire du socialisme. Il se rattache en particulier \u00E0 l'\u0153uvre de Karl Marx et Friedrich Engels - qui le reprennent \u00E0 leur compte en 1848 dans le Manifeste du Parti communiste - et, par extension, \u00E0 l'\u00E9cole de pens\u00E9e marxiste. En 1917, les bolcheviks, dirig\u00E9s par L\u00E9nine, prennent le pouvoir en Russie lors de la R\u00E9volution d'Octobre. Cet \u00E9v\u00E8nement change radicalement le sens du mot communisme : il d\u00E9signe d\u00E9sormais un mouvement politique international, n\u00E9 d'une scission du socialisme, et qui se reconna\u00EEt dans le courant r\u00E9volutionnaire incarn\u00E9 par les bolcheviks comme dans l'interpr\u00E9tation du marxisme par L\u00E9nine. Le communisme se pr\u00E9sente d\u00E9sormais comme la v\u00E9ritable expression politique du mouvement ouvrier, au d\u00E9triment de la social-d\u00E9mocratie dont il est issu. Selon cette acception, le communisme constitue l'un des ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes les plus importants du XXe si\u00E8cle, qui a pu \u00EAtre qualifi\u00E9 de \u00ABsi\u00E8cle du communisme\u00BB tant cette id\u00E9ologie y a tenu un r\u00F4le moteur. L\u00E9nine et ses partisans cr\u00E9ent en 1919 l'Internationale communiste (dite Troisi\u00E8me Internationale, ou Komintern) afin de regrouper \u00E0 l'\u00E9chelle internationale les partisans de la Russie sovi\u00E9tique. L'Union des r\u00E9publiques socialistes sovi\u00E9tiques (URSS), fond\u00E9e en 1922 pour f\u00E9d\u00E9rer les territoires de l'ex-empire russe, dirige via le Komintern les activit\u00E9s des partis communistes du monde entier : elle domine ainsi la mouvance communiste, malgr\u00E9 l'existence de courants dissidents. Apr\u00E8s la mort de L\u00E9nine, Joseph Staline s'impose comme le ma\u00EEtre absolu de l'URSS et du mouvement communiste mondial. En 1941, durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'URSS est attaqu\u00E9e par l'Allemagne nazie avec laquelle elle avait conclu un pacte deux ans plus t\u00F4t. Les troupes sovi\u00E9tiques jouent alors un r\u00F4le d\u00E9terminant dans la d\u00E9faite du nazisme. Apr\u00E8s-guerre, l'URSS acc\u00E8de au rang de superpuissance : elle occupe militairement l'essentiel de l'Europe de l'Est, dont les pays deviennent des \u00C9tats communistes, formant le bloc de l'Est. La Chine bascule \u00E9galement dans le camp communiste en 1949. Le Rideau de fer qui s\u00E9pare l'Europe et la progression spectaculaire du communisme am\u00E8nent le monde \u00E0 se diviser en \u00ABblocs\u00BB rivaux : la guerre froide oppose ainsi durant plusieurs d\u00E9cennies les pays communistes au \u00ABmonde libre\u00BB, au sein duquel les \u00C9tats-Unis constituent la superpuissance rivale de l'URSS. La Chine de Mao occupe quant \u00E0 elle une place \u00E0 part apr\u00E8s la rupture sino-sovi\u00E9tique. \u00C0 l'apog\u00E9e de l'influence du communisme dans le monde, un quart de l'humanit\u00E9 vit dans des pays communistes. Dans les ann\u00E9es 1980, l'URSS tente de rem\u00E9dier \u00E0 sa scl\u00E9rose \u00E9conomique et politique en lan\u00E7ant un mouvement de r\u00E9formes, la perestro\u00EFka : mais ce processus aboutit \u00E0 l'effondrement g\u00E9n\u00E9ral des r\u00E9gimes communistes europ\u00E9ens entre 1989 et 1991. Par la suite, bien qu'en net d\u00E9clin, le communisme ne dispara\u00EEt pas : si des partis anciennement communistes ont adopt\u00E9 d'autres identit\u00E9s, d'autres ont conserv\u00E9 leur nom et sont associ\u00E9s au pouvoir dans certains pays. \u00C0 Cuba, au Vi\u00EAt Nam, au Laos et en Cor\u00E9e du Nord, des pays communistes existent encore, sans se conformer \u00E0 un mode de gouvernement unique. La R\u00E9publique populaire de Chine, pays le plus peupl\u00E9 de la plan\u00E8te, est toujours dirig\u00E9e par un Parti communiste ; convertie \u00E0 l'\u00E9conomie de march\u00E9, elle est aujourd'hui l'une des principales puissances mondiales. En tant que dictatures \u00E0 parti unique, les r\u00E9gimes communistes se sont tous rendus coupables de violations des droits de l'homme ; certains, comme l'URSS sous Staline et la Chine sous Mao, se sont livr\u00E9s \u00E0 des crimes de masse, le nombre de leurs victimes s'\u00E9levant \u00E0 plusieurs millions de morts. Le bilan historique du communisme, qui englobe un ensemble de r\u00E9alit\u00E9s tr\u00E8s diff\u00E9rentes les unes des autres, demeure cependant, du fait m\u00EAme de sa complexit\u00E9, contrast\u00E9 et pol\u00E9mique. Le communisme a fait l'objet de diverses approches historiographiques concurrentes, longtemps handicap\u00E9es par la difficult\u00E9 d'acc\u00E8s aux documents et par les contextes politiques nationaux et internationaux. La fin de la guerre froide et l'ouverture des archives du bloc de l'Est ont depuis boulevers\u00E9 le champ des \u00E9tudes sur le communisme, sans mettre fin \u00E0 toutes les controverses autour du sujet.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "companion"@en . "un\u00B7e camarade"@fr . . . . "humble companion"@en . "paid companion"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "composer"@en . "composed"@en . "composer of church music"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "computer scientist"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "computer work"@en . "computer programmer"@en . "database manager"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "confectioner"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "confectionery production and sale"@en . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Congregationalism."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance \u00C9glises congr\u00E9gationalistes."@fr . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . . "Congregational Church"@en . "\u00C9glises congr\u00E9gationalistes"@fr . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . . "\"Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. Congregationalism is often considered to be a part of the wider Reformed tradition. Many Congregational churches claim their descent from Protestant denominations formed on a theory of union published by the theologian Robert Browne in 1582. These arose from the ideas of nonconforming Protestants during the Puritan Reformation of the Church of England. In Great Britain, the early Congregationalists were called Separatists or Independents to distinguish them from the similarly Calvinistic Presbyterians. Congregational churches were widely established in the Plymouth Colony and the Massachusetts Bay Colony (later New England), and together wrote the Cambridge Platform of 1648 which described the autonomy of the church and its association with others. Within the United States, the model of Congregational churches was carried by migrating settlers from New England into New York, then into the Old North West, and further. With their insistence on independent local bodies, they became important in many social reform movements, including abolitionism, temperance, and women's suffrage. Modern Congregationalism in the United States is largely split into three bodies: the United Church of Christ, the National Association of Congregational Christian Churches and the Conservative Congregational Christian Conference, which is the most theologically conservative. Congregationalism, as defined by the Pew Research Center, is estimated to represent 0.5% of the worldwide Protestant population.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLes \u00C9glises congr\u00E9gationalistes sont des \u00E9glises protestantes de tradition r\u00E9form\u00E9e, pratiquant une forme d'organisation d'\u00E9glise o\u00F9 chaque paroisse se g\u00E8re de mani\u00E8re enti\u00E8rement autonome et ind\u00E9pendante. Le congr\u00E9gationalisme se caract\u00E9rise plus comme un mouvement que comme une d\u00E9nomination chr\u00E9tienne en raison de sa conviction fondamentale en faveur de l'autonomie compl\u00E8te de chaque paroisse. Malgr\u00E9 la forte diversit\u00E9 th\u00E9ologique inh\u00E9rente \u00E0 leur forme d'organisation, la plupart des congr\u00E9gationalistes se consid\u00E8rent d'abord comme des r\u00E9form\u00E9s, soit traditionnels soit n\u00E9o-orthodoxes (barthiens). Les congr\u00E9gationalistes, selon la d\u00E9finition du centre de recherche ind\u00E9pendant Pew Research Center, repr\u00E9sentent environ 0,5% de la population protestante mondiale, soit 4 millions de chr\u00E9tiens r\u00E9partis essentiellement dans les grands pays anglophones (Royaume-Uni, \u00C9tats-Unis, Canada, Australie, Afrique du sud, Irlande) et dans quelques \u00ABterres de mission\u00BB (Argentine, Bulgarie, \u00CEles Samoa). Leur r\u00F4le historique et leur influence, notamment aux \u00C9tats-Unis, exc\u00E8dent largement ces chiffres.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Congregationalism"@en . "\u00C9glises congr\u00E9gationalistes"@fr . . "Independent"@en . "Independent Church"@en . "Separatist"@en . . "\"Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. Congregationalism is often considered to be a part of the wider Reformed tradition. Many Congregational churches claim their descent from Protestant denominations formed on a theory of union published by the theologian Robert Browne in 1582. These arose from the ideas of nonconforming Protestants during the Puritan Reformation of the Church of England. In Great Britain, the early Congregationalists were called Separatists or Independents to distinguish them from the similarly Calvinistic Presbyterians. Congregational churches were widely established in the Plymouth Colony and the Massachusetts Bay Colony (later New England), and together wrote the Cambridge Platform of 1648 which described the autonomy of the church and its association with others. Within the United States, the model of Congregational churches was carried by migrating settlers from New England into New York, then into the Old North West, and further. With their insistence on independent local bodies, they became important in many social reform movements, including abolitionism, temperance, and women's suffrage. Modern Congregationalism in the United States is largely split into three bodies: the United Church of Christ, the National Association of Congregational Christian Churches and the Conservative Congregational Christian Conference, which is the most theologically conservative. Congregationalism, as defined by the Pew Research Center, is estimated to represent 0.5% of the worldwide Protestant population.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLes \u00C9glises congr\u00E9gationalistes sont des \u00E9glises protestantes de tradition r\u00E9form\u00E9e, pratiquant une forme d'organisation d'\u00E9glise o\u00F9 chaque paroisse se g\u00E8re de mani\u00E8re enti\u00E8rement autonome et ind\u00E9pendante. Le congr\u00E9gationalisme se caract\u00E9rise plus comme un mouvement que comme une d\u00E9nomination chr\u00E9tienne en raison de sa conviction fondamentale en faveur de l'autonomie compl\u00E8te de chaque paroisse. Malgr\u00E9 la forte diversit\u00E9 th\u00E9ologique inh\u00E9rente \u00E0 leur forme d'organisation, la plupart des congr\u00E9gationalistes se consid\u00E8rent d'abord comme des r\u00E9form\u00E9s, soit traditionnels soit n\u00E9o-orthodoxes (barthiens). Les congr\u00E9gationalistes, selon la d\u00E9finition du centre de recherche ind\u00E9pendant Pew Research Center, repr\u00E9sentent environ 0,5% de la population protestante mondiale, soit 4 millions de chr\u00E9tiens r\u00E9partis essentiellement dans les grands pays anglophones (Royaume-Uni, \u00C9tats-Unis, Canada, Australie, Afrique du sud, Irlande) et dans quelques \u00ABterres de mission\u00BB (Argentine, Bulgarie, \u00CEles Samoa). Leur r\u00F4le historique et leur influence, notamment aux \u00C9tats-Unis, exc\u00E8dent largement ces chiffres.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "connoisseur"@en . "art connoisseur"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "conscientious objection"@en . "objection de conscience"@fr . . . "\"A conscientious objector is an \"individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service\" on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, disability, or religion. In general, conscientious objector status is considered only in the context of military conscription and is not applicable to volunteer military forces. In some countries, conscientious objectors are assigned to an alternative civilian service as a substitute for conscription or military service. Some conscientious objectors consider themselves pacifist, non-interventionist, non-resistant, non-aggressionist, or antimilitarist. On March 8, 1995 the United Nations Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/83 stated that \"persons performing military service should not be excluded from the right to have conscientious objections to military service.\" This was re-affirmed in 1998, when resolution 1998/77 recognized that \"persons [already] performing military service may develop conscientious objections.\" A number of organisations around the world celebrate the principle on May 15 as International Conscientious Objectors Day. The term has also been extended to objecting to working for the military-industrial complex due to a crisis of conscience.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "conservationist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "conservatism"@en . "conservatisme"@fr . . "conservative"@en . . "\"Conservatism as a political and social philosophy promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasising stability and continuity, while others, called reactionaries, oppose modernism and seek a return to \"the way things were\". The first established use of the term in a political context originated with Fran\u00E7ois-Ren\u00E9 de Chateaubriand in 1818, during the period of Bourbon restoration that sought to roll back the policies of the French Revolution. The term, historically associated with right-wing politics, has since been used to describe a wide range of views. There is no single set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative, because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place and time. Thus conservatives from different parts of the world\u2014each upholding their respective traditions\u2014may disagree on a wide range of issues. Edmund Burke, an 18th-century politician who opposed the French Revolution but supported the American Revolution, is credited as one of the main theorists of conservatism in Britain in the 1790s. According to Quintin Hogg, the chairman of the British Conservative Party in 1959, \"Conservatism is not so much a philosophy as an attitude, a constant force, performing a timeless function in the development of a free society, and corresponding to a deep and permanent requirement of human nature itself.\"\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe conservatisme est une philosophie politique qui est en faveur des valeurs traditionnelles et qui s'oppose au progressisme. Les cultures ayant chacune des valeurs diff\u00E9rentes, les conservateurs selon leur culture ont des buts diff\u00E9rents. Mais tous les conservateurs promeuvent la d\u00E9fense (statu quo) ou le retour \u00E0 des valeurs \u00E9tablies (statu quo ante). Pour Michael Freeden, le conservatisme croit seulement en un changement limit\u00E9 de ce qui est naturel ou organique ; aussi, pour lui, l'ordre social est ind\u00E9pendant de la volont\u00E9 humaine. Le terme vient de \u00ABconserver\u00BB ; du latin conservare, \u00ABmaintenir, observer (une loi, une coutume)\u00BB compos\u00E9 de servare \u00ABpr\u00E9server, garder\u00BB. Bien que ce ne soit pas une id\u00E9ologie en soi, le conservatisme est une philosophie politique dont les id\u00E9es sont en grande partie li\u00E9es \u00E0 leur contexte d'existence. Il est d\u00E9fini en partie par l'accent mis sur la tradition comme source de sagesse, bien au-del\u00E0 de ce qui peut \u00EAtre d\u00E9montr\u00E9 ou explicitement \u00E9tabli. Il se fonde sur la conservation d'un ordre pr\u00E9\u00E9tabli, selon les conventions, chacun \u00E0 sa place.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "conservative feminism"@en . "f\u00E9minisme conservateur"@fr . . . "Feminism that tends towards social conservativism. See Feminism - Wikipedia"@en . "F\u00E9minisme qui tend vers le conservatisme social. Voir F\u00E9minisme \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Conservative Party (UK)"@en . "Parti Conservateur (Royaume-Uni)"@fr . . "Tory Party"@en . "Tory Party (Britain)"@en . "Tory radical"@en . "conservative party"@en . "disaffected Tories"@en . "tory"@en . . "\"The Tories were members of two political parties which existed, sequentially, in the Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of Great Britain, and later the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from the 17th to the early 19th centuries. The first Tories emerged in 1678 in England, when they opposed the Whig-supported Exclusion Bill which set out to disinherit the heir presumptive James, Duke of York (who eventually became James II of England and VII of Scotland). This party ceased to exist as an organised political entity in the early 1760s, although it was used as a term of self-description by some political writers. A few decades later, a new Tory party would rise to establish a hold on government between 1783 and 1830, with William Pitt the Younger followed by Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool. The Earl of Liverpool was succeeded by fellow Tory Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, whose term included the Catholic Emancipation, which occurred mostly due to the election of Daniel O'Connell as a Catholic MP from Ireland. When the Whigs subsequently regained control, the Representation of the People Act 1832 removed the rotten boroughs, many of which were controlled by Tories. In the following general election, the Tory ranks were reduced to 180 MPs. Under the leadership of Robert Peel, the Tamworth Manifesto was issued, which began to transform the Tories into the Conservative Party. However, Peel lost many of his supporters by repealing the Corn Laws, causing the party to break apart. One faction, led by the Earl of Derby and Benjamin Disraeli, survived to become the modern Conservative Party, whose members are commonly still referred to as Tories.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Constitutionnalisme"@fr . "constitutionalism"@en . . "constitutional feminist"@en . "constitutionalist"@en . "\"Constitutionalism is \"a complex of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law\". Political organisations are constitutional to the extent that they \"contain institutionalized mechanisms of power control for the protection of the interests and liberties of the citizenry, including those that may be in the minority\". As described by political scientist and constitutional scholar David Fellman: Constitutionalism is descriptive of a complicated concept, deeply embedded in historical experience, which subjects the officials who exercise governmental powers to the limitations of a higher law. Constitutionalism proclaims the desirability of the rule of law as opposed to rule by the arbitrary judgment or mere fiat of public officials\u2026. Throughout the literature dealing with modern public law and the foundations of statecraft the central element of the concept of constitutionalism is that in political society government officials are not free to do anything they please in any manner they choose; they are bound to observe both the limitations on power and the procedures which are set out in the supreme, constitutional law of the community. It may therefore be said that the touchstone of constitutionalism is the concept of limited government under a higher law.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe constitutionnalisme est une th\u00E9orie du droit qui insiste sur le r\u00F4le et la fonction de la Constitution dans la hi\u00E9rarchie des normes par rapport \u00E0 la loi, ainsi que sur le contr\u00F4le de constitutionnalit\u00E9 des lois. On l'oppose parfois au l\u00E9gicentrisme, qui d\u00E9fend la supr\u00E9matie de la loi, \u00E9manation de la souverainet\u00E9 populaire. En droit international, le constitutionnalisme est une conception qui tend \u00E0 s'opposer au pluralisme juridique.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "construction"@en . "builder"@en . "building"@en . "building improver"@en . "carpenter"@en . "construction supervisor"@en . "gothic builder bricklayer"@en . "house builder"@en . "renovator"@en . "road construction supervisor"@en . "shipwright"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "builder, architect"@en . "clerk of the king's works"@en . "clerk of the works"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "consultant"@en . "management consultant"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "drug adviser and consultant"@en . . . . . . "comportement contest\u00E9"@fr . "nonconformant behaviour"@en . . . ""@fr . "context focus"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates the focus or primary subject of a context annotation."@en . "The object of this property, the context focus, becomes the subject of the subject-centric properties that can be derived from context predicates via SPARQL CONSTRUCT queries."@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "continuation"@en . . . . . . . . . "is continuation of"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates an imaginative textual response to a previous text that further develops the characters, plot, or setting, but differs from imitations, adaptations, or updates in that it does not directly rely on the previous text, nor act as a sequel."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "contractor"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "contraire \u00E0"@fr . "contrary to"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "cooking"@en . "cook"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "co-op organizer"@en . "co op organizer"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "cooper"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "copyist"@en . "copyist of illuminated manuscripts"@en . "legal copyist"@en . "music copyist"@en . "scientific copyist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "copyists of illuminated manuscripts"@en . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Corniques"@fr . "Cornish"@en . . "\"Cornish people or Cornish (Cornish: Kernowyon) are an ethnic group associated with Cornwall, in the south west of Great Britain, administered as part of England, and a recognised national minority in the United Kingdom. The Cornish thus represent a distinct ethnic group within the UK, which can trace its roots to the ancient Britons who inhabited southern and central Great Britain before the Roman conquest, and some in the county today continue to assert a distinct identity, separately or in addition to English or British identities. Cornish identity has been adopted by migrants into Cornwall, as well as by emigrant and descendant communities from Cornwall, the latter sometimes referred to as the Cornish diaspora. Although not included as an explicit option in the UK census, the numbers of\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes Corniques sont un groupe ethnique originaire des Cornouailles, en Angleterre (\u00E0 ne pas confondre avec les Cornouaillais qui sont les habitants de la Cornouaille \u2014 sans \u00AB s \u00BB \u2014, r\u00E9gion de Bretagne). C'est un peuple celtique qui parlait la langue cornique jusqu'au XVIIIe si\u00E8cle et qui s'est mis \u00E0 la cultiver de nouveau depuis le XXe si\u00E8cle, bien que de mani\u00E8re minoritaire. Selon une enqu\u00EAte de 2004, 35 % des habitants des Cornouailles se consid\u00E8rent corniques (environ 181 000 personnes).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "corporate or organizational director"@en . "company director"@en . "deputy director"@en . "honorary director"@en . "managing director"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "chairman of railway company"@en . "president of the baby and foundling hospital"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "counsellor"@en . "advisor"@en . "careers advisor"@en . "counseling"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "counselled hundreds of women"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "courtier"@en . "bed chamber woman"@en . "groom of the chamber"@en . "keeper of the robes"@en . "lady in waiting"@en . "lady of the bedchamber"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "chamberlain to the king of bavaria"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "cousin"@en . . . . . . . "cousin de"@fr . "cousin of"@en . . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Covenantaire"@fr . "Covenanters"@en . . "Covenanting"@en . "\"The Covenanters were a Scottish Presbyterian movement that played an important part in the history of Scotland, and to a lesser extent that of England and Ireland, during the 17th century. Presbyterian denominations tracing their history to the Covenanters and often incorporating the name continue the ideas and traditions in Scotland and internationally. They derive their name from the term covenant after the Covenant between God and the Israelites in the Old Testament. There were two important covenants in Scottish history, the National Covenant and the Solemn League and Covenant.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLes Covenantaires form\u00E8rent un important mouvement religieux et politique en \u00C9cosse au XVIIe si\u00E8cle. Du point de vue religieux, ce mouvement s'attacha surtout \u00E0 promouvoir et \u00E0 d\u00E9velopper le presbyt\u00E9rianisme, et \u00E0 en faire une forme de gouvernement souhait\u00E9e par le peuple, en opposition avec l'\u00C9piscopalisme, qui avait les faveurs de la couronne. Du point de vue politique, ce mouvement vit d'importantes \u00E9volutions du caract\u00E8re et du fonctionnement du Parlement \u00E9cossais, qui commen\u00E7a \u00E0 se d\u00E9marquer progressivement de ses origines m\u00E9di\u00E9vales. Dans son ensemble, ce mouvement \u00E9tait essentiellement conservateur dans le ton, mais il amor\u00E7a une r\u00E9volution qui embrasa l'\u00C9cosse, l'Angleterre et l'Irlande, et qui fut appel\u00E9e les guerres des Trois Royaumes. Le nom Covenantaire provient de \u00ABcovenant\u00BB, qui est un mot de l'ancien fran\u00E7ais, pass\u00E9 dans le moyen anglais, qui signifiait \u00E0 l'origine convention, chose convenue, et qui d\u00E9signa, dans la loi anglaise, un accord formel, une promesse solennelle. En \u00C9cosse, le terme prit le sens biblique d'\u00ABAlliance\u00BB ou de \u00ABPromesse\u00BB. Le premier engagement de ce genre fut sign\u00E9 par les \u00C9cossais de toutes les classes, en 1588, lorsque Philippe II mena\u00E7ait l'Angleterre et la R\u00E9forme par sa fameuse Invincible Armada. Il contenait une profession de foi protestante, une r\u00E9probation de l'\u00C9glise romaine et un serment de d\u00E9fense mutuelle et d'union. La destruction de la flotte espagnole rendit cette conf\u00E9d\u00E9ration sans objet. Au si\u00E8cle suivant, le \u00ABNational Covenant\u00BB de 1638, qui prit comme base des documents pr\u00E9c\u00E9dents du m\u00EAme genre, \u00E9tait surtout int\u00E9ress\u00E9 \u00E0 pr\u00E9server la R\u00E9forme de toute innovation issue de la couronne britannique. Son document jumeau de 1643, \u00ABSolemn League and Covenant\u00BB, se pr\u00E9occupait \u00E9galement de religion, m\u00EAme s'il s'agissait principalement d'un trait\u00E9 d'alliance entre les covenantaires d'\u00C9cosse et le Parlement d'Angleterre, soucieux de se soutenir lors de la guerre civile de plus en plus violente contre le roi Charles Ier.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "craftsperson"@en . "arts and crafts"@en . "craft work"@en . "craftswoman"@en . "furniture restorer"@en . "handicraft"@en . "handicrafts"@en . "shellwork"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "decorator of reproduction furniture"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "credential"@en . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance credential of."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance ."@fr . . . ""@fr . "credential held by"@en . . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "credential of"@en . . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "credential subject"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "credential subject of"@en . . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Creole"@en . "Cr\u00E9ole"@fr . . "\"The term Creole and its cognates in other languages \u2014 such as crioulo, criollo, creolo, cr\u00E9ole, kriolu, criol, kreyol, kreol, kriol, krio, etc. \u2014 have been applied to people in different countries and epochs, with rather different meanings. Typically, are partially or fully descended from Caucasian European colonial settlers. Their language, culture and/or racial origin represents the creolization resulting from the interaction and adaptation of colonial-era emigrants from Europe with non-European peoples, climates, and cuisines.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe terme cr\u00E9ole, \u00E0 la fois nom et adjectif, en espagnol ancien creollo, devenu criollo. La premi\u00E8re nation cr\u00E9ole du monde fut les iles du cap-vert, d\u00E9couvertes par les portugais en 1456 et tr\u00E8s vite peupl\u00E9es d'europ\u00E9ens et d'esclaves africains dont le m\u00E9tissage cr\u00E9a le premier peuple cr\u00E9ole du monde, le Crioulo. Le mot crioulo d\u00E9riverait du portugais \"criado\" qui signifie \"serviteur\". Le cr\u00E9ole fut ensuite \"export\u00E9\" aux Am\u00E9riques apr\u00E8s la d\u00E9couverte de l'Am\u00E9rique par Christophe Colomb en 1492. Le terme cr\u00E9ole est pass\u00E9 dans les langues fran\u00E7aise et anglaise entre 1595 et 1605, d\u00E9signe d'une fa\u00E7on g\u00E9n\u00E9rale une personne n\u00E9e dans une ancienne colonie de parents venus d'ailleurs. Il est souvent compris restrictivement comme s'appliquant \u00E0 une personne d'ascendance europ\u00E9enne.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . "Creole"@en . "Cr\u00E9ole"@fr . ""@fr . "Describes a person often born in a European (often British) colony, of \"mixed race\" parentage, usually but not always the child of both \"White\" and so-called \"non-White\" ancestry. The term originally designated \"parts of the population made up of Caribbean descendants of colonists, born and brought up in the New World. In the context of postcolonial studies, the term 'creolization' is conceived as 'the process of intermixing and cultural change that produces a Creole society,' especially in the Caribbean (Ashcrofts, Griffiths, and Tiffin 1998, 58)\" (Hawley et al., Encyclopedia of Post Colonial Studies 116)."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "cricket"@en . "cricket team captain"@en . "cricketer"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "criminal"@en . "blackmailer"@en . "con man"@en . "convict"@en . "thief"@en . "transported criminal"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "blackmailer extortionist"@en . "confidence trickster"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "critic"@en . "art critic"@en . "drama critic"@en . "film critic"@en . "literary critic"@en . "music critic"@en . "television critic"@en . "theatre critic"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "assistant drama critic"@en . . . . . . "cultural form"@en . "forme culturelle"@fr . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . "cultural form of"@en . . "This is the inverse of has a cultural form."@en . . . . . . . . . . "cultural form relationship"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "curator"@en . . "curator of art exhibitions"@en . "gallery curator"@en . "museum curator"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . "Le Collaboratoire scientifique des \u00E9crits du Canada"@fr . "The Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "bicyclist"@en . "bicycling"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "dairy work"@en . "milker"@en . "milkwoman"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "dance"@en . "ballet dancer"@en . "choreographer"@en . "chorus girl"@en . "dancer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "dancer and choreographer"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Darwinism"@en . "Darwinisme"@fr . . "Darwinist"@en . "evolutionist"@en . . "\"Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. Also called Darwinian theory, it originally included the broad concepts of transmutation of species or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, including concepts which predated Darwin's theories, but subsequently referred to specific concepts of natural selection, of the Weismann barrier or in genetics of the central dogma of molecular biology. Though the term usually refers strictly to biological evolution, creationists have appropriated it to refer to the origin of life, and it has even been applied to concepts of cosmic evolution, both of which have no connection to Darwin's work. It is therefore considered the belief and acceptance of Darwin's and of his predecessors' work\u2014in place of other theories, including divine design and extraterrestrial origins. English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley coined the term Darwinism in April 1860. It was used to describe evolutionary concepts in general, including earlier concepts published by English philosopher Herbert Spencer. Many of the proponents of Darwinism at that time, including Huxley, had reservations about the significance of natural selection, and Darwin himself gave credence to what was later called Lamarckism. The strict neo-Darwinism of German evolutionary biologist August Weismann gained few supporters in the late 19th century. During the approximate period of the 1880s to about 1920, sometimes called \"the eclipse of Darwinism,\" scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms which eventually proved untenable. The development of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s, incorporating natural selection with population genetics and Mendelian genetics, revived Darwinism in an updated form. While the term Darwinism has remained in use amongst the public when referring to modern evolutionary theory, it has increasingly been argued by science writers such as Olivia Judson and Eugenie Scott that it is an inappropriate term for modern evolutionary theory. For example, Darwin was unfamiliar with the work of the Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar Gregor Mendel, and as a result had only a vague and inaccurate understanding of heredity. He naturally had no inkling of later theoretical developments and, like Mendel himself, knew nothing of genetic drift, for example. In the United States, creationists often use the term \"Darwinism\" as a pejorative term in reference to beliefs such as scientific materialism, but in the United Kingdom the term has no negative connotations, being freely used as a shorthand for the body of theory dealing with evolution, and in particular, with evolution by natural selection.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe darwinisme d\u00E9signe, en son sens strict, la th\u00E9orie, formul\u00E9e en 1859 (in De l'origine des esp\u00E8ces) par le naturaliste anglais Charles Darwin, et qui explique \u00AB l'\u00E9volution biologique des esp\u00E8ces par la s\u00E9lection naturelle et la concurrence vitale \u00BB. Il est aussi relativement courant d'entendre parler d'\u00E9volution darwinienne, pour parler de l'\u00E9volution autonome d'un pool quelconque (population et distribution de caract\u00E8res) sur plusieurs g\u00E9n\u00E9rations.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "data processing"@en . "data recorder"@en . "encoder"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L'Ontologie CWRC est l'ontologie du Collaboratoire scientifique des \u00E9crits du Canada."@fr . "The CWRC Ontology is the ontology of the Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory."@en . . . . . . . "L'Ontologie CWRC"@fr . "The CWRC Ontology"@en . "1581" . "19404" . . "L'Ontologie CWRC est l'ontologie du Collaboratoire scientifique des \u00E9crits du Canada."@fr . "The CWRC Ontology is the ontology of the Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory."@en . . "L'Ontologie CWRC"@fr . "The CWRC Ontology"@en . "L'Ontologie CWRC est l'ontologie du Collaboratoire scientifique des \u00E9crits du Canada."@fr . "The CWRC Ontology is the ontology of the Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory."@en . . "L'Ontologie CWRC"@fr . "The CWRC Ontology"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "daughter"@en . . . . . . . "daughter of"@en . "fille de"@fr . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "death date"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "death date of"@en . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "death place"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "death place of"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "death relationship"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "decoder"@en . "cable decoder"@en . "cipher breaker"@en . "code breaker"@en . "cryptologist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "deism"@en . "d\u00E9isme"@fr . . "deist"@en . "\"Deism (/\u02C8di\u02D0.\u026Az\u0259m/\u200D or /\u02C8de\u026A.\u026Az\u0259m/), derived from a Latin word \"deus\" meaning \"god\", is a theological/philosophical position that combines the rejection of revelation and authority as a source of religious knowledge with the conclusion that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of a single creator of the universe. Deism gained prominence among intellectuals during the Age of Enlightenment\u2014especially in Britain, France, Germany and the United States\u2014who, raised as Christians, believed in one God but became disenchanted with organized religion and notions such as the Trinity, Biblical inerrancy and the supernatural interpretation of events such as miracles. Included in those influenced by its ideas were leaders of the American and French Revolutions. Today, deism is considered to exist in two principal forms: classical and modern where the classical view takes what is called a \"cold\" approach by asserting the non-intervention of deity in the natural behavior of the created universe, while the modern deist formulation can be either \"warm\" (citing an involved deity) or cold, non-interventionist creator. These lead to many subdivisions of modern deism which tends, therefore, to serve as an overall category of belief. Despite this classification of Deism today, classical Deists themselves rarely wrote or accepted that the Creator is a non-interventionist during the flowering of Deism in the 16th and 17th centuries; using straw man arguments, their theological critics attempted to force them into this position.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe d\u00E9isme, du latin deus (dieu), est une croyance ou une doctrine qui affirme l'existence d'un Dieu et son influence dans la cr\u00E9ation de l'Univers, sans s'appuyer sur des textes sacr\u00E9s ou d\u00E9pendre d'une religion r\u00E9v\u00E9l\u00E9e. Pour la pens\u00E9e d\u00E9iste, certaines caract\u00E9ristiques de Dieu peuvent \u00EAtre comprises par les facult\u00E9s intellectuelles de l'Homme. Le d\u00E9isme pr\u00F4ne une \u00AB religion naturelle \u00BB qui se vit par l'exp\u00E9rience individuelle et qui ne repose pas sur une tradition \u00E9crite. Pour certains d\u00E9istes, on peut avoir une relation avec Dieu mais elle est directe (notamment par la contemplation). Il s'agit par cons\u00E9quent d'une croyance individuelle et irr\u00E9ligieuse. Les d\u00E9istes rejettent tous les \u00E9v\u00E9nements surnaturels (proph\u00E9ties, miracles) et affirment que Dieu (ou \u00AB l'Architecte supr\u00EAme \u00BB) a un plan pour l'Univers, que Dieu n'alt\u00E8re ni n'intervient dans les affaires humaines, ni ne suspend les lois naturelles qui r\u00E9gissent l'Univers. Le d\u00E9isme n'est donc pas un th\u00E9isme. Ce que les religions structur\u00E9es voient comme r\u00E9v\u00E9lation divine et livres saints, un d\u00E9iste le voit comme de simples interpr\u00E9tations faites par l'homme; ainsi aucune source religieuse ne peut faire autorit\u00E9.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "delivery person"@en . "dispatch rider"@en . "errand boy"@en . "messenger girl"@en . "newspaper deliverer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "democrat"@en . "Democrat (US)"@en . "democratic"@en . "pro-democracy"@en . ""@fr . "An advocate of democracy. See Democracy - Wikipedia."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "dentist"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "descendent"@en . . . "forebear"@en . . . . . "descendent de"@fr . "descendent of"@en . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "designer"@en . "fabric designer"@en . "gothic designer"@en . "graphic designer"@en . "house decoration"@en . "housing designer"@en . "interior decorator"@en . "interior design"@en . "interior designer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "prosthetics designer"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "determinism"@en . "d\u00E9terminisme"@fr . . "predestinarianism"@en . "\"Determinism is the philosophical doctrine that all events transpire in virtue of some necessity and are therefore inevitable. Traditionally, the view relies on strict notions of causality, and most philosophical arguments in its favor have attempted at clear definitions of cause and effect as a basis for the belief that determinism is true. Notably, the idea that the past choices of seemingly rational agents could have been performed differently - or even the idea that the future decisions of such agents will turn out to be other than what they will - is usually challenged under this view. Thus, the \"problem\" of free will - or the idea of free will as being an \"illusion\" - often arises as a result of the main claim made by determinism, that is, that the past, present, and future is identifiable with an essentially unbreakable chain of circumstances of which no single link in such a chain could possibly be avoided or altered. Some determinists deny the idea of any true \"possibility\" or \"randomness\" within reality altogether, even asserting that such ideas are only a creation of the mind and/or merely the result of imagination - ultimately a result of ignorance in the face of real explanations for such phenomena - which could otherwise, in principle, be either derived by reason or discovered by empirical experimentation. However, addressing free will is its own concern, and any discussion of determinism does not demand any discussion of free will. In addition to these issues, the length to which language can actually capture what exactly is at stake, assuming that anything is at stake at all - or even what the true nature of reality really is in spite of how convincing the nature of the concept of determinism seems to be - is itself disputed. This final note verges on - or fully engages in - the territory of the philosophy of language. The truth of determinism is often acknowledged - at bottom - as a belief, rather than a fact or scientifically viable theory or law. This implies that its supposed truth would always be restricted to philosophical speculation and argumentation rather than by scientific demonstration or formally proven within the mathematical basis of physics or even within theoretical physics. There are those who doubt this claim, and instead view the truth of determinism to follow suit with other revolutions throughout history, such as the theory of relativity or the theory of evolution. Whether or not determinism poses a real threat to traditional notions of responsibility, morality, or legal process is disputed among philosophers. As contentious as this is also whether the truth of determinism introduces any challenges to meaning and purposeful effort - or the value of decision making and seemingly important life choices - most notably in the form of nihilism or fatalism. This perspective is represented by philosophers such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Noam Chomsky, among others. Just the opposite is also argued, that determinism actually posits a more meaningful aspect to life, in the form of rational optimism, usually in the form of celebrating the idea that everything happens for a reason, as well as the idea that one need not fully regret one's past experience if it had to have been necessarily carried out as it was - or even the passionate exercise of asserting one's fate. Proponents of this view include Baruch Spinoza and Friedrich Nietzsche, among others. Also, many philosophers argue that determinism does not imply any kind of fatalism, as particular events hold no weight to its universality, and thus notions of \"destiny\" are irrelevant to its truth - which is that all events are inevitable, but not necessarily purposeful or toward a final cause. The above description on the diverse nature of discussions on determinism, then, generally breaks into two categories of consideration - that of the truth or falsity of determinism proper, and that of its consequences for life. The former usually involves argumentation within metaphysics, and the latter, that of its ethical, political, and existential relevance. \"There are many determinisms, depending on what pre-conditions are considered to be determinative of an event or action.\" Deterministic theories throughout the history of philosophy have sprung from diverse and sometimes overlapping motives and considerations. Some forms of determinism can be empirically tested with ideas from physics and the philosophy of physics. The opposite of determinism is some kind of indeterminism (otherwise called nondeterminism). Determinism is often contrasted with free will. Determinism often is taken to mean causal determinism, which in physics is known as cause-and-effect. It is the concept that events within a given paradigm are bound by causality in such a way that any state (of an object or event) is completely determined by prior states. This meaning can be distinguished from other varieties of determinism mentioned below. Other debates often concern the scope of determined systems, with some maintaining that the entire universe is a single determinate system and others identifying other more limited determinate systems (or multiverse). Numerous historical debates involve many philosophical positions and varieties of determinism. They include debates concerning determinism and free will, technically denoted as compatibilistic (allowing the two to coexist) and incompatibilistic (denying their coexistence is a possibility).\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe d\u00E9terminisme est une notion philosophique selon laquelle la succession de chaque \u00E9v\u00E9nement est d\u00E9termin\u00E9e en vertu du principe de causalit\u00E9, du pass\u00E9 et des lois de la physique.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . "diploma"@en . "Diploma"@en . "Diploma in Social Work"@en . "Diplome d'Etudes de Civilisation Fran\u00E7aise"@en . "diploma in Psychopathology"@en . "diploma in agriculture"@en . "diploma in journalism"@en . "diploma in literature"@en . "diploma in school counselling"@en . "Educational diploma."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "diplomat"@en . "ambassador"@en . "attach\u00E9"@en . "british consul"@en . "consul general"@en . "diplomatic negotiation"@en . "diplomatist"@en . "envoy"@en . "foreign service"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "ambassador to constantinople"@en . "ambassador to france"@en . "ambassador to spain"@en . "consul general in london for hawaii"@en . "oriental secretary"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "director"@en . "directors"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "disestablishmentarianism"@en . "s\u00E9cularisme anglais"@fr . . "anti-anglican"@en . "anti-episcopal"@en . "anti-episcopalian"@en . "anti-tithes"@en . "\"Disestablishmentarianism refers to campaigns to sever links between church and state, particularly in relation to the Church of England as an established church. It was initially a movement in the United Kingdom in the 18th century. The established churches in Wales and Ireland could not count on even nominal adherence by a majority of the population of those countries. In Ireland, the predominantly Roman Catholic population campaigned against the position of the established Anglican Church of Ireland - eventually disestablished in Ireland from 1 January 1871. In England there was a campaign by Liberals, dissenters and nonconformists to disestablish the Church of England in the 19th century. The campaigners were called \"Liberationists\" (the \"Liberation Society\" was founded by Edward Miall in 1844). This campaign failed, but nearly all of the legal disabilities of nonconformists were gradually dismantled. The campaign for disestablishment was revived in the 20th century when Parliament rejected the 1929 revision of the Book of Common Prayer, leading to calls for separation of Church and State to prevent political interference in matters of worship. In the late 20th century, reform of the House of Lords also brought into question the position of the Lords Spiritual. Nick Clegg, the former Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Liberal Democrats, said in April 2014 that he thought the Church of England and the British state should be separated \"in the long run\". Prime Minister David Cameron, responding to Clegg's comments, said that disestablishmentarianism is \"a long-term Liberal idea, but it is not a Conservative one\" and that he believed having an established church works well. The Church of England was disestablished in Wales in 1920, becoming the Church in Wales. An Act of the British Parliament enabling the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland was passed in 1869, coming into effect on 1 January 1871. The Church of Scotland was disestablished in 1929 but remains the largest church in Scotland.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . . "Dissent (Protestant)"@en . "dissidents (ou non-conformistes)"@fr . . . . "Dissenter"@en . "Dissenting Churches"@en . "Dissenting Presbyterian"@en . "Nonconformist"@en . "Rational Dissent"@en . . "\"English Dissenters were Christians who separated from the Church of England in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. A dissenter (from the Latin dissentire, \"to disagree\") is one who disagrees in matters of opinion, belief, etc. English Dissenters opposed state interference in religious matters, and founded their own churches, educational establishments, and communities; some emigrated to the New World. They originally agitated for a wide-reaching Protestant Reformation of the Established Church, and triumphed briefly under Oliver Cromwell.\" (DBpedia, 2017) See also: Nonconformity - Wikipedia"@en . "\"In English church history, a nonconformist was a Protestant who did not \"conform\" to the governance and usages of the established Church of England. Broad use of the term was precipitated after the Restoration of the British monarchy in 1660, when the Act of Uniformity 1662 re-established the opponents of reform within the Church of England. By the late 19th-century the term specifically included the Reformed Christians (Presbyterians, Congregationalists and other Calvinist sects), plus the Baptists and Methodists. The English Dissenters such as the Puritans who violated the Act of Uniformity 1559 \u2014 typically by practising radical, sometimes separatist, dissent \u2014 were retrospectively labelled as nonconformists.\" (DBpedia, 2017) Dissenting Protestantism and nonconformism are historical phenomena that become less relevant in the United Kingdom from the early twentieth century onwards, and many groups such as Baptists and Presbyterians have significant followings in other parts of the world.\n "@en . "\u00ABLes Dissidents anglais (en anglais : English Dissenters ou nonconformists) sont des protestants anglais qui firent s\u00E9cession de l'\u00C9glise d'Angleterre. Ils s'opposaient \u00E0 l'interf\u00E9rence de l'\u00C9tat dans les affaires religieuses et fond\u00E8rent leurs propres communaut\u00E9s du XVIe au XVIIIe si\u00E8cle. Les Dissidents triomph\u00E8rent un temps lors du gouvernement d'Oliver Cromwell, mais apr\u00E8s la Restauration de la monarchie, en 1660, l'\u00E9piscopat fut r\u00E9tabli et les droits civiques des Dissidents limit\u00E9s, d\u00E8s les ann\u00E9es 1660, par une s\u00E9rie de lois dont l'Act of Uniformity, le Corporation Act et le Test Act. Ce n'est qu'en 1828 que ces lois discriminatoires sont abrog\u00E9es. Parmi les Dissidents les plus connus, on peut citer le fondateur de la secte des Puritains Henry Jacob (en) (1563-1624), l'\u00E9diteur Joseph Johnson (1738-1809), la mystique Jane Leade (1623-1704), le philosophe Richard Price (1723-1791), ou encore le chimiste et th\u00E9ologien Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), ainsi que le fondateur d'une acad\u00E9mie dissidente \u00E0 Kendal (Cumbria), le r\u00E9v\u00E9rend Caleb Rotherham, qui instruisit l'un des p\u00E8res de la R\u00E9volution industrielle, le fondeur et beau-fr\u00E8re de Joseph Priestley, John Wilkinson.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)Voir aussi: Non-conformistes \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . "\u00ABLes non-conformistes, appel\u00E9s aussi Dissidents (dissenters), \u00E9taient ceux qui, en Angleterre, refusaient de suivre la doctrine de l'\u00C9glise anglicane. Il s'agissait notamment des Puritains, des Presbyt\u00E9riens, des Anabaptistes ou des Calvinistes. On oppose les non-conformistes aux Conformistes.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Dissent (Protestant)."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance dissidents (ou non-conformistes)."@fr . . "Dissenters"@en . "dissidents (ou non-conformistes)"@fr . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . . ""@fr . "\"One who dissents or disagrees in matters of opinion, belief, &c. The term \"dissenter\" is, however, practically restricted to the special sense of a member of a religious body in England which has, for one reason or another, separated from the Established Church. Strictly, the term includes the English Roman Catholics, who in the original draft of the Relief Act of 1791 were styled \"Protesting Catholic Dissenters.\" It is in practice, however, restricted to the \"Protestant Dissenters\" referred to in sec. ii. of the Toleration Act of 1688. \"(Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911)"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Dissenting Christianity"@en . "Dissidence anglaise"@fr . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . . "\"English Dissenters were Christians who separated from the Church of England in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. A dissenter (from the Latin dissentire, \"to disagree\") is one who disagrees in matters of opinion, belief, etc. English Dissenters opposed state interference in religious matters, and founded their own churches, educational establishments, and communities; some emigrated to the New World. They originally agitated for a wide-reaching Protestant Reformation of the Established Church, and triumphed briefly under Oliver Cromwell.\" (DBpedia, 2017) See also: Nonconformity - Wikipedia"@en . "\u00ABLes Dissidents anglais (en anglais : English Dissenters ou nonconformists) sont des protestants anglais qui firent s\u00E9cession de l'\u00C9glise d'Angleterre. Ils s'opposaient \u00E0 l'interf\u00E9rence de l'\u00C9tat dans les affaires religieuses et fond\u00E8rent leurs propres communaut\u00E9s du XVIe au XVIIIe si\u00E8cle. Les Dissidents triomph\u00E8rent un temps lors du gouvernement d'Oliver Cromwell, mais apr\u00E8s la Restauration de la monarchie, en 1660, l'\u00E9piscopat fut r\u00E9tabli et les droits civiques des Dissidents limit\u00E9s, d\u00E8s les ann\u00E9es 1660, par une s\u00E9rie de lois dont l'Act of Uniformity, le Corporation Act et le Test Act. Ce n'est qu'en 1828 que ces lois discriminatoires sont abrog\u00E9es. Parmi les Dissidents les plus connus, on peut citer le fondateur de la secte des Puritains Henry Jacob (en) (1563-1624), l'\u00E9diteur Joseph Johnson (1738-1809), la mystique Jane Leade (1623-1704), le philosophe Richard Price (1723-1791), ou encore le chimiste et th\u00E9ologien Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), ainsi que le fondateur d'une acad\u00E9mie dissidente \u00E0 Kendal (Cumbria), le r\u00E9v\u00E9rend Caleb Rotherham, qui instruisit l'un des p\u00E8res de la R\u00E9volution industrielle, le fondeur et beau-fr\u00E8re de Joseph Priestley, John Wilkinson\u00BB(DBpedia, 2017)Voir aussi: Non-conformistes \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Dissent (Protestant)."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance dissidents (ou non-conformistes)."@fr . . "Dissenting Churches"@en . "\u00C9glises dissidentes"@fr . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . . "\"English Dissenters were Christians who separated from the Church of England in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. A dissenter (from the Latin dissentire, \"to disagree\") is one who disagrees in matters of opinion, belief, etc. English Dissenters opposed state interference in religious matters, and founded their own churches, educational establishments, and communities; some emigrated to the New World. They originally agitated for a wide-reaching Protestant Reformation of the Established Church, and triumphed briefly under Oliver Cromwell.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLes Dissidents anglais (en anglais : English Dissenters ou nonconformists) sont des protestants anglais qui firent s\u00E9cession de l'\u00C9glise d'Angleterre1. Ils s'opposaient \u00E0 l'interf\u00E9rence de l'\u00C9tat dans les affaires religieuses et fond\u00E8rent leurs propres communaut\u00E9s du xvie au xviiie si\u00E8cle. Les Dissidents triomph\u00E8rent un temps lors du gouvernement d'Oliver Cromwell, mais apr\u00E8s la Restauration de la monarchie, en 1660, l'\u00E9piscopat fut r\u00E9tabli et les droits civiques des Dissidents limit\u00E9s, d\u00E8s les ann\u00E9es 1660, par une s\u00E9rie de lois dont l'Act of Uniformity, le Corporation Act et le Test Act. Ce n'est qu'en 1828 que ces lois discriminatoires sont abrog\u00E9es.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "diver"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "dockyard work"@en . "dock manager"@en . "docker"@en . "docks manager"@en . "dockyard labourer"@en . "longshoreman"@en . "wharfinger"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Ph.D."@en . "Philosophi\u00E6 doctor"@fr . . "DPhil"@en . "Doctor of Philosophy"@en . "PhD"@en . "PhD in Linguistics"@en . "PhD in Philosophy"@en . "doctorate"@en . . "\"A Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D. or D.Phil.) is a type of doctorate degree awarded by universities in many countries. Ph.D.s are awarded for a wide range of programs in the sciences (e.g., biology, physics, mathematics, etc.), engineering, and humanities (e.g., history, literature, musicology, etc.), among others. The Ph.D. is a terminal degree in many fields. The completion of a Ph.D. is a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist in many fields. A clear distinction is made between an \"earned doctorate\", which is awarded for completion of a course of study and a thesis or dissertation, and an \"honorary doctorate\", a title granted by a university to a successful or notable person who has not completed doctoral academic work or completed a dissertation at the university. Individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of \"Doctor\" with their name and use the initials \"Ph.D.\" (or \"D.Phil.\") after their name. The requirements to earn a Ph.D. degree varies considerably according to the country, institution, and time period, from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates. A person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. During the studies that lead to the degree, the student is called doctoral student or Ph.D. student, but also \"doctoral candidate\" or \"Ph.D. candidate\" once the student has completed all of the coursework and comprehensive examinations and is working on their thesis or dissertation. A Ph.D. candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of original academic research, which is in principle worthy of publication in a peer-reviewed journal. In many countries a candidate must defend this work before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university. Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph.D., such as the Doctor of Musical Arts (D.M.A.), a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), a degree for professional educators. In the context of academic degrees, the term \"philosophy\" does not refer solely to the field or academic discipline of philosophy, but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is \"love of wisdom\". In most of Europe, all fields (history, philosophy, social sciences, mathematics, and natural philosophy/natural sciences) other than theology, law, and medicine (the so-called professional, vocational, or technical curriculum) were traditionally known as philosophy, and in Germany and elsewhere in Europe the basic faculty of liberal arts was known as the \"faculty of philosophy\".\"\n (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABPhilosophi\u00E6 doctor (ou doctor philosophi\u00E6 ; abr\u00E9g\u00E9 PhD ou Ph. D. ; litt\u00E9ralement \u00AB docteur en philosophie \u00BB) est, dans le syst\u00E8me universitaire anglo-saxon ou franco-canadien, l'intitul\u00E9 le plus courant d'un dipl\u00F4me de doctorat. Le terme philosophie est utilis\u00E9 dans son sens ant\u00E9rieur au XXe si\u00E8cle, tel qu'il a \u00E9t\u00E9 r\u00E9pandu par les universit\u00E9s allemandes, et d\u00E9signe ici l'\u00E9tude g\u00E9n\u00E9rale des connaissances.\u00BB\n (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "domain includes"@en . . ""@fr . "Specifies a particular class type that is acceptable to use for a relation's domain."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "domestic servant"@en . "house servant"@en . "housemaid"@en . "indentured servant"@en . "kitchen scullion"@en . "lady's maid"@en . "upper servant"@en . "valet"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "domestic work"@en . "helping at home"@en . "kitchen work"@en . "managing her households"@en . "meal provider"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "care of parents"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Dominican"@en . "Ordre des Pr\u00EAcheurs"@fr . . . "\"The Order of Preachers (Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum, postnominal abbreviation O.P.), also known as the Dominican Order, is a mendicant Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Saint Dominic de Guzman in France, approved by Pope Honorius III on 22 December 1216. Members of the order, who are referred to as Dominicans, generally carry the letters O.P. after their names, standing for Ordinis Praedicatorum, meaning of the Order of Preachers. Membership in the order includes friars, nuns, active sisters, and affiliated lay or secular Dominicans (formerly known as tertiaries, though recently there has been a growing number of associates who are unrelated to the tertiaries). Founded to preach the Gospel and to oppose heresy, the teaching activity of the order and its scholastic organisation placed the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages. The order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order, currently Bruno Cador\u00E9. In the year 2000, there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows, 917 student brothers, and 237 novices. By the year 2013 there were 6,058 Dominican friars, including 4,470 priests. A number of other names have been used to refer to both the order and its members. * In England and other countries the Dominican friars are referred to as \"Black Friars\" because of the black cappa or cloak they wear over their white habits. Dominicans were \"Blackfriars\", as opposed to \"Whitefriars\" (i.e., Carmelites) or \"Greyfriars\" (i.e., Franciscans). They are also distinct from the Augustinian Friars (the Austin friars) who wear a similar habit. * In France, the Dominicans were known as \"Jacobins\" because their convent in Paris was attached to the Church of Saint-Jacques, now disappeared, on the way to Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas, which belonged to the Italian Order of Saint James of Altopascio (St. James) Sanctus Iacobus in Latin. * Their identification as Dominicans gave rise to the pun that they were the \"Domini canes\", or \"Hounds of the Lord\".\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABL\u2019ordre des Pr\u00EAcheurs ou des Fr\u00E8res Pr\u00EAcheurs (O.P. \u2014 en latin : Ordo Fratrum Pr\u00E6dicatorum), plus connu sous le nom d\u2019ordre dominicain, est un ordre catholique n\u00E9 sous l\u2019impulsion de saint Dominique en 1215. Il appartient, comme l'ordre des Fr\u00E8res mineurs ou franciscains, \u00E0 la cat\u00E9gorie des ordres mendiants. Proche de la population, il se diff\u00E9rencie d'autres ordres qui ont pour v\u0153ux de s'isoler, comme l'ordre cistercien. Suivant la r\u00E8gle de saint Augustin, ainsi que ses propres Constitutions, en partie inspir\u00E9es de celles des pr\u00E9montr\u00E9s (O.Pr\u00E6m), il s\u2019est donn\u00E9 pour mission l\u2019apostolat et la contemplation. Le Pape Jean-Paul II rappelait que depuis son origine, l'une des missions principales confi\u00E9es \u00E0 l'Ordre a \u00E9t\u00E9 la proclamation de la v\u00E9rit\u00E9 du Christ en r\u00E9ponse \u00E0 l'h\u00E9r\u00E9sie (d'abord albigeoise, puis toutes les nouvelles formes d'h\u00E9r\u00E9sie manich\u00E9enne r\u00E9currente que le christianisme a d\u00FB affronter d\u00E8s ses d\u00E9buts, souvent centr\u00E9es sur la n\u00E9gation de l'Incarnation). Sa devise est Veritas (la v\u00E9rit\u00E9). D'autres devises lui ont aussi \u00E9t\u00E9 assign\u00E9es, par exemple: \u00AB annoncer ce que nous avons contempl\u00E9 \u00BB (contemplata aliis tradere), reprise de saint Thomas d'Aquin, ou encore \u00AB louer, b\u00E9nir, pr\u00EAcher \u00BB qui est une formule liturgique. Les dominicains sont des religieux mais pas des moines : ils ont la particularit\u00E9 de ne prononcer qu'un seul v\u0153u, celui d'ob\u00E9issance, dans les mains du ma\u00EEtre de l'ordre (ou de son repr\u00E9sentant), les v\u0153ux de pauvret\u00E9 et de chastet\u00E9 \u00E9tant implicitement inclus. Ils ne font, par contre, pas v\u0153u de stabilit\u00E9 comme les moines. Ils vivent dans des couvents et non dans des monast\u00E8res. Leur vocation \u00E9tant de pr\u00EAcher, leurs couvents sont souvent situ\u00E9s dans de grandes villes.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "draper"@en . "linen draper"@en . "master draper"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "dress reform"@en . "r\u00E9forme vestimentaire"@fr . . "Rational Dress Movement"@en . "dress reformer"@en . . "\"Victorian dress reform was an objective of the Victorian dress reform movement (also known as the rational dress movement) of the middle and late Victorian era, comprising various reformers who proposed, designed, and wore clothing considered more practical and comfortable than the fashions of the time. Dress reformists were largely middle class women involved in the first wave of feminism in the United States and in Britain, from the 1850s through the 1890s. The movement emerged in the Progressive Era along with calls for temperance, women's education, suffrage and moral purity. Dress reform called for emancipation from the \"dictates of fashion\", expressed a desire to \"cover the limbs as well as the torso adequately,\" and promoted \"rational dress\". The movement had its greatest success in the reform of women's undergarments, which could be modified without exposing the wearer to social ridicule. Dress reformers were also influential in persuading women to adopt simplified garments for athletic activities such as bicycling or swimming. The movement was much less concerned with men's clothing, although it initiated the widespread adoption of knitted wool union suits or long johns. Some proponents of the movement established dress reform parlors, or storefronts, where women could buy sewing patterns for the newfangled garments, or buy them directly.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "dressmaking"@en . "clothes mending"@en . "dressmaker"@en . "dressmaker's apprentice"@en . "dressmaking business"@en . "seamstress"@en . "silk manufacturer"@en . "textile manufacturer"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "dressmaking; seamstress"@en . . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Dreyfusard"@en . "Dreyfusard"@fr . . . "D\u00E9fenseurs du capitaine Alfred Dreyfus lors de son proc\u00E8s. Voir Affaire Dreyfus \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . "Supporters of Captain Alfred Dreyfus in his prosecution by the French military. See: Dreyfus affair - Wikipedia"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "drinking"@en . "alcoholic"@en . "drinking problem"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "daily drinking bouts"@en . "drinking and chasing women"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "drug abuse"@en . "drug addict"@en . "drug user"@en . "laudanum addict"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Dutch"@en . "N\u00E9erlandais"@fr . . "\"The Dutch (Dutch: ), occasionally referred to as Netherlanders\u2014a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, \"Nederlanders\"\u2014are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a common culture and speak the Dutch language. Dutch people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Aruba, Suriname, Guyana, Cura\u00E7ao, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, and the United States.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe peuple n\u00E9erlandais est un groupe ethnique originaire des Pays-Bas. Les N\u00E9erlandais partagent une culture commune et parlent le n\u00E9erlandais. Le peuple n\u00E9erlandais et ses descendants sont pr\u00E9sents sur tous les continents des suites de la colonisation europ\u00E9enne, et particuli\u00E8rement au Suriname, au Chili, au Br\u00E9sil, au Canada, en Australie, en Afrique du Sud, en Nouvelle-Z\u00E9lande et aux \u00C9tats-Unis.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "eastern religions"@en . . "\"Eastern religions refers to religions originating in the Eastern world\u2014 East, South and Southeast Asia \u2014and thus having dissimilarities with Western religions. This includes the East Asian (namely Taoism and Confucianism) and Indian (namely Hinduism and Buddhism) religious traditions, as well as animistic indigenous religions. This East-West religious distinction, just as with the East-West culture distinction, and the implications that arise from it, are broad and not precise. Furthermore, the geographical distinction has less meaning in the current context of global transculturation. While many Western observers attempt to distinguish between Eastern philosophies and religions, this is a distinction that does not exist in some Eastern traditions.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "economic relationship"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "ecumenism"@en . "\u0153cum\u00E9nisme"@fr . . "ecumenical"@en . . "\"Ecumenism refers to efforts by Christians of different church traditions to develop closer relationships and better understandings. The term is also often used to refer to efforts towards the visible and organic unity of different Christian churches in some form. The adjective ecumenical can also be applied to any interdenominational initiative that encourages greater cooperation among Christians and their churches, whether or not the specific aim of that effort is full, visible unity. The terms ecumenism and ecumenical come from the Greek \u03BF\u1F30\u03BA\u03BF\u03C5\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B7 (oikoumene), which means \"the whole inhabited world\", and was historically used with specific reference to the Roman Empire. The ecumenical vision comprises both the search for the visible unity of the Church (Ephesians 4:3) and the \"whole inhabited earth\" (Matthew 24:14) as the concern of all Christians. In Christianity the qualification ecumenical is originally (and still) used in terms such as \"ecumenical council\" and \"Ecumenical Patriarch\" in the meaning of pertaining to the totality of the larger Church (such as the Catholic Church or the Orthodox Church) rather than being restricted to one of its constituent local churches or dioceses. Used in this original sense, the term carries no connotation of re-uniting the historically separated Christian denominations, but presumes a unity of local congregations in a worldwide communion.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABL\u2019\u0153cum\u00E9nisme, parfois orthographi\u00E9 \u00E9cum\u00E9nisme, est un mouvement interconfessionnel qui tend \u00E0 promouvoir des actions communes entre les divers courants du christianisme, en d\u00E9pit de leurs diff\u00E9rences doctrinales, avec pour objectif l\u2019unit\u00E9 visible des chr\u00E9tiens. Se d\u00E9veloppant \u00E0 partir de la fin du XIXe si\u00E8cle, l'\u0153cum\u00E9nisme se concr\u00E9tise aujourd'hui par l'existence de divers accords, de nombreuses instances de dialogue, mais aussi par un certain nombre de r\u00E9alisations concr\u00E8tes, comme des entreprises de traduction commune des textes saints ou la semaine de pri\u00E8re commune pour l'unit\u00E9 des chr\u00E9tiens. Parmi les pionniers de l\u2019\u0153cum\u00E9nisme, on d\u00E9nombre le patriarche orthodoxe Germain V de Constantinople, l\u2019\u00E9v\u00EAque anglican am\u00E9ricain Charles Brent, le pasteur r\u00E9form\u00E9 hollandais Willem Visser 't Hooft, le pr\u00EAtre catholique fran\u00E7ais Yves Congar ou encore l'archev\u00EAque luth\u00E9rien su\u00E9dois Nathan S\u00F6derblom et le la\u00EFc am\u00E9ricain John Mott, qui ont tous deux re\u00E7u le prix Nobel de la paix pour cette activit\u00E9.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "editing"@en . . "assistant editor"@en . "associate editor"@en . "co editor"@en . "colonial editor"@en . "consulting editor"@en . "copy editor"@en . "deputy editor"@en . "editor"@en . "editorial assistant"@en . "editorial board member"@en . "editorial reader"@en . "encyclopedia editor"@en . "fashion editor"@en . "foreign editor"@en . "founding editor"@en . "journal editor"@en . "literary editor"@en . "magazine editor"@en . "managing editor"@en . "newspaper editor"@en . "parish magazine editor"@en . "part time editor"@en . "periodical editor"@en . "poetry editor"@en . "proofreader"@en . "publisher's editor"@en . "publishers' editor"@en . "science editor"@en . "sub editor"@en . "trade journal editor"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "edited"@en . "edited school texts"@en . "editor for religious society"@en . "editor of the women's page"@en . "editorial"@en . "editorship"@en . "news subeditor"@en . "newspaper sub editor"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "education"@en . "educational popularizer"@en . "educationist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "education reform"@en . "r\u00E9forme de l'\u00E9ducation"@fr . . "education reformer"@en . "educational reform"@en . "educational reformer"@en . "educationalist"@en . "state education movement"@en . . "\"Education reform is the name given to the goal of changing public education. Historically, reforms have taken different forms because the motivations of reformers have differed. However, since the 1980s, education reform has been focused on changing the existing system from one focused on inputs to one focused on outputs (i.e., student achievement). In the United States, education reform acknowledges and encourages public education as the primary source of K-12 education for American youth. Education reformers desire to make public education into a market (in the form of an input-output system), where accountability creates high-stakes from curriculum standards tied to standardized tests. As a result of this input-output system, equality has been conceptualized as an end point, which is often evidenced by an achievement gap among diverse populations. This conceptualization of education reform is based on the market-logic of competition. As a consequence, competition creates inequality which has continued to drive the market-logic of equality at an end point by reproducing the achievement gap among diverse youth. Overall, education reform has and continues to be used as a substitute for needed economic reforms in the United States. The one constant for all forms of education reform includes the idea that small changes in education will have large social returns in citizen health, wealth, and well-being. For example, a stated motivation has been to reduce cost to students and society. From ancient times until the 1800s, one goal was to reduce the expense of a classical education. Ideally, classical education is undertaken with a highly educated full-time (extremely expensive) personal tutor. Historically, this was available only to the most wealthy. Encyclopedias, public libraries and grammar schools are examples of innovations intended to lower the cost of a classical education. Related reforms attempted to develop similar classical results by concentrating on \"why\" and \"which\" questions neglected by classical education. Abstract, introspective answers to these questions can theoretically compress large amounts of facts into relatively few principles. This path was taken by some Transcendentalist educators, such as Amos Bronson Alcott. In the early modern age, Victorian schools were reformed to teach commercially useful topics, such as modern languages and mathematics, rather than classical subjects, such as Latin and Greek. Many reformers focused on reforming society by reforming education on more scientific, humanistic, pragmatic or democratic principles. John Dewey and Anton Makarenko are prominent examples of such reformers. Some reformers incorporated several motivations, e.g. Maria Montessori, who both \"educated for peace\" (a social goal), and to \"meet the needs of the child\" (A humanistic goal). In historic Prussia, an important motivation for the invention of Kindergarten was to foster national unity by teaching a national language while children were young enough that learning a language was easy. Reform has taken many forms and directions. Throughout history and the present day, the meaning and methods of education have changed through debates over what content or experiences result in an educated individual or an educated society. Changes may be implemented by individual educators and/or by broad-based school organisation and/or by curriculum changes with performance evaluations.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "education relationship"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "educational administration"@en . "academic programme administrator"@en . "college principal"@en . "college vice principal"@en . "dean"@en . "deputy head of school"@en . "education"@en . "education campaigner"@en . "education liaison officer"@en . "educational officer"@en . "educational theorist"@en . "educator"@en . "examiner"@en . "external examiner"@en . "headmaster"@en . "headmistress"@en . "inspectress of schools"@en . "lord rector"@en . "marker"@en . "principal"@en . "principal of institute"@en . "provost"@en . "school administration"@en . "school director"@en . "school governor"@en . "school management"@en . "school monitor"@en . "school organizer"@en . "school proprietor"@en . "school supervisor"@en . "school vice president"@en . "sunday school superintendent"@en . "sunday school worker"@en . "superintendent"@en . "superintendent of schools"@en . "university chancellor"@en . "vice principal"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "associate of newnham college"@en . "college governor"@en . "college vice president"@en . "dean of trinity college, oxford"@en . "demonstrator of anatomy"@en . "director of the creative writing program"@en . "director of the tulsa center for the study of women's literature"@en . "education of her own children"@en . "establish schools"@en . "established a school for english and american boys"@en . "founded st boniface school"@en . "founded the derry and raphoe diocesan institution for the education of the deaf and dumb"@en . "master of the free school"@en . "member of the executive committee of girton college"@en . "opened their sunday school"@en . "pedagogic theorist"@en . "principal of queen's college"@en . "principal of the chelsea art school"@en . "rector of edinburgh university"@en . "running their school"@en . "taught"@en . "teach"@en . . . . . "educational award prize"@en . "prix \u00E9ducatif"@fr . "An educational prize is a medal or award, monetary or otherwise, presented by either an institution or person of authority to an individual who has excelled beyond their peers, reached a great achievement, and/or produced a very high standard of work."@en . "Un prix \u00E9ducatif est une m\u00E9daille ou une r\u00E9compense, financi\u00E8re ou autre, attribu\u00E9e par une institution ou une personne d'autorit\u00E9 \u00E0 un individu ayant excell\u00E9 par rapport \u00E0 ses camarades, a concr\u00E9tis\u00E9 un projet d'envergure et/ou a fourni un travail de grande qualit\u00E9."@fr . . . . . "bourse d'\u00E9tudes"@fr . "educational award scholarship"@en . "A scholarship is an award of financial aid for a student to further their education. Scholarships are awarded based upon various criteria, which usually reflect the values and purposes of the donor or founder of the award. Scholarship money is not required to be repaid."@en . "Une bourse d'\u00E9tudes est une bourse d'aide financi\u00E8re qui permet \u00E0 un\u00B7e \u00E9tudiant\u00B7e de poursuivre ses \u00E9tudes. Les bourses sont accord\u00E9es en fonction de crit\u00E8res vari\u00E9s, qui refl\u00E8tent g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement les valeurs et les objectifs du/de la donateur\u00B7ice ou fondateur\u00B7ice de la bourse. Les bourses d'\u00E9tudes ne sont pas destin\u00E9es \u00E0 \u00EAtre rembours\u00E9es."@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "egalitarianism"@en . "\u00C9galitarisme"@fr . . "egalitarian"@en . "\"Egalitarianism (from French \u00E9gal, meaning \"equal\")\u2014or equalitarianism\u2014is a trend of thought that favors equality for all people. Egalitarian doctrines maintain that all humans are equal in fundamental worth or social status, according to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the term has two distinct definitions in modern English: either as a political doctrine that all people should be treated as equals and have the same political, economic, social, and civil rights; or as a social philosophy advocating the removal of economic inequalities among people, economic egalitarianism, or the decentralization of power. Some sources define egalitarianism as the point of view that equality reflects the natural state of humanity.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'\u00E9galitarisme est une doctrine politique pr\u00F4nant l'\u00E9galit\u00E9 des citoyens en mati\u00E8re politique, \u00E9conomique et/ou sociale, selon les contextes. Dans le sens vulgaire, l'\u00E9galitarisme d\u00E9signe plus particuli\u00E8rement la doctrine qui a pour valeur politique supr\u00EAme l'\u00E9galit\u00E9 mat\u00E9rielle de tous.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Egyptian nationalism"@en . "nationalisme \u00E9gyptien"@fr . . . "\"Egyptian nationalism refers to the nationalism of Egyptians and Egyptian culture. Egyptian nationalism has typically been a civic nationalism that has emphasised the unity of Egyptians regardless of ethnicity or religion. Egyptian nationalism first manifested itself in Pharaonism beginning in the 19th century that identified Egypt as being a unique and independent political unit in the world since the era of the Pharaohs in ancient Egypt. Both the Arabic language spoken in modern Egypt and the ancient Egyptian language are Afroasiatic languages. The rule of Muhammad Ali of Egypt led Egypt into an advanced level of socioeconomic development in comparison with Egypt's neighbours, which along with the discoveries of relics of ancient Egyptian civilization, helped to foster Egyptian identity and Egyptian nationalism. The Urabi movement in the 1870s and 1880s was the first major Egyptian nationalist movement that demanded an end to the alleged despotism of the Muhammed Ali family and demanded curbing the growth of European influence in Egypt. It campaigned under the nationalist slogan of \"Egypt for Egyptians\". After the British occupation of Egypt in 1882, Egyptian nationalism became focused upon ending British colonial rule. Egyptian nationalism reached its peak in popularity in 1919 when revolution against British rule took place in response to wartime deprivations imposed by the British upon Egypt during World War I. Three years of protest and political turmoil followed until Britain unilaterally declared the independence of Egypt in 1922 that was a monarchy, though Britain reserved several areas for British supervision. During the period of the Kingdom of Egypt, Egyptian nationalists remained determined to terminate the remaining British presence in Egypt. Though Arab nationalism rose as a political force in the 1930s, there remained a strong regional attachment to Egypt by those who advocated cooperation with other Arab or Muslim neighbours. After the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 that overthrew the monarchy and established a republic, Gamal Abdel Nasser rose to power on themes that mixed Arab and Egyptian nationalism. Nasser saw Egypt as the leader of the Arab states and saw Egypt's role as promoting Arab solidarity against both the West and Israel. Egypt was briefly united with Syria from 1958 until 1961 when Syria abandoned the union. Nasser's successors, Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak de-emphasised Arab nationalism and re-emphasised Egyptian nationalism based on Egypt's distinctiveness within the Arab world. Sadat and Mubarak also abandoned Nasser's Arab nationalist conflict with Israel and the West. The Arab Spring in Egypt in 2011 that forced the resignation of Mubarak from power and resulted in multiparty elections, has raised questions over the future of Egyptian nationalism. In particular the previous secular regimes of Nasser, Sadat, and Mubarak avoided direct religious conflicts between the majority Muslims and the minority Coptic Christians through their emphasis on secular Egyptian nationalist culture, while concerns have been raised on whether this Egyptian nationalist culture will remain with the political changes caused by the Arab Spring. This has especially become an issue after a series of episodes of Muslim-Christian violence erupted in Egypt in 2011.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "droit des personnes \u00E2g\u00E9es"@fr . "elder rights"@en . . "elder care activist"@en . . "\"Elder rights are the rights of the aged, who in the United States are not recognized as a constitutionally protected class. Common rights issues faced by elders include age-related job discrimination (such as forced age of retirement), lack of access to medical treatments because of age or age-related obstacles, societal perceptions of ability/disability due to age, and vulnerability to abuse, including financial, physical, psychological, social, and sexual because of diminished capacity and lack of access to/ability to use technology.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . "a\u00EEn\u00E9\u00B7e"@fr . "eldest"@en . "Indicates that the subject is the eldest child in the family."@en . "Indique que la personne est l'enfant le plus \u00E2g\u00E9 de la famille."@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "elevator operator"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "elucutionist"@en . "elocutionist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "emigration"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "employer"@en . "domestic employer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . . "employment"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "employment agent"@en . "work force recruiter"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "engineering"@en . . "aeronautical engineer"@en . "chief engineer"@en . "civil engineer"@en . "electrical engineer"@en . "engineer"@en . "engineering firm"@en . "marine engineer"@en . "mining engineer"@en . "motor engineer"@en . "radio engineer"@en . "railway engineer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance England."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance Angleterre."@fr . . "Angleterre"@fr . "England"@en . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . _:genid3 . _:genid3 . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance English identity."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance identit\u00E9 anglais."@fr . . "Angleterre"@fr . "England"@en . "true"^^ . _:genid3 . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Anglais"@fr . "English"@en . . "England"@en . . "\"The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England, who speak the English language. The English identity is of early medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn (\"family of the Angles\"). Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD. England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes Anglais sont les habitants de l\u2019Angleterre. Le nom anglais les d\u00E9signant est English, il est toujours employ\u00E9 au pluriel pour d\u00E9signer collectivement tous les Anglais (un Anglais = an Englishman, une Anglaise = an Englishwoman). Il y a beaucoup de th\u00E9ories sur le peuplement de l\u2019Angleterre. \u00C0 cause d'un \u00E9cart \"celtique-germanique\" sur les \u00EEles-britanniques, les historiens consid\u00E8rent que l\u2019Angleterre a \u00E9t\u00E9 peupl\u00E9e lors des invasions du Ve et VIe si\u00E8cles par des peuples germaniques, ce qu'on appelle les Anglo-Saxons : c'est-\u00E0-dire essentiellement des Angles, des Jutes et des Saxons).Certains n\u00E9anmoins, comme Stephen Oppenheimer, proposent que la diff\u00E9rence g\u00E9n\u00E9tique et culturelle entre les Anglais et les autres peuples britanniques s'est produite juste apr\u00E8s le retrait du glacier qui se trouvait sur l'ensemble de la Grande-Bretagne. Cela signifierait que, contrairement \u00E0 ce que l'on pense g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement, les Anglais sont aussi natifs que les Gallois et que les \u00C9cossais.[r\u00E9f. souhait\u00E9e] Bien qu'il arrive assez souvent que certaines personnes utilisent le terme \"Anglais\" pour d\u00E9signer plus largement les Britanniques, cet usage est incorrect puisque le Royaume-Uni est bien compos\u00E9 de quatre nations : l'Angleterre, le Pays de Galles, l'\u00C9cosse et l'Irlande du Nord. Selon une \u00E9tude britannique men\u00E9e \u00E0 la fin des ann\u00E9es 2000 par l'ONS (Office of National Statistics), l'homme anglais mesure en moyenne 175,3 cm (5ft 9in) pour un poids moyen de 83,6 kg (13.16 stone). La femme anglaise mesure en moyenne 161,6 cm (5ft 3in) pour un poids moyen de 70,2 kg (11 stone).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . . "Angleterre"@fr . "England"@en . . "Indicates a subject's identification with or labeling as of English heritage in relation to a place, often England."@en . "Indique qu'un sujet s'identifie ou s'est vu assigner une identit\u00E9 anglaise par rapport \u00E0 un endroit, g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement l'Angleterre."@fr . . . . . . "ISO 3166-2:GB-ENG" . . . . "English identity"@en . "identit\u00E9 anglais"@fr . "english"@en . "A subclass of textual label, this discursive label reflects the ambiguity of Englishness associated with different cultural forms. It provides a means of aggregating and searching multiple instances of \"English\" (e.g. ISO 3166-2:GB-ENG, England) cultural identities."@en . "Une sous-classe d'\u00E9tiquettes textuelles, cette \u00E9tiquette discursive refl\u00E8te l'ambiguit\u00E9 du terme \u00ABanglais\u00B7e\u00BB. Elle permet de compiler et de rechercher les multiples instances d'identit\u00E9s culturelles \u00ABanglaises\u00BB (par exemple ISO 3166-2:GB-ENG, Angleterre)."@fr . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of foreign instance ISO 3166-2:GB-ENG."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance ISO 3166-2:GB-ENG."@fr . . "Anglais"@fr . "English"@en . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . "Indicates a subject's identification with or labelling as English as an inherited national identity."@en . "Indique qu'un sujet s'identifie \u00E0 ou s'est vu assigner un h\u00E9ritage national anglais."@fr . . . . "Deprecated in favour of foreign instance ISO 3166-2:GB-ENG."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance ISO 3166-2:GB-ENG."@fr . . "Anglais"@fr . "English"@en . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . . "Indicates a subject's identification with or labelling as English as a national identity."@en . "Indique qu'un sujet s'identifie \u00E0 ou s'est vu assigner une identit\u00E9 nationale anglaise."@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Anglais"@fr . "English"@en . . "\"The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England, who speak the English language. The English identity is of early medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn (\"family of the Angles\"). Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD. England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes Anglais sont les habitants de l\u2019Angleterre. Le nom anglais les d\u00E9signant est English, il est toujours employ\u00E9 au pluriel pour d\u00E9signer collectivement tous les Anglais (un Anglais = an Englishman, une Anglaise = an Englishwoman). Il y a beaucoup de th\u00E9ories sur le peuplement de l\u2019Angleterre. \u00C0 cause d'un \u00E9cart \"celtique-germanique\" sur les \u00EEles-britanniques, les historiens consid\u00E8rent que l\u2019Angleterre a \u00E9t\u00E9 peupl\u00E9e lors des invasions du Ve et VIe si\u00E8cles par des peuples germaniques, ce qu'on appelle les Anglo-Saxons : c'est-\u00E0-dire essentiellement des Angles, des Jutes et des Saxons).Certains n\u00E9anmoins, comme Stephen Oppenheimer, proposent que la diff\u00E9rence g\u00E9n\u00E9tique et culturelle entre les Anglais et les autres peuples britanniques s'est produite juste apr\u00E8s le retrait du glacier qui se trouvait sur l'ensemble de la Grande-Bretagne. Cela signifierait que, contrairement \u00E0 ce que l'on pense g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement, les Anglais sont aussi natifs que les Gallois et que les \u00C9cossais.[r\u00E9f. souhait\u00E9e] Bien qu'il arrive assez souvent que certaines personnes utilisent le terme \"Anglais\" pour d\u00E9signer plus largement les Britanniques, cet usage est incorrect puisque le Royaume-Uni est bien compos\u00E9 de quatre nations : l'Angleterre, le Pays de Galles, l'\u00C9cosse et l'Irlande du Nord. Selon une \u00E9tude britannique men\u00E9e \u00E0 la fin des ann\u00E9es 2000 par l'ONS (Office of National Statistics), l'homme anglais mesure en moyenne 175,3 cm (5ft 9in) pour un poids moyen de 83,6 kg (13.16 stone). La femme anglaise mesure en moyenne 161,6 cm (5ft 3in) pour un poids moyen de 70,2 kg (11 stone).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "engraver"@en . . "wood engraver"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance entrepreneurial."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance entreprenariat."@fr . . "entrepreneurial industrialism"@en . "entrepreneuriat industriel"@fr . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "entreprenariat"@fr . "entrepreneurial"@en . "ENTREPRENEURIAL-INDUSTRIALIST"@en . "Cette classe comprend les propri\u00E9taires de grandes entreprises comme les usines, les individus qui soutiennent ces entreprises en y investissant des fonds, ou plus particuli\u00E8rement les femmes et les filles de ces derniers, telles que Elizabeth Montagu ou Beatrice Webb, pour les p\u00E9riodes historiques anciennes au cours desquelles les les agents \u00E9conomiques \u00E9taient rarement des femmes."@fr . "This class comprises the owners of large-scale enterprises such as factories, those who back such enterprises through investing money, or especially in the earlier historical periods when women were rarely economic agents, the wives and daughters of those who do, for instance, Elizabeth Montagu or Beatrice Webb.(Brown, 2006)"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "environmentalism"@en . "\u00C9cologisme"@fr . . "climate activist"@en . "ecologist"@en . "environmentalist"@en . "green"@en . "nature conservationist"@en . "\"Environmentalism or environmental rights is a broad philosophy, ideology, and social movement regarding concerns for environmental protection and improvement of the health of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the concerns of non-human elements. Environmentalism advocates the lawful preservation, restoration and/or improvement of the natural environment, and may be referred to as a movement to control pollution or protect plant and animal diversity. For this reason, concepts such as a land ethic, environmental ethics, biodiversity, ecology, and the biophilia hypothesis figure predominantly. At its crux, environmentalism is an attempt to balance relations between humans and the various natural systems on which they depend in such a way that all the components are accorded a proper degree of sustainability. The exact measures and outcomes of this balance is controversial and there are many different ways for environmental concerns to be expressed in practice. Environmentalism and environmental concerns are often represented by the color green, but this association has been appropriated by the marketing industries for the tactic known as greenwashing. Environmentalism is opposed by anti-environmentalism, which says that the Earth is less fragile than some environmentalists maintain, and portrays environmentalism as overreacting to the human contribution to climate change or opposing human advancement.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'\u00E9cologisme, ou environnementalisme, est \u00E0 la fois un courant de pens\u00E9e (id\u00E9ologie ou philosophie), un corpus de valeurs et de propositions incluant notamment celles du mouvement \u00E9cologiste. L'orientation de l'activit\u00E9 politique ou parapolitique vise au respect, \u00E0 la protection, la pr\u00E9servation ou la restauration de l'environnement dans une forme tr\u00E8s pouss\u00E9e. James Lovelock, p\u00E8re de la th\u00E9orie Ga\u00EFa, est l'un des repr\u00E9sentants les plus c\u00E9l\u00E8bres de cette doctrine. Ce mouvement \u00E9co-centrique a comme projet la conservation de la nature et le \u00ABrespect\u00BB des \u00E9quilibres naturels. L'environnementalisme et le mouvement \u00E9cologiste ont parmi leurs priorit\u00E9s : la conservation des ressources naturelles, la pr\u00E9servation de la \u00ABvie sauvage\u00BB (wilderness), la lutte contre la d\u00E9gradation, la fragmentation et la destruction des habitats et des \u00E9cosyst\u00E8mes au sens le plus large. Ils d\u00E9finissent de nouveaux rapports territoriaux dans les milieux habit\u00E9s par l'humain, dont les milieux urbains consid\u00E9r\u00E9s comme les habitats potentiels de substitution et comme cadre de vie d'une part grandissante de l'humanit\u00E9. Ces diff\u00E9rentes demandes sociales et politiques, ou m\u00EAme protestations s'expriment d\u00E8s le d\u00E9but du XXe si\u00E8cle : en 1902, une convention internationale pour la protection des oiseaux utiles \u00E9tait sign\u00E9e entre 11 pays d'Europe, et en 1913, le congr\u00E8s de Berne r\u00E9clamait une \u00ABProtection mondiale de la nature\u00BB, principalement du constat de la d\u00E9gradation de la nature par l'homme, notamment par la chasse et la surexploitation de la nature, puis par la pollution et la destruction \u00E0 grande \u00E9chelle de milieux naturels (for\u00EAts tropicales) notamment.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . "environmental causes"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "equine activity"@en . "clerk of the course"@en . "dressage"@en . "horse breeder"@en . "horse racing"@en . "horse trainer"@en . "horsebreaker"@en . "horseman"@en . "horsemaster"@en . "horsewoman"@en . "racehorse owner"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "erotic relationship"@en . . . . . . . . "ethnic identity"@en . "ethnicit\u00E9"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "ethnic identity of"@en . . . . . . . . "ethnic identity (reported)"@en . "ethnicit\u00E9 (d\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "ethnic identity (reported) of"@en . . . . . . . . "ethnic identity (self-reported)"@en . "ethnicit\u00E9 (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "ethnic identity (self-reported) of"@en . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Eug\u00E9nisme"@fr . "eugenics"@en . . "eugenicist"@en . "\"Eugenics (/ju\u02D0\u02C8d\u0292\u025Bn\u026Aks/; from Greek \u03B5\u1F50\u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03AE\u03C2 eugenes \"well-born\" from \u03B5\u1F56 eu, \"good, well\" and \u03B3\u03AD\u03BD\u03BF\u03C2 genos, \"race, stock, kin\") is a set of beliefs and practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of the human population. It is a social philosophy advocating the improvement of human genetic traits through the promotion of higher rates of sexual reproduction for people with desired traits (positive eugenics), or reduced rates of sexual reproduction and sterilization of people with less-desired or undesired traits (negative eugenics), or both. Alternatively, gene selection rather than \"people selection\" has recently been made possible through advances in genome editing (e.g. CRISPR). The exact definition of eugenics has been a matter of debate since the term was coined. The definition of it as a \"social philosophy\"\u2014that is, a philosophy with implications for social order\u2014is not universally accepted, and was taken from Frederick Osborn's 1937 journal article \"Development of a Eugenic Philosophy\". While eugenic principles have been practiced as far back in world history as Ancient Greece, the modern history of eugenics began in the early 20th century when a popular eugenics movement emerged in the United Kingdom and spread to many countries, including the United States, Canada and most European countries. In this period, eugenic ideas were espoused across the political spectrum. Consequently, many countries adopted eugenic policies meant to improve the genetic stock of their countries. Such programs often included both \"positive\" measures, such as encouraging individuals deemed particularly \"fit\" to reproduce, and \"negative\" measures such as marriage prohibitions and forced sterilization of people deemed unfit for reproduction. People deemed unfit to reproduce often included people with mental or physical disabilities, people who scored in the low ranges of different IQ tests, criminals and deviants, and members of disfavored minority groups. The eugenics movement became negatively associated with Nazi Germany and the Holocaust when many of the defendants at the Nuremberg trials attempted to justify their human rights abuses by claiming there was little difference between the Nazi eugenics programs and the US eugenics programs. In the decades following World War II, with the institution of human rights, many countries gradually abandoned eugenics policies, although some Western countries, among them the United States, continued to carry out forced sterilizations. Since the 1980s and 1990s when new assisted reproductive technology procedures became available, such as gestational surrogacy (available since 1985), preimplantation genetic diagnosis (available since 1989) and cytoplasmic transfer (first performed in 1996), fear about a possible future revival of eugenics and a widening of the gap between the rich and the poor has emerged. A major criticism of eugenics policies is that, regardless of whether \"negative\" or \"positive\" policies are used, they are vulnerable to abuse because the criteria of selection are determined by whichever group is in political power. Furthermore, negative eugenics in particular is considered by many to be a violation of basic human rights, which include the right to reproduction. Another criticism is that eugenic policies eventually lead to a loss of genetic diversity, resulting in inbreeding depression instead due to a low genetic variation.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'eug\u00E9nisme peut \u00EAtre d\u00E9fini comme l'ensemble des m\u00E9thodes et pratiques visant \u00E0 intervenir sur le patrimoine g\u00E9n\u00E9tique de l'esp\u00E8ce humaine, dans le but de le faire tendre vers un id\u00E9al d\u00E9termin\u00E9, du moins tel que con\u00E7u \u00E0 l'\u00E9poque en cours. Il peut \u00EAtre le fruit d'une politique d\u00E9lib\u00E9r\u00E9ment men\u00E9e par un \u00C9tat. Il peut aussi \u00EAtre le r\u00E9sultat collectif d'une somme de d\u00E9cisions individuelles convergentes prises par les futurs parents, dans une culture qui valoriserait la recherche de l'\u00ABenfant parfait\u00BB. Le terme eugenics a \u00E9t\u00E9 employ\u00E9 pour la premi\u00E8re fois en 1883 par le scientifique britannique Francis Galton. Les travaux de celui-ci particip\u00E8rent \u00E0 la constitution et \u00E0 la diffusion de la mouvance eug\u00E9niste. Men\u00E9 par des scientifiques et des m\u00E9decins, le mouvement de promotion de l'eug\u00E9nisme qui se met en place au tournant du XXe si\u00E8cle milite en faveur de politiques volontaristes d'\u00E9radication des caract\u00E8res jug\u00E9s handicapants ou dans le but de favoriser des caract\u00E8res jug\u00E9s b\u00E9n\u00E9fiques. Son influence sur la l\u00E9gislation s'est traduite principalement dans trois domaines : la mise en place de programmes de st\u00E9rilisations contraintes l\u00E0 o\u00F9 la culture dominante le permettait, un durcissement de l'encadrement juridique du mariage et des mesures de restriction ou promotion de tel ou tel type d'immigration. Dans la p\u00E9riode contemporaine, les progr\u00E8s du g\u00E9nie g\u00E9n\u00E9tique et le d\u00E9veloppement des techniques de procr\u00E9ation m\u00E9dicalement assist\u00E9e ont ouvert de nouvelles possibilit\u00E9s m\u00E9dicales (diagnostic pr\u00E9natal, diagnostic pr\u00E9implantatoire\u2026) qui ont nourri les d\u00E9bats \u00E9thiques concernant la convergence des techniques biom\u00E9dicales et des pratiques s\u00E9lectives. Singapour a mis en place, ainsi que la Chine, un syst\u00E8me qualifi\u00E9 d'eug\u00E9niste.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . "Eurasian identity"@en . "identit\u00E9 Eurasian"@fr . "A subclass of textual label, this discursive label reflects the ambiguity of the term Eurasian as associated with different cultural forms. It provides a means of aggregating and searching multiple instances of \"Eurasian\" (e.g. eurasian) cultural identities."@en . "Une sous-classe d'\u00E9tiquettes textuelles, cette \u00E9tiquette discursive refl\u00E8te l'ambiguit\u00E9 du terme \u00ABeurasien\u00B7ne\u00BB. Elle permet de compiler et de rechercher les multiples instances d'identit\u00E9s culturelles \u00ABeurasiennes\u00BB (par exemple eurasien)"@fr . . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance eurasian."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance eurasien."@fr . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "eurasian"@en . "eurasien"@fr . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . "\n \"A Eurasian is a person of mixed Asian and European ancestry. In 19th-century British India, Eurasians \u2014 later called Anglo-Indians \u2014 were of mixed Portuguese, Dutch, British, Indian or, more rarely, French descent, but now their parentage may be from other parts of South, East or Southeast Asia. The term has been used in anthropological literature since the 1960s. It may also be extended to those with Central Asian heritage.\" (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@en . "\u00ABUn\u00B7e Eurasien\u00B7ne e est une personne d'ascendance mixte asiatique et europ\u00E9enne. Dans l'Inde britannique du XIXe si\u00E8cle, les personnes d'ascendance eurasienne (plus tard anglo-indienne) \u00E9taient d'origine mixte portugaise, hollandaise, britannique, indienne ou, plus rarement, fran\u00E7aise, mais leur ascendance pouvait provenir d'autres r\u00E9gions de l'Asie du Sud, de l'Est ou du Sud-Est. Le terme est utilis\u00E9 en anthropologie depuis les ann\u00E9es 1960. Il peut \u00E9galement \u00EAtre \u00E9tendu aux personnes poss\u00E9dant des origines d'Asie centrale.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "eurasian"@en . "eurasien"@fr . . "\n \"A Eurasian is a person of mixed Asian and European ancestry. In 19th-century British India, Eurasians \u2014 later called Anglo-Indians \u2014 were of mixed Portuguese, Dutch, British, Indian or, more rarely, French descent, but now their parentage may be from other parts of South, East or Southeast Asia. The term has been used in anthropological literature since the 1960s. It may also be extended to those with Central Asian heritage.\" (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@en . "\u00ABUn\u00B7e Eurasien\u00B7ne e est une personne d'ascendance mixte asiatique et europ\u00E9enne. Dans l'Inde britannique du XIXe si\u00E8cle, les personnes d'ascendance eurasienne (plus tard anglo-indienne) \u00E9taient d'origine mixte portugaise, hollandaise, britannique, indienne ou, plus rarement, fran\u00E7aise, mais leur ascendance pouvait provenir d'autres r\u00E9gions de l'Asie du Sud, de l'Est ou du Sud-Est. Le terme est utilis\u00E9 en anthropologie depuis les ann\u00E9es 1960. Il peut \u00E9galement \u00EAtre \u00E9tendu aux personnes poss\u00E9dant des origines d'Asie centrale.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "European"@en . "Europ\u00E9en"@fr . . "\n \"The ethnic groups in Europe are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various ethnic groups that reside in the nations of Europe. According to German monograph Minderheitenrechte in Europa co-edited by Pan and Pfeil (2002) there are 87 distinct peoples of Europe, of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities. The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans.\" (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@en . "\n Les Europ\u00E9ens sont les habitants de l'Europe. Au sens anthropologique, ils peuvent, plus simplement, \u00EAtre d\u00E9sign\u00E9s par leur couleur de peau, c'est-\u00E0-dire comme \u00ABBlancs\u00BB, bien que ce dernier terme soit moins pr\u00E9cis car n'\u00E9tant pas exclusif aux populations europ\u00E9ennes. Du fait de la colonisation et de l'\u00E9migration europ\u00E9ennes durant les si\u00E8cles pass\u00E9s, de nombreux Europ\u00E9ens ont quitt\u00E9 l'Europe, et le monde d'aujourd'hui se caract\u00E9rise par une 'diaspora' europ\u00E9enne dans de nombreux pays (Am\u00E9rique du Nord, Australie, Nouvelle-Z\u00E9lande, pays du Sud de l'Am\u00E9rique latine\u2026), qui forment le monde occidental. Ce gentil\u00E9 peut aussi d\u00E9signer, selon une conception strictement g\u00E9ographique, les habitants du continent europ\u00E9en ; on peut plus rarement d\u00E9signer comme Europ\u00E9ens les citoyens de l'Union europ\u00E9enne (m\u00EAme si tout Europ\u00E9en n'est pas n\u00E9cessairement citoyen de l'Union Europ\u00E9enne).\n Wikip\u00E9dia\n "@fr . . . . . . "European"@en . "Europ\u00E9en"@fr . "Indicates a subject's identity or labelling as of European national heritage."@en . "indique l'identit\u00E9 ou l'\u00E9tiquetage d'un sujet \u00E0 l'h\u00E9ritage national europ\u00E9en."@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "European"@en . ""@fr . "Indicates a subject's identification with or labelling as European as a national identity."@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Evangelicalism"@en . "\u00E9vang\u00E9lisme"@fr . . "Evangelical"@en . "Evangelical Christian"@en . "Evangelical Church"@en . "Evangelical Protestantism"@en . "Evangelicism"@en . "\"Evangelicalism (/\u02CCi\u02D0v\u00E6n\u02C8d\u0292\u025Bl\u026Ak\u0259l\u02CC\u026Az\u0259m/, /\u02CC\u025Bv\u0259n/-), Evangelical Christianity, or Evangelical Protestantism is a worldwide, transdenominational movement within Protestant Christianity maintaining that the essence of the gospel consists in the doctrine of salvation by grace through faith in Jesus Christ's atonement. Evangelicals believe in the centrality of the conversion or \"born again\" experience in receiving salvation, in the authority of the Bible as God's revelation to humanity, and spreading the Christian message. The movement gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the Great Awakenings in the United Kingdom and North America. The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to English Methodism, the Moravian Church (in particular the theology of its bishop Nicolaus Zinzendorf), and German Lutheran Pietism. Today, Evangelicals may be found in many of the Protestant branches, as well as in Protestant denominations not subsumed to a specific branch. Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Billy Graham, Harold John Ockenga, John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones. There are an estimated 285 million Evangelicals, comprising 13.1% of the total Christian population and 4.1% of the total world population. The Americas, Africa and Asia are home to the majority of Evangelicals. The United States has the largest concentration of Evangelicals. Evangelicalism, a major part of popular Protestantism, is among the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world, alongside resurgent Islam. While on the rise globally, the developing world is particularly influenced by its spread.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABL'\u00E9vang\u00E9lisme, plus couramment nomm\u00E9 christianisme \u00E9vang\u00E9lique ou protestantisme \u00E9vang\u00E9lique, est une partie importante du christianisme. Cet ensemble r\u00E9unit des confessions chr\u00E9tiennes initialement inspir\u00E9es par la R\u00E9forme protestante dans diverses \u00C9glises. Le terme \u00AB \u00E9vang\u00E9lique \u00BB est au d\u00E9part un simple adjectif d\u00E9coulant du mot \u00C9vangile. Les \u00E9vang\u00E9liques se reconnaissent comme issus de la R\u00E9forme protestante, mais ils ont parfois \u00E9t\u00E9 rejet\u00E9s par les autres protestants ; ce fut le cas du baptisme \u00E0 partir de 1609, du pentec\u00F4tisme \u00E0 partir de 1906, entre autres\u2026 Les \u00E9glises issues de l'\u00E9vang\u00E9lisme sont toutefois nombreuses aujourd'hui \u00E0 avoir adh\u00E9r\u00E9 au Conseil \u0153cum\u00E9nique des \u00C9glises. Les chr\u00E9tiens \u00E9vang\u00E9liques ont essentiellement en commun l'importance cruciale qu'ils accordent \u00E0 la conversion individuelle relevant d'un choix personnel et, \u00E0 la suite, de l'exp\u00E9rience religieuse de la \u00AB rencontre avec le Christ \u00BB. Ceci implique donc un changement de vie et une relation individuelle avec Dieu s'articulant en toute connaissance de cause autour de la lecture de la Bible et de la communion par la pri\u00E8re (personnelle ou en communaut\u00E9). Le premier point de distinction d'une \u00E9glise chr\u00E9tienne \u00E9vang\u00E9lique est la nouvelle naissance (conversion personnelle) et le bapt\u00EAme du croyant (adulte). Selon les chiffres du Pew Research Center, en 2011, le mouvement (comprenant le baptisme, pentec\u00F4tisme, mouvement charismatique \u00E9vang\u00E9lique, mouvement n\u00E9o-charismatique et christianisme non-d\u00E9nominationnel) compte 656 millions de croyants.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "event of"@en . . . "Associates an event with a subject or an event with another event."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "event organizer"@en . "bazaar organizer"@en . "community organizer"@en . "entertainment organizer"@en . "exhibition organizer"@en . "festival organizer"@en . "organizer"@en . "peace congress organizer"@en . "poetry organizer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "demonstration organiser"@en . "local organiser"@en . "organized evening lectures for women"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "exhibitions"@en . "exhibition organiser"@en . "exhibitor"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "bbc drama producer"@en . "governor of the bbc"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Existentialisme"@fr . "existentialism"@en . . "existentialist"@en . "\"Existentialism (/\u025B\u0261z\u026A\u02C8st\u025Bn\u0283\u0259l\u026Az\u0259m/) is a term applied to the work of certain late-19th- and 20th-century European philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, shared the belief that philosophical thinking begins with the human subject\u2014not merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual. While the predominant value of existentialist thought is commonly acknowledged to be freedom, its primary virtue is authenticity. In the view of the existentialist, the individual's starting point is characterized by what has been called \"the existential attitude\", or a sense of disorientation and confusion in the face of an apparently meaningless or absurd world. Many existentialists have also regarded traditional systematic or academic philosophies, in both style and content, as too abstract and remote from concrete human experience. S\u00F8ren Kierkegaard is generally considered to have been the first existentialist philosopher, though he did not use the term existentialism. He proposed that each individual\u2014not society or religion\u2014is solely responsible for giving meaning to life and living it passionately and sincerely, or \"authentically\". Existentialism became popular in the years following World War II, and strongly influenced many disciplines besides philosophy, including theology, drama, art, literature, and psychology.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'existentialisme est un courant philosophique ainsi que litt\u00E9raire qui postule que l'\u00EAtre humain forme l'essence de sa vie par ses propres actions, celles-ci n'\u00E9tant pas pr\u00E9d\u00E9termin\u00E9es par des doctrines th\u00E9ologiques, philosophiques ou morales. L'existentialisme consid\u00E8re chaque personne comme un \u00EAtre unique ma\u00EEtre de ses actes, de son destin et des valeurs qu'il d\u00E9cide d'adopter. Bien qu'il existe des tendances communes entre les penseurs existentialistes, des diff\u00E9rences subsistent : il y a notamment un foss\u00E9 entre les existentialistes ath\u00E9es comme Jean-Paul Sartre et les philosophes existentiels chr\u00E9tiens comme S\u00F8ren Kierkegaard, Paul Tillich ou Gabriel Marcel, sans oublier la philosophie juive de l'existence de Martin Buber et Emmanuel Levinas ou encore musulmane d'Abdennour Bidar. Certains auteurs tels que Albert Camus ou Martin Heidegger ont m\u00EAme refus\u00E9 d'\u00EAtre \u00E9tiquet\u00E9s comme existentialistes. Sartre a livr\u00E9 quant \u00E0 lui sa propre d\u00E9finition et conception de l'existentialisme et a donn\u00E9 une conf\u00E9rence sur le sujet : L'existentialisme est un humanisme.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "explicit allusion"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "explorer"@en . "adventurer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "extent"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "extent of"@en . . . . "1762" . . . "A Description of Millenium Hall" . . "Sarah" . "Scott" . . "Sarah Scott" . . "Peterborough, ON, Canada" . "Broadview Press" . "Gary" . "Kelly" . . "Gary Kelly" . . . . . ""@fr . "factory worker"@en . "assembly line worker"@en . "factory hand"@en . "factory work"@en . "kiln fireman"@en . "mill worker"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "black borderer"@en . "worked briefly at a wine bottling plant"@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "faith healing"@en . . "faith-healing"@en . "\"Faith healing is the ritualistic practice of prayer and gestures (such as laying on of hands) that are claimed to elicit divine intervention in spiritual and physical healing, especially the Christian practice. Believers assert that the healing of disease and disability can be brought about by religious faith through prayer and/or other rituals that, according to adherents, stimulate a divine presence and power. Belief in such divine intervention is derived from religious belief. Claims \"attributed to a myriad of techniques\" such as prayer, divine intervention, or the ministrations of an individual healer can cure illness have been popular throughout history. There have been claims that faith can cure blindness, deafness, cancer, AIDS, developmental disorders, anemia, arthritis, corns, defective speech, multiple sclerosis, skin rashes, total body paralysis, and various injuries. Miraculous recoveries have been attributed to many techniques commonly classified as faith healing. It can involve prayer, a visit to a religious shrine, or simply a strong belief in a supreme being. Many people interpret the Bible, especially the New Testament, as teaching belief in, and the practice of, faith healing. According to a Newsweek poll, 72 percent of Americans say they believe that praying to God can cure someone, even if science says the person doesn't stand a chance. Unlike faith healing, advocates of spiritual healing make no attempt to seek divine intervention, instead believing in divine energy. The increased interest in alternative medicine at the end of the 20th century has given rise to a parallel interest among sociologists in the relationship of religion to health. Faith healing can be classified as a spiritual, supernatural, or paranormal event, and, in some cases, belief in faith healing can be classified as magical thinking. The American Cancer Society states \"available scientific evidence does not support claims that faith healing can actually cure physical ailments.\" \"Death, disability, and other unwanted outcomes have occurred when faith healing was elected instead of medical care for serious injuries or illnesses.\" When parents use faith healing in the place of medical care, some children have died that otherwise would have been expected to live. Similar results are found in adults.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "familial influence"@en . . . . . . . "family based occupation"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "family-based occupation of"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "farming"@en . "agricultural adviser"@en . "agriculturalist"@en . "apricot ranch"@en . "beekeeper"@en . "cattle breeder"@en . "cattleman"@en . "corn inspector"@en . "dairy farmer"@en . "dairying"@en . "farm labour"@en . "farm labourer"@en . "farm manager"@en . "farm worker"@en . "farmer"@en . "farmers"@en . "fruit farmer"@en . "fruit picker"@en . "husbandman"@en . "part time farmer"@en . "pig breeder"@en . "pig farmer"@en . "ranch hand"@en . "rancher"@en . "sheep breeder"@en . "shepherd"@en . "smallholder"@en . "sugar planter"@en . "tenant farmer"@en . "yeoman farmer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Fascisme"@fr . "fascism"@en . . "fascist"@en . "fascist party"@en . "pro-fascist"@en . "\"Fascism /\u02C8f\u00E6\u0283\u026Az\u0259m/ is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe, influenced by national syndicalism. Fascism originated in Italy during World War I and spread to other European countries. Fascism opposes liberalism, Marxism and anarchism and is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left\u2013right spectrum. Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought massive changes in the nature of war, society, the state, and technology. The advent of total war and total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilian and combatant. A \"military citizenship\" arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war. The war had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the front lines and providing economic production and logistics to support them, as well as having unprecedented authority to intervene in the lives of citizens. Fascists believe that liberal democracy is obsolete, and they regard the complete mobilization of society under a totalitarian one-party state as necessary to prepare a nation for armed conflict and to respond effectively to economic difficulties. Such a state is led by a strong leader\u2014such as a dictator and a martial government composed of the members of the governing fascist party\u2014to forge national unity and maintain a stable and orderly society. Fascism rejects assertions that violence is automatically negative in nature, and views political violence, war, and imperialism as means that can achieve national rejuvenation. Fascists advocate a mixed economy, with the principal goal of achieving autarky through protectionist and interventionist economic policies. Since the end of World War II in 1945, few parties have openly described themselves as fascist, and the term is instead now usually used pejoratively by political opponents. The descriptions neo-fascist or post-fascist are sometimes applied more formally to describe parties of the far right with ideologies similar to, or rooted in, 20th century fascist movements.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe terme fascisme (prononc\u00E9 [fa.\u0283ism], calque de la prononciation italienne [fa\u02C8\u0283izmo] ; ou plus rarement [fa.sism]) s'applique au sens \u00E9troit \u00E0 la p\u00E9riode mussolinienne de l'histoire italienne et au sens large \u00E0 un syst\u00E8me politique aux caract\u00E9ristiques inspir\u00E9es par l'exemple italien mais qui a pu prendre des aspects diff\u00E9rents selon les pays. Des d\u00E9bats existent entre les historiens quant \u00E0 la qualification de certains r\u00E9gimes (France de Vichy, Espagne franquiste...). Le terme m\u00EAme (en italien fascismo) vient du mot \u00ABfascio\u00BB (\u00ABfaisceau\u00BB) d\u00E9signant le rassemblement des fusils au repos ou l'attribut du licteur dans la Rome antique. La diff\u00E9rence entre fascisme et totalitarisme fait l'objet de nombreux d\u00E9bats. Le fascisme est un syst\u00E8me politique autoritaire qui associe populisme, nationalisme et totalitarisme au nom d'un id\u00E9al collectif supr\u00EAme. \u00C0 la fois r\u00E9volutionnaire et conservateur, il s'oppose frontalement \u00E0 la d\u00E9mocratie parlementaire et \u00E0 l'\u00C9tat lib\u00E9ral garant des droits individuels. Issu de diverses composantes de la philosophie europ\u00E9enne du XIXe si\u00E8cle, le fascisme a trouv\u00E9 dans les circonstances \u00E9conomiques et historiques de l'apr\u00E8s-premi\u00E8re guerre mondiale le contexte qui lui a permis d'acc\u00E9der au pouvoir, d'abord en Italie dans les ann\u00E9es 1920 avec Mussolini, puis sous une variante accentu\u00E9e, militariste et terroriste, en Allemagne dans les ann\u00E9es 1930 avec le nazisme et Hitler. Niant l'individu et la d\u00E9mocratie au nom de la masse incarn\u00E9e dans un chef providentiel, le fascisme embrigade les groupes sociaux (jeunesse, milices) et justifie la violence d'\u00C9tat men\u00E9e contre les opposants assimil\u00E9s \u00E0 des ennemis int\u00E9rieurs, l'unit\u00E9 de la nation devant d\u00E9passer et r\u00E9soudre les antagonismes des classes sociales dans un parti unique. Dans le domaine \u00E9conomique, l'\u00E9tat conduit une politique dirigiste mais maintient la propri\u00E9t\u00E9 priv\u00E9e et capitaliste.En m\u00EAme temps il rejette la notion d'\u00E9galit\u00E9 au nom d'un ordre hi\u00E9rarchique naturel : il d\u00E9finit un \u00ABhomme nouveau\u00BB, un id\u00E9al de puret\u00E9 nationale et raciale qui nourrit en particulier l'antis\u00E9mitisme, l'homophobie, l'exclusion des personnes atteintes d'un handicap et exalte les corps r\u00E9g\u00E9n\u00E9r\u00E9s ainsi que les vertus de la terre, du sang et de la tradition, tout comme il affirme une hi\u00E9rarchie entre les peuples forts et les peuples faibles qui doivent \u00EAtre soumis. De fa\u00E7on g\u00E9n\u00E9rale le fascisme exalte la force et s'appuie sur les valeurs traditionnelles de la masculinit\u00E9, rel\u00E9guant les femmes dans leur r\u00F4le maternel. Il c\u00E9l\u00E8bre dans cet esprit les vertus guerri\u00E8res en d\u00E9veloppant une esth\u00E9tique h\u00E9ro\u00EFque et grandiose. R\u00E9v\u00E9lateur d'une crise de la modernit\u00E9 et luttant contre le sentiment de d\u00E9cadence de la civilisation, le fascisme s'appuie aussi sur la mystique romantique du pass\u00E9 et sur l'\u00E9motion collective qu'il met en sc\u00E8ne dans la th\u00E9\u00E2tralit\u00E9 dynamique d'une religion civile (culte du chef, uniformes, rassemblements, propagande) et suscite ainsi une fascination id\u00E9ologique et esth\u00E9tique av\u00E9r\u00E9e. Dans son acception la plus large, le terme est employ\u00E9 pour disqualifier l'ennemi politique (par exemple par les Sovi\u00E9tiques durant la Guerre froide ou certains partis politiques sur l'\u00E9chiquier politique dans les d\u00E9mocraties lib\u00E9rales), cependant, le fascisme est encore revendiqu\u00E9 par certaines mouvances d'extr\u00EAme droite (les n\u00E9ofascistes).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "fashion"@en . "fashion buyer"@en . "fashion consultant"@en . "fashion designer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "leader of fashion"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "fatalism"@en . "fatalisme"@fr . . "Necessarian"@en . "fatalist"@en . "\"Fatalism is a philosophical doctrine stressing the subjugation of all events or actions to fate. Fatalism generally refers to any of the following ideas: 1. * The view that we are powerless to do anything other than what we actually do. Included in this is that man has no power to influence the future, or indeed, his own actions. This belief is very similar to predeterminism. 2. * An attitude of resignation in the face of some future event or events which are thought to be inevitable. Friedrich Nietzsche named this idea with \"Turkish fatalism\" in his book The Wanderer and His Shadow. 3. * That acceptance is appropriate, rather than resistance against inevitability. This belief is very similar to defeatism.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe fatalisme (mot form\u00E9 \u00E0 partir du latin fatum : le \u00AB destin \u00BB) est une doctrine selon laquelle le monde dans son ensemble, et l'existence humaine en particulier, suivent une marche in\u00E9luctable (fatalit\u00E9), o\u00F9 le cours des \u00E9v\u00E9nements \u00E9chappe \u00E0 la volont\u00E9 humaine. De ce point de vue, le destin serait fix\u00E9 d\u2019avance par une puissance sup\u00E9rieure aux \u00EAtres humains, qui peut \u00EAtre Dieu, ou bien la n\u00E9cessit\u00E9 naturelle, ou encore les lois gouvernant l\u2019histoire. Du point de vue moral, le fatalisme est un d\u00E9terminisme ou un pr\u00E9d\u00E9terminisme, selon lequel les causes du cours des \u00E9v\u00E9nements sont ind\u00E9pendantes de la volont\u00E9 humaine, ce qui revient \u00E0 nier \u00E0 premi\u00E8re vue la libert\u00E9 de choix de l\u2019homme. Dans un sens affaibli, le fatalisme peut d\u00E9signer une attitude ponctuelle, \u00E0 savoir le d\u00E9faitisme ou le pessimisme de celui qui, se sentant vou\u00E9 \u00E0 l'\u00E9chec, laisse le destin suivre son cours et abandonne le combat, ou quitte une situation d\u00E9licate en baissant les bras.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "father"@en . . . . . . "father of"@en . "p\u00E8re de"@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "fellow"@en . "creative writing fellow"@en . "creative writing fellowships"@en . "fellow of the royal society"@en . "visiting fellow"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "compton fellow of creative writing"@en . "creative writing fellowship"@en . "fellow of king's college"@en . "fellow of the institute of hospital administration"@en . "fellow student at the regent street polytechnic"@en . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Woman/Female."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance Femme/Femelle."@fr . . "Female"@en . "Femelle"@fr . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "F\u00E9minisme"@fr . "feminism"@en . . "Equality Feminism"@en . "New Woman"@en . "Women's Liberation"@en . "activist for women and children"@en . "advocate of female education"@en . "anti-sexist"@en . "contraceptionist"@en . "feminist"@en . "feminist movement"@en . "feminist reformer"@en . "gender egalitarian"@en . "lobby for the rights of women"@en . "maternal feminist"@en . "moderate feminist"@en . "non-separatist feminist"@en . "political issues concerning women"@en . "proto-feminist"@en . "proto-feminist consciousness"@en . "sexual egalitarian"@en . "women's cause"@en . "women's issues"@en . "women's movement"@en . "women's rights"@en . "women's rights activist"@en . . . "\"Feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve political, economic, personal, and social rights for women that are equal to those of men. This includes seeking to establish equal opportunities for women in education and employment. Feminist movements have campaigned and continue to campaign for women's rights, including the right to vote, to hold public office, to work, to earn fair wages or equal pay, to own property, to receive education, to enter contracts, to have equal rights within marriage, and to have maternity leave. Feminists have also worked to promote bodily autonomy and integrity, and to protect women and girls from rape, sexual harassment, and domestic violence. Feminist campaigns are generally considered to be one of the main forces behind major historical societal changes for women's rights, particularly in the West, where they are near-universally credited with having achieved women's suffrage, gender neutrality in English, reproductive rights for women (including access to contraceptives and abortion), and the right to enter into contracts and own property. Although feminist advocacy is, and has been, mainly focused on women's rights, some feminists, including bell hooks, argue for the inclusion of men's liberation within its aims because men are also harmed by traditional gender roles. Feminist theory, which emerged from feminist movements, aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by examining women's social roles and lived experience; it has developed theories in a variety of disciplines in order to respond to issues concerning gender. Numerous feminist movements and ideologies have developed over the years and represent different viewpoints and aims. Some forms of feminism have been criticized for taking into account only white, middle class, and educated perspectives. This criticism led to the creation of ethnically specific or multicultural forms of feminism, including black feminism and intersectional feminism.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe f\u00E9minisme est un ensemble de mouvements et d'id\u00E9es politiques, philosophiques et sociales, qui partagent un but commun : d\u00E9finir, \u00E9tablir et atteindre l'\u00E9galit\u00E9 politique, \u00E9conomique, culturelle, personnelle, sociale et juridique entre les femmes et les hommes. Le f\u00E9minisme a donc pour objectif d'abolir, dans ces diff\u00E9rents domaines, les in\u00E9galit\u00E9s homme-femme dont les femmes sont les principales victimes, et ainsi de promouvoir les droits des femmes dans la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 civile et dans la sph\u00E8re priv\u00E9e. Si le terme \u00ABf\u00E9minisme\u00BB ne prend son sens actuel qu'\u00E0 la fin du XIXe si\u00E8cle, les id\u00E9es de lib\u00E9ration de la femme prennent leurs racines dans le si\u00E8cle des Lumi\u00E8res et se r\u00E9clament de mouvements plus anciens ou de combats men\u00E9s dans d'autres contextes historiques. L'objectif principal de la premi\u00E8re vague f\u00E9ministe est de r\u00E9former les institutions, de sorte que les hommes et les femmes deviennent \u00E9gaux devant la loi : droit \u00E0 l'\u00E9ducation, droit au travail, droit \u00E0 la ma\u00EEtrise de leurs biens et droit de vote des femmes constituent les revendications principales de cette p\u00E9riode. Le mouvement f\u00E9ministe a produit une grande diversit\u00E9 d'analyses sociologiques et philosophiques. La deuxi\u00E8me vague f\u00E9ministe, qui intervient \u00E0 la fin des ann\u00E9es 1960 avec la naissance du Mouvement de lib\u00E9ration des femmes (MLF) et du Women's Lib, a ainsi \u00E9labor\u00E9 plusieurs concepts qui entendent rendre compte de la sp\u00E9cificit\u00E9 du rapport de domination exerc\u00E9 sur les femmes. C'est \u00E0 cette p\u00E9riode qu'est reformul\u00E9 le concept de patriarcat, \u00E9labor\u00E9 celui de sexisme et que l'accent est mis sur la sph\u00E8re priv\u00E9e comme lieu privil\u00E9gi\u00E9 de la domination masculine : le \u00ABpriv\u00E9 est politique\u00BB. Les revendications touchant au contr\u00F4le de leur corps par les femmes (avortement, contraception) sont plac\u00E9es au premier plan mais, plus largement, c'est \u00E0 la construction de nouveaux rapports sociaux de sexe qu'appellent les f\u00E9ministes de cette deuxi\u00E8me vague. Dans cette perspective, la notion de \u00ABgenre\u00BB entend \u00ABd\u00E9naturaliser\u00BB les rapports entre les sexes. Sous le nom de troisi\u00E8me vague f\u00E9ministe, on d\u00E9signe \u00E0 partir des ann\u00E9es 1990, un large ensemble de revendications exprim\u00E9es par des militantes f\u00E9ministes issues de groupes minoritaires, dans le sillage du Black feminism.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . "advocate for women's education"@en . "worked devotedly for the society for promoting the employment of women"@en . "worked to establish pay equity"@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "feminist anti-violence activism"@en . "f\u00E9minisme contre la violence"@fr . "against violence to women"@en . "anti-female-genital-mutilation"@en . . "Activism opposing violence from a feminist perspective, often but not exclusively violence against women and children, including sexual and domestic violence and female genital mutilation."@en . "Lutte contre la violence dans une perspection f\u00E9ministe, souvent mais non exclusivement dans le cadre des violences envers les femmes et les enfants, incuant les violences sexuelles et conjugales et les mutilations g\u00E9nitales f\u00E9minines."@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "feminist internationalism"@en . "f\u00E9minisme internationaliste"@fr . . . . "Feminist participant in the internationalism movement. See Internationalism (politics) - Wikipedia"@en . "F\u00E9minisme en lien avec le mouvement internationaliste. Voir Internationalisme \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "feminist pacifism"@en . "f\u00E9minisme pacifiste"@fr . . . . . "Feminist participant in the pacifist movement. See Internationalism (politics) - Wikipedia Also see: Pacifism - Wikipedia"@en . "F\u00E9minisme en lien avec le mouvement pacifiste. Voir Pacifisme \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Cinqui\u00E8mes Monarchistes"@fr . "Fifth Monarchists"@en . . . . "\"The Fifth Monarchists or Fifth Monarchy Men were active from 1649 to 1660 during the Interregnum, following the English Civil Wars of the 17th century. They took their name from a prophecy in the Book of Daniel that four ancient monarchies (Babylonian, Persian, Macedonian, and Roman) would precede the kingdom of Christ. They also referred to the year 1666 and its relationship to the biblical Number of the Beast indicating the end of earthly rule by carnal human beings. They were one of a number of nonconformist dissenting groups that emerged around this time.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLes hommes de la Cinqui\u00E8me Monarchie, ou Cinqui\u00E8mes Monarchistes (Fifth Monarchy Men ou Fifth Monarchists en anglais) sont une faction id\u00E9ologique de la Premi\u00E8re R\u00E9volution anglaise, active de 1649 \u00E0 1661. Ils tiennent leur nom de leur croyance en la fondation prochaine d'un royaume plan\u00E9taire par J\u00E9sus retournant sur terre.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "film industry"@en . "continuity clerk"@en . "documentarian"@en . "documentary film maker"@en . "documentary maker"@en . "film actor"@en . "film assistant"@en . "film director"@en . "film extra"@en . "film maker"@en . "film performer"@en . "film producer"@en . "film stand in"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "finance"@en . "bank clerk"@en . "bank director"@en . "bank employee"@en . "bank manager"@en . "bank president"@en . "banker"@en . "clerk in a bank"@en . "financial manager"@en . "financier"@en . "investment banker"@en . "merchant banker"@en . "money lender"@en . "ship broker"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "director and chairman of the bank of new zealand"@en . "director of the bank of england"@en . "teller at the bank of england"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "firefighter"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "fire watcher"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "first aid"@en . "first aid work"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "fisherman"@en . "fish handler"@en . "fisherwoman"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "fishmonger"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Flandre"@fr . "Flemish"@en . . "\"The Flemish or Flemings (Dutch: Vlamingen) are a Germanic ethnic group, who speak Flemish Dutch. They are mostly found in the contemporary region of Flanders. They are one of two principal ethnic groups in Belgium, the other being the French-speaking Walloons. The Flemings make up the majority of the Belgian population (about 60%). Historically, all inhabitants of the medieval County of Flanders were called Flemings, irrespective of the language spoken. The contemporary region of Flanders comprises a part of this historical county, as well as parts of the medieval duchy of Brabant and the medieval county of Loon.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLa \u00AB Flandre \u00BB ou les \u00AB Flandres \u00BB est un toponyme \u00E0 la source de confusions et de d\u00E9bats d\u00FB \u00E0 ses multiples usages pour d\u00E9finir au fil du temps des zones g\u00E9ographiquement, politiquement, historiquement, linguistiquement et ethniquement diff\u00E9rentes. Les occupants successifs de ce territoire ont nomm\u00E9 de la m\u00EAme mani\u00E8re des entit\u00E9s diverses et des formes diff\u00E9rentes d'une unique entit\u00E9, ce qui entra\u00EEne des divergences de perception aussi bien pour ses habitants que pour les \u00E9trangers. Ces derniers ont pr\u00E9f\u00E9r\u00E9 occulter leurs origines flamandes et se d\u00E9finir comme :\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . "Florentin"@fr . "Florentine"@en . "Indicates a subject's identification with or labelling as Florentine as a national identity."@en . "Indique qu'un sujet s'identifie \u00E0 ou s'est vu assigner une identit\u00E9 nationale florentine."@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "food distribution"@en . "food distributor"@en . "food supplier"@en . "provision merchant"@en . "provisioner"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . "Deprecated, with no current equivalence."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver sans \u00E9quivalence."@fr . . . "anc\u00EAtre de"@fr . "forebear of"@en . . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "foster-parent"@en . "foster mother"@en . "foster parent"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "founder"@en . "church founder"@en . "college founder"@en . "company founder"@en . "founder of arts centre"@en . "founder of benefit society"@en . "founder of chapel"@en . "founder of charitable organization"@en . "founder of club"@en . "founder of college"@en . "founder of convent"@en . "founder of educational organization"@en . "founder of literary prize"@en . "founder of literary society"@en . "founder of prostitutes' home"@en . "founder of relief organization"@en . "founder of savings bank"@en . "founder of woman's refuge"@en . "founder of women's organization"@en . "founder of writer' centre"@en . "health society founder"@en . "hospice founder"@en . "hospital founder"@en . "library founder"@en . "magazine founder"@en . "newspaper founder"@en . "nursing home founder"@en . "orphanage founder"@en . "periodical founder"@en . "refuge founder"@en . "school founder"@en . "society founder"@en . "sunday school founder"@en . "theatre founder"@en . "university founder"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "charity founder"@en . "co founder of arlen house press"@en . "co founder of, and remained closely involved in, the writers' action group"@en . "educational institution founder"@en . "founded"@en . "founded a discussion society for ladies"@en . "founder of charitable society"@en . "founder of school"@en . "founder of schools"@en . "founder of the key west writers' workshop"@en . "founder of the magazines vanity fair and the lady"@en . "founder or co founder"@en . "founding directors"@en . "founding member of the london bach choir"@en . "founding the irish confederation"@en . "literary society founder"@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "free trade movement"@en . "mouvement pour le libre-\u00E9change"@fr . . "free trader"@en . "\"Free Trader was a political label used in the United Kingdom by several candidates in the 1906 general election and January 1910 general election. Its candidates were in university constituencies, led by John Eldon Gorst, who had been previously elected as a Conservative Party but had split from the party in 1902. The group was in favour of limited social reforms, and in particular of free trade. While several of its candidates received substantial votes, none were elected, and in 1910 Gorst stood instead as a Liberal Party candidate, the remainder of the grouping soon petering out.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Freemasonry"@en . "franc-ma\u00E7onnerie"@fr . . "Freemason"@en . "\"Freemasonry or Masonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by Craft (or Blue Lodge) Freemasonry. Members of these organisations are known as Freemasons or Masons. There are additional degrees, which vary with locality and jurisdiction, and are usually administered by different bodies than the craft degrees. The basic, local organisational unit of Freemasonry is the Lodge. The Lodges are usually supervised and governed at the regional level (usually coterminous with either a state, province, or national border) by a Grand Lodge or Grand Orient. There is no international, worldwide Grand Lodge that supervises all of Freemasonry; each Grand Lodge is independent, and they do not necessarily recognise each other as being legitimate. Modern Freemasonry broadly consists of two main recognition groups. Regular Freemasonry insists that a volume of scripture is open in a working lodge, that every member profess belief in a Deity, that no women are admitted, and that the discussion of religion and politics is banned. Continental Freemasonry is now the general term for the \"liberal\" jurisdictions who have removed some, or all, of these restrictions.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe mot franc-ma\u00E7onnerie d\u00E9signe un ensemble d'espaces de sociabilit\u00E9 s\u00E9lectifs, form\u00E9 de ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes historiques et sociaux tr\u00E8s divers. Le recrutement des membres est fait par cooptation et pratique des rites initiatiques se r\u00E9f\u00E9rant \u00E0 un secret ma\u00E7onnique et \u00E0 l'art de b\u00E2tir.Difficilement tra\u00E7able historiquement, la franc-ma\u00E7onnerie semble appara\u00EEtre en 1598 en \u00C9cosse (Statuts Schaw), puis en Angleterre au XVIIe si\u00E8cle. Elle se d\u00E9crit, suivant les \u00E9poques, les pays et les formes, comme une \u00AB association essentiellement philosophique et philanthropique \u00BB, comme un \u00AB syst\u00E8me de morale illustr\u00E9 par des symboles \u00BB ou comme un \u00AB ordre initiatique \u00BB. Organis\u00E9e en ob\u00E9diences depuis 1717 \u00E0 Londres, la franc-ma\u00E7onnerie dite \u00AB sp\u00E9culative \u00BB \u2014 c'est-\u00E0-dire philosophique \u2014 fait r\u00E9f\u00E9rence aux rites des Anciens Devoirs de la \u00AB ma\u00E7onnerie \u00BB dite \u00AB op\u00E9rative \u00BB form\u00E9e par les corporations de b\u00E2tisseurs qui \u00E9difi\u00E8rent, entre autres, les cath\u00E9drales. Elle prodigue un enseignement \u00E9sot\u00E9rique progressif \u00E0 l'aide de symboles et de rituels. Elle encourage ses membres \u00E0 \u0153uvrer pour le progr\u00E8s de l'humanit\u00E9, laisse \u00E0 chacun le soin d'interpr\u00E9ter ces mots. Sa vocation se veut universelle, bien que ses pratiques et ses modes d'organisation soient extr\u00EAmement variables selon les pays et les \u00E9poques. Elle s'est structur\u00E9e au fil des si\u00E8cles autour d'un grand nombre de rites et de traditions, ce qui a entra\u00EEn\u00E9 la cr\u00E9ation d'une multitude d'ob\u00E9diences, qui ne se reconnaissent pas toutes entre elles. Elle a toujours fait l'objet de nombreuses critiques et d\u00E9nonciations, aux motifs tr\u00E8s variables selon les \u00E9poques et les pays. Une discipline de r\u00E9flexion porte sur la franc-ma\u00E7onnerie : la ma\u00E7onnologie.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "freethought"@en . "libre-pens\u00E9e"@fr . . "free-thinker"@en . "sceptic"@en . "\"Freethought or free thought is a philosophical viewpoint which holds that positions regarding truth should be formed on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism, rather than authority, tradition, revelation, or other dogma. The cognitive application of freethought is known as \"freethinking\", and practitioners of freethought are known as \"freethinkers\". The term first came into use in the 17th century to indicate people who inquired into the basis of traditional religious beliefs.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLa libre-pens\u00E9e ou libre pens\u00E9e est une attitude qui consiste \u00E0 refuser tout dogmatisme religieux, philosophique ou autre, et \u00E0 se fier principalement \u00E0 ses propres exp\u00E9riences et raison (rationalisme, empirisme) pour penser ou juger, quitte \u00E0 jouer d'opportunisme. De la Gr\u00E8ce antique \u00E0 la Chine de la dynastie Song en passant par la Perse m\u00E9di\u00E9vale, l'histoire de la libre-pens\u00E9e trouve sa richesse au travers de diverses \u00E9poques et civilisations. Un auteur typique de la libre-pens\u00E9e est Fran\u00E7ois Rabelais. En tant que mouvement culturel, dans le monde francophone la libre-pens\u00E9e est principalement issue des d\u00E9veloppements de la R\u00E9volution fran\u00E7aise. Par nature contestataire, l'opposition en particulier aux autorit\u00E9s et dogmes religieux y est centrale, surtout dans l'acception moderne du terme (ainsi qu'anglophone (en)). Les libres-penseurs peuvent \u00EAtre ath\u00E9es, agnostiques, d\u00E9istes, anarchistes (ou libertaires) et rationalistes.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "French nationalism"@en . "Nationalisme en France"@fr . . . "\"French nationalism is the nationalism that asserts that the French are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of the French.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe nationalisme en France est apparu au cours du XVIIIe si\u00E8cle dans la bourgeoisie, sous la plume des philosophes des Lumi\u00E8res. Le nationalisme signifiait pour eux, \u00E0 cette \u00E9poque, que c'est le peuple qui incarne le pays, par opposition \u00E0 la vision de l'ancien r\u00E9gime pour lequel le pays est incarn\u00E9 par le Roi de France. Au XIXe si\u00E8cle, le nationalisme devient une opposition aux autres nations, voire aux autres peuples, cette id\u00E9e prenant clairement forme \u00E0 la fin de ce si\u00E8cle, dans les mouvements politiques entrant en jeu dans le syst\u00E8me d\u00E9mocratique fran\u00E7ais, est n\u00E9e en 1870, avec la Troisi\u00E8me R\u00E9publique. \u00C0 cette \u00E9poque, tous les partis manifestent ostensiblement de telles id\u00E9es nationalistes et anti-allemandes : la Prusse venait de gagner une guerre et avait pris l'Alsace-Lorraine.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "frigidity"@en . "frigidit\u00E9"@fr . "frigid"@en . "Frigidity labels a female subject as sexually withdrawn or unenthusiastic (read: non-consenting) in relation to the sexual advance, usually of men within a heterosexual framework, and suggests a lack of pleasure from sexual activities. Unlike asexual and celibate, this term is often ascribed to women, as opposed to self-referential. The term \"frigid\" was coined in the 1920s by sexologists (Sex and Society, Vol. 1, 285). Its use in discourse surrounding female sexuality is waning."@en . "La frigidit\u00E9 est attribu\u00E9e aux femmes qui se montrent distantes ou peu enthousiastes (comprendre non consentantes) face aux avances sexuelles, le plus souvent de la part d'hommes dans un cadre h\u00E9t\u00E9ronorm\u00E9, et sugg\u00E8re un manque de plaisir associ\u00E9 aux pratiques sexuelles. Contrairement \u00E0 l'asexualit\u00E9 et au c\u00E9libat, ce terme est souvent assign\u00E9 \u00E0 des femmes, et n'est donc pas autor\u00E9f\u00E9rentiel. Le terme \u00ABfrigide\u00BB a \u00E9t\u00E9 formul\u00E9 dans les ann\u00E9es 20 par des sexologues (Sex and Society, Vol. 1, 285). Son usage est en d\u00E9clin dans les discours \u00E0 propos de la sexualit\u00E9 f\u00E9minine."@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "fundraiser"@en . "educational fundraiser"@en . "fundraising"@en . "hospital fundraiser"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Gael"@en . "Gael"@fr . . "highland"@en . . "\n \"The Gaels (English pronunciation: /\u0261e\u02D0l\u02E0/; Irish: Na Gaeil; Scottish Gaelic: Na G\u00E0idheil), also known as Goidels, are an ethnolinguistic group indigenous to northwestern Europe. They are associated with the Gaelic languages; a branch of the Celtic languages comprising Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic. Other ethnonyms historically associated with the Gaels include Irish and Scots, but the scope of those nationalities is today more complex. Gaelic language and culture originated in Ireland, extending to D\u00E1l Riata in southwest Scotland. In the Middle Ages, it became dominant throughout Scotland and the Isle of Man also. However, in most areas, the Gaels were gradually anglicized and the Gaelic languages supplanted by English. The modern descendants of the Gaels have spread throughout much of Great Britain and as far as the Americas and Oceania.\" (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@en . "\n \u00ABLes Gaels ou Goidels \u00E9taient un peuple celtique implant\u00E9 dans les \u00EEles Britanniques (principalement en \u00C9cosse, en Irlande et sur l'\u00EEle de Man) lors de la p\u00E9riode protohistorique. Les Gaels auraient donn\u00E9 leur nom aux diff\u00E9rents peuples ga\u00E9liques et \u00E0 la famille des langues ga\u00E9liques. Le nom \u00AB Gael \u00BB a \u00E9t\u00E9 adopt\u00E9 en 1810 \u00E0 partir du ga\u00E9lique \u00E9cossais Gaidheal (en irlandais Gael et vieil irlandais Goidhel-Go\u00EDdeleg) pour d\u00E9signer un montagnard (EOD). Gael ou Go\u00EDdeleg ont d'abord \u00E9t\u00E9 utilis\u00E9s comme un terme g\u00E9n\u00E9rique pour d\u00E9crire les habitants d'Irlande. Dans son \u0153uvre, Celtic Culture: Aberdeen breviary-celticism, John T. Koch , professeur de langue et litt\u00E9rature celtiques pr\u00E9cise que la racine de ce mot correspond au vieil irlandais, f\u00EDad, au vieux breton, guoid, et au moyen gallois, g\u0175yh, tous signifiant sauvage, et donc Gael signifierait peuple de la for\u00EAt ou sauvages. Beaucoup de personnes qui ne parlent pas le ga\u00E9lique se consid\u00E8rent comme Gaels dans un sens plus large, en raison de leur ascendance historique et de leur h\u00E9ritage.\u00BB(DBpedia, 2017)\n "@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "gambling"@en . "gambler"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "stock exchange gambler"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "gardener"@en . "garden design"@en . "gardening"@en . "hedge setter"@en . "horticulturalist"@en . "horticulturist"@en . "landscape gardener"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "gastronome"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Mouvement LGBT"@fr . "gay rights movement"@en . . "gay rights advocate"@en . "pro-sexual preference"@en . . "\"Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) social movements are social movements that advocate for the equalized acceptance of LGBT people in society. In these movements, LGBTQ people and their allies have a long history of campaigning for what is now generally called LGBTQ rights, sometimes also called gay rights or gay and lesbian rights. Although there is not a primary or an overarching central organisation that represents all LGBT people and their interests, numerous LGBT rights organisations are active worldwide. The earliest organisations to support LGBT rights were formed in the 19th century. A commonly stated goal among these movements is social equality for LGBT people. Some have also focused on building LGBT communities or worked towards liberation for the broader society from biphobia, homophobia, and transphobia. LGBT movements organized today are made up of a wide range of political activism and cultural activity, including lobbying, street marches, social groups, media, art, and research.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe mouvement lesbien, gay, bisexuel et transsexuel (LGBT) d\u00E9signe l'ensemble des mouvements et actions individuelles ou collectives qui cherchent \u00E0 faire \u00E9voluer la perception sociale des minorit\u00E9s sexuelles, de l'homosexualit\u00E9, de la bisexualit\u00E9 et de la transsexualit\u00E9. Un objectif fr\u00E9quemment avanc\u00E9 par ces mouvements est l'\u00E9galit\u00E9 des droits civils et sociaux pour les personnes LGBT et, parfois, la construction de communaut\u00E9s LGBT ou la lib\u00E9ration de l'ensemble de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 de la biphobie, de l'homophobie et de la transphobie. Il n'existe pas d'organisation qui regroupe l'ensemble des LGBT et de nombreuses structures existent dans diff\u00E9rents pays \u00E0 travers le monde. Le mouvement se concr\u00E9tise notamment par des actions militantes, culturelles et artistiques ou des manifestations de rue telle que la Marche des fiert\u00E9s.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . "gender identity"@en . "genre"@fr . . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance man."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance homme."@fr . . "homme/m\u00E2le"@fr . "man/male"@en . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . . . . . ""@fr . "gender identity of"@en . . . . . . . . "gender identity (reported)"@en . "genre (d\u00E9clar\u00E9)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "gender identity (reported) of"@en . . . . . . . . "gender identity (self-reported)"@en . "genre (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "gender identity (self-reported) of"@en . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance trans man/trans male."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance homme trans."@fr . . "Homme Trans"@fr . "Transman/Transmale"@en . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance trans woman/trans female."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance femme trans."@fr . . "Femme Trans"@fr . "Transwoman/Transfemale"@en . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance woman."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance femme."@fr . . "Femme/Femelle"@fr . "Woman/Female"@en . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "gendered political activity"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "genealogist"@en . "family genealogist"@en . "genealogical scholar"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "generic range includes"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "gentleman"@en . "country gentleman"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "aristocratie"@fr . "gentry"@en . . "GENTRY"@en . "gentility"@en . "L'appartenance \u00E0 l'aristocratie indique la possession d'une propri\u00E9t\u00E9, sous la forme de terres, d'actions ou d'obligations. Elle \u00ABindique d'abord la possession d'armes et d'armoiries, mais se distingue de la noblesse car les biens financiers ne sont pas n\u00E9cessairement li\u00E9s \u00E0 un sang ou un titre nobles. Les gentlemen d\u00E9sint\u00E9ress\u00E9s font partie de cette classe (i.e. Mr Bennett dans Jane Austen).\u00BB Les gentlewomen appartiennent \u00E9galement \u00E0 cette classe, y compris dans le cas o\u00F9 elles sont entretenues par un p\u00E8re ou un fr\u00E8re au lieu d'\u00EAtre propri\u00E9taires, ou lorsqu'elles se retrouvent en difficult\u00E9, c'est-\u00E0-dire pass\u00E9es \u00E0 un \u00E9tat de pr\u00E9carit\u00E9 financi\u00E8re, comme c'est le cas de Jane Eyre ou la Jane Fairfax de Austen."@fr . "Membership in the gentry indicates property-ownership or relation to the same; property can be land or stocks and bonds. It \"begins in the idea of owning arms and having a coat of arms, but is distinguished from nobility insofar as money is not necessarily related to blood and title. Disinterested gentlemen are of this class (i.e. Mr. Bennett in Jane Austen).\"(Brown, 2006) Gentlewomen belong to this class, even though they may not themselves own much property but instead be supported by a father or brother, or they may be distressed, which is to say, impoverished gentlewomen, as in the case of Jane Eyre or Austen's Jane Fairfax."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "geographer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . . . "geographic heritage"@en . "un h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique"@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "geographic heritage of"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "geographic heritage (reported)"@en . "un h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique (d\u00E9clar\u00E9)"@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "geographic heritage (reported) of"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "geographic heritage (self-reported)"@en . "un h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9)"@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "geographic heritage (self-reported) of"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "geologist"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "German nationalism"@en . "nationalisme allemand"@fr . . "pro-German"@en . . "\"German nationalism is the idea that asserts that Germans are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Germans. The earliest origins of German nationalism began with the birth of Romantic nationalism during the Napoleonic Wars when Pan-Germanism started to rise. Advocacy of a German nation began to become an important political force in response to the invasion of German territories by France under Napoleon. After the rise and fall of Nazi Germany during World War II, German nationalism has been generally viewed in the country as taboo. However, during the Cold War, German nationalism arose that supported the reunification of East and West Germany that was achieved in 1990. German nationalism has faced difficulties in promoting a united German identity as well as facing opposition within Germany. The Catholic-Protestant divide in Germany at times created extreme tension and hostility between Catholic and Protestant Germans after 1871, such as in response to the policy of Kulturkampf in Prussia by German Chancellor and Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck, that sought to dismantle Catholic culture in Prussia, provoking outrage amongst Germany's Catholics and resulting in the rise of the pro-Catholic Centre Party and the Bavarian People's Party. There have been rival nationalists within Germany, particularly Bavarian nationalists who claim that the terms that Bavaria entered into Germany in 1871 were controversial and have claimed the German government has long intruded into the domestic affairs of Bavaria. Outside of modern-day Germany in Austria, there are Austrian nationalists who have rejected unification of Austria with Germany on the basis of preserving Austrians' Catholic religious identity from the potential danger posed by being part of a Protestant-majority Germany.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Gironde (R\u00E9volution fran\u00E7aise)"@fr . "Girondin"@en . . "\"The Girondins or Girondists were members of the Gironba, a political group operating in France from 1791 to 1795 during the French Revolution. The Girondins were active within the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention. They were part of the Jacobin movement, though not every Girondin was a member of the Jacobin Club. The Girondins campaigned for the end of the monarchy but then resisted the spiraling momentum of the Revolution. They came into conflict with The Mountain (Montagnards), a radical faction within the Jacobin Club. This conflict eventually led to the fall of the Girondins and their mass execution, the beginning of the Reign of Terror. The Girondins comprised a group of loosely affiliated individuals rather than an organized political party, and the name was at first informally applied because the most prominent exponents of their point of view were deputies to the Legislative Assembly from the department of Gironde in southwest France. The term became standard with Lamartine's history in 1847. Girondin leader Jacques-Pierre Brissot proposed an ambitious military plan to spread the Revolution\u2014one that Napoleon later achieved. He called on the Convention to dominate Western Europe by conquering the Rhineland, Poland, and Holland, with a goal of creating a protective ring of satellite republics in Britain, Spain and Italy by 1795. The Girondins were thus the war party in 1792\u201393. Other prominent Girondins included Jean Marie Roland and his wife Madame Roland. They had an ally in the English-born, sometime American, activist Thomas Paine. Brissot and Madame Roland were executed and Jean Roland (who had gone into hiding) committed suicide when he learned what had transpired. Paine was arrested and imprisoned but narrowly escaped execution. The famous painting Death of Marat depicts the killing of the fiery radical journalist (and denouncer of the Girondins) Jean-Paul Marat by the Girondin sympathizer Charlotte Corday, who was executed.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABCertains Girondins, comme Condorcet, Brissot, Roland, Guadet, Vergniaud, Isnard, Ducos et Buzot \u00E9taient des r\u00E9publicains convaincus. Ses membres, pour la plupart inscrits au club des Jacobins \u00E0 Paris ou en province, constituaient l'aile la plus avanc\u00E9e de l'Assembl\u00E9e l\u00E9gislative, avant de repr\u00E9senter l'aile droite de la Convention nationale face aux Montagnards, qui \u00E9taient en force parmi les d\u00E9put\u00E9s de Paris, et incarn\u00E9s par les figures de Robespierre, Danton ou Marat. Les affrontements violents entre Girondins et Montagnards dominent les premiers mois de la Convention.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "glass worker"@en . "glass stainer"@en . "glassworks"@en . "glazier"@en . "stained glass designer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "glover"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Gnosticism"@en . "gnosticisme"@fr . . "\"Gnosticism (from Ancient Greek: \u03B3\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC\u03C2 gnostikos, \"having knowledge\", from \u03B3\u03BD\u1FF6\u03C3\u03B9\u03C2 gn\u014Dsis, knowledge) is a modern term categorizing a collection of ancient religions whose adherents shunned the material world \u2013 which they viewed as created by the demiurge \u2013 and embraced the spiritual world. Gnostic ideas influenced many ancient religions that teach that gnosis (variously interpreted as knowledge, enlightenment, salvation, emancipation or 'oneness with God') may be reached by practicing philanthropy to the point of personal poverty, sexual abstinence (as far as possible for hearers, entirely for initiates) and diligently searching for wisdom by helping others. However, practices varied among those who were Gnostic. In Gnosticism, the world of the demiurge is represented by the underworld, which is associated with flesh, time, and more particularly, the imperfect ephemeral world. The world of God is represented by the upper world and is associated with the soul and perfection. The world of God is eternal and not part of the physical. It is impalpable and timeless. Gnosticism is primarily defined in a Christian context. In the past, some scholars thought that gnosticism predated Christianity and included pre-Christian religious beliefs and spiritual practices argued to be common to early Christianity, Neoplatonism, Hellenistic Judaism, Greco-Roman mystery religions, and Zoroastrianism (especially Zurvanism). The discussion of gnosticism changed radically with the discovery of the Nag Hammadi library and led to a revision of older assumptions. To date, no pre-Christian gnostic texts have been found, and gnosticism as a unique and recognizable belief system is considered to be a second century (or later) development.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe gnosticisme est un syst\u00E8me de pens\u00E9e dualiste qui regroupe des doctrines vari\u00E9es du bassin m\u00E9diterran\u00E9en et du Moyen-Orient qui se caract\u00E9risent g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement par l'affirmation que les \u00EAtres humains sont des \u00E2mes divines emprisonn\u00E9es dans un monde mat\u00E9riel cr\u00E9\u00E9 par un dieu mauvais ou imparfait appel\u00E9 D\u00E9miurge ou Yahv\u00E9. Le mouvement connut son apog\u00E9e au cours du IIe si\u00E8cle. Le D\u00E9miurge, repr\u00E9sent\u00E9 sous la forme d'un archange, est consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme l'incarnation du mal ou comme un cr\u00E9ateur bon mais imparfait. A l'oppos\u00E9 de cette divinit\u00E9 cr\u00E9atrice n\u00E9faste, il existe un autre \u00EAtre supr\u00EAme plus \u00E9loign\u00E9 (Dieu) incarnant le bien. Ainsi, aux yeux des adeptes du gnosticisme, l'homme est prisonnier du temps, de son corps, de son \u00E2me inf\u00E9rieure et du monde ; ils en concluent : \u00AB Je suis au monde, mais je ne suis pas de ce monde \u00BB ; de ce point de vue, le monde et l'existence dans le monde appara\u00EEtront mauvais parce qu'ils sont m\u00E9lange de deux natures et de deux mondes d'\u00EAtres contraires et inconciliables. Les adeptes du gnosticisme opposent l\u2019Esprit et la mati\u00E8re et par cons\u00E9quent Dieu et l\u2019homme. Le gnosticisme ne doit pas \u00EAtre confondu avec la gnose chr\u00E9tienne avec laquelle il est en totale opposition. Contrairement aux adeptes du gnosticisme, les gnostiques chr\u00E9tiens d\u00E9fendus par les p\u00E8res de l'\u00C9glise croient que, par la connaissance de soi, l'homme peut trouver Dieu en lui. La mati\u00E8re (le corps, le monde, etc.) ne sont pas rejet\u00E9s ; au contraire, l'acceptation de la mati\u00E8re participe \u00E0 la transformation int\u00E9rieure du fid\u00E8le et \u00E0 sa divinisation (Theosis). D'inspiration chr\u00E9tienne, le gnosticisme fut qualifi\u00E9 d'h\u00E9r\u00E9sie par les P\u00E8res de l'\u00C9glise de ce qui allait devenir la \u00AB Grande \u00C9glise \u00BB chr\u00E9tienne. Ir\u00E9n\u00E9e de Lyon, dans la deuxi\u00E8me moiti\u00E9 du IIe si\u00E8cle dans sa D\u00E9nonciation et r\u00E9futation de la gnose au nom menteur (ou Contre les h\u00E9r\u00E9sies) en a laiss\u00E9 le t\u00E9moignage antique le plus important et le nom qui leur restera. Il est possible que certains de ces groupes aient revendiqu\u00E9 le terme de gnostique. Mais celui-ci d\u00E9signe \u00E9galement les P\u00E8res de l'\u00C9glise qui les ont combattus. La confusion est rest\u00E9e dans l'historiographie gnos\u00E9ologique, et le mot gnostique est encore employ\u00E9 pour d\u00E9signer les adeptes dualistes du gnosticisme. Jusqu'au milieu du XXe si\u00E8cle on ne disposait que de tr\u00E8s peu de sources directes sur les gnostiques dualistes, celles-ci ayant \u00E9t\u00E9 falsifi\u00E9es ou d\u00E9truites. Les principaux t\u00E9moignages sur les adeptes du gnosticisme viennent de leurs d\u00E9tracteurs. La d\u00E9couverte en 1945 de la Biblioth\u00E8que de Nag Hammadi (avec une premi\u00E8re traduction compl\u00E8te en 1977), dont l'\u00E9vangile de Judas fait partie, a permis de renouveler la recherche sur le sujet. Les sectes gnostiques dualistes disparurent presque compl\u00E8tement \u00E0 partir du IIIe si\u00E8cle, mais leurs doctrines influenc\u00E8rent d'autres religions comme le Manich\u00E9isme, le marcionisme et le catharisme.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "goldsmith"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "governess"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "government"@en . "elected"@en . "government adviser"@en . "representative"@en . "served in the legislature"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "government fishery advisor"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "government official"@en . "civic work"@en . "civil servant"@en . "coroner"@en . "county court bailiff"@en . "custos rotulorum"@en . "distributor of stamps"@en . "exchequer clerk"@en . "government employee"@en . "health officer"@en . "local government clerk"@en . "member of the indian civil service"@en . "poor law guardian"@en . "prison governor"@en . "prison guard"@en . "queen's champion"@en . "queen's messenger"@en . "registrar"@en . "registrar of births and deaths"@en . "resident magistrate"@en . "sanitary inspector"@en . "secretary to parliamentary commission"@en . "senior civil servant"@en . "sequestrator"@en . "sheriff clerk"@en . "town planner"@en . "traffic superintendent"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "deputy director of the women's branch of the ministry of agriculture"@en . "deputy keeper of her majesty's records"@en . "deputy theatre censor"@en . "director general of the tapu land registry"@en . "east india company officer"@en . "magistrate for the county of middlesex"@en . "master of the savoy"@en . "secretary of the fine arts commission"@en . "secretary of the royal united service institution"@en . "secretary to the lord keeper of the great seal of england"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "governor general"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "governor general of canada"@en . "governor general of india"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "grandchild"@en . . . . . . . "grandchild of"@en . "petit enfant de"@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "granddaughter"@en . . . . . . . "granddaughter of"@en . "petite fille de"@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "grandfather"@en . . . . . . . "grand-p\u00E8re de"@fr . "grandfather of"@en . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "grandmother"@en . . . . . . . "grand-m\u00E8re de"@fr . "grandmother of"@en . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "grandparent"@en . . . . . . . "grandparent de"@fr . "grandparent of"@en . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "grandson"@en . . . . . . . "grandson of"@en . "petit fils de"@fr . . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Greek nationalism"@en . "nationliste grec"@fr . . . "\"Greek nationalism (or Hellenic nationalism) refers to the nationalism of Greeks and Greek culture. As an ideology, Greek nationalism originated and evolved in pre-modern times. It became a major political movement beginning in the 18th century, which culminated in the Greek War of Independence (1821\u20131829) against the Ottoman Empire. It became a potent movement in Greece shortly prior to, and during World War I under the leadership of nationalist figure Eleutherios Venizelos who pursued the Megali Idea and managed to liberate Greece in the Balkan Wars and after World War I, briefly annexed the region of Izmir before it was retaken by Turkey. Today Greek nationalism remains important in the Greco-Turkish dispute over Cyprus.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "grocer"@en . "royal grocer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "guardian"@en . . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "guardian of"@en . "tuteur (\u2011trice) / gardien (ne)"@fr . . . ""@en . "Une personne plac\u00E9 en charge du bienfait d'un personne mineure."@fr . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Guelfes et gibelins"@fr . "Guelph party (Florence)"@en . . "Guelph"@en . "The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor, respectively, in the Italian city-states of Central and Northern Italy. During the 12th and 13th centuries, rivalry between these two parties formed a particularly important aspect of the internal politics of medieval Italy. The struggle for power between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire had arisen with the Investiture Controversy, which began in 1075 and ended with the Concordat of Worms in 1122. The division between the Guelphs and Ghibellines in Italy, however, persisted until the 15th century."@en . "\u00ABLes guelfes et les gibelins sont deux factions (parti ou, plus souvent, brigate ou sette) m\u00E9di\u00E9vales qui s'oppos\u00E8rent militairement, politiquement et culturellement dans l'Italie des Duecento et Trecento. \u00C0 l'origine, elles soutenaient respectivement deux dynasties qui se disputaient le tr\u00F4ne du Saint-Empire : la pars Guelfa appuyait les pr\u00E9tentions de la dynastie des \u00ABWelfs\u00BB et de la papaut\u00E9, puis de la maison d'Anjou, la pars Gebellina, celles des Hohenstaufen, et au-del\u00E0 celles du Saint-Empire. Conflit en apparence limit\u00E9 au Saint-Empire, l'opposition entre Guelfes et Gibelins va se transporter dans diverses parties d'Europe, principalement dans les villes de la p\u00E9ninsule italienne. Dans cette bipolarisation, parfois surestim\u00E9e, les all\u00E9geances dynastiques sont parfois secondaires, les adh\u00E9sions fluctuantes, et il faut attendre le r\u00E8gne de Fr\u00E9d\u00E9ric II pour que papaut\u00E9 et empire deviennent des symboles forts de ralliement et que se construise une v\u00E9ritable division antith\u00E9tique. Ce clivage trouve des manifestations dans le domaine civique et religieux et cristallise les tensions entre les villes italiennes, au sein de leurs \u00E9lites et parfois entre la ville et son contado. L'\u00E9cho du conflit se manifeste \u00E0 des \u00E9poques ult\u00E9rieures, en rev\u00EAtant de nouveaux caract\u00E8res et en stigmatisant des oppositions id\u00E9ologiques nouvelles.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "haberdasher"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "habitation"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "half-brother"@en . . . . "Comment: This term is a CWRC-specific addition not in the original Orlando tag set."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "half-brother of"@en . . . . . . "Comment: This term is a CWRC-specific addition not in the original Orlando tag set."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "half-sibling"@en . . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "half-sibling of"@en . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "half-sister"@en . . . . "Comment: This term is a CWRC-specific addition not in the original Orlando tag set."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "half-sister of"@en . . . . . . "Comment: This term is a CWRC-specific addition not in the original Orlando tag set."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "handwriting expert"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Hanoverian"@en . "Maison de Hanovre"@fr . . "House of Hanover"@en . "\"The House of Hanover is a German royal dynasty that ruled the Electorate and then the Kingdom of Hanover, and that also provided monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland from 1714 and ruled the United Kingdom until the death of Queen Victoria in 1901. The House of Hanover was formally named the House of Brunswick-L\u00FCneburg, Hanover line, as it was originally a cadet branch of the House of Brunswick-L\u00FCneburg. The senior branch became extinct in 1884, and the House of Hanover is now the only surviving branch of the House of Welf, which is the senior branch of the House of Este. The current head of the House of Hanover is Ernst August, Prince of Hanover.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLa Maison de Hanovre est une dynastie royale allemande qui a r\u00E9gn\u00E9 sur le duch\u00E9 de Brunswick-Lunebourg (en allemand Braunschweig-L\u00FCneburg), le royaume de Hanovre, le royaume de Grande-Bretagne, puis du Royaume-Uni. Elle succ\u00E8de \u00E0 la Maison Stuart sur le tr\u00F4ne britannique en 1714 et s'y maintient jusqu'\u00E0 la mort de Victoria en 1901. Elle est parfois appel\u00E9e Maison de Brunswick-L\u00FCneburg. \u00C0 la mort de Victoria, le tr\u00F4ne du Royaume-Uni est pass\u00E9 dans la maison de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha en la personne d'\u00C9douard VII du Royaume-Uni, devenue la maison Windsor en 1917.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "Hanoverian"@en . "Hanovrien"@fr . . "Indicates a subject's identification with or labelling as Hanoverian as a national identity. See Hanover - Wikipedia."@en . "Indique qu'un sujet s'identifie \u00E0 ou s'est vu assigner une identit\u00E9 nationale hanovrienne. Voir Hanovre \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia."@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has activist involvement from"@en . . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has activist involvement in"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates the highest level of political involvement in a particular cause. It indicates such activities as suffragists chaining themselves to railings or women camping out at Greenham Common, as well as very active leadership roles in a political organization. Thus Josephine Butler, founder of the Ladies' National Association Against the Contagious Diseases Acts, qualifies as activist for having founded the organization, directed its activities, and for speaking publicly at meetings at considerable personal risk."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has ancestor"@en . . . . "forebear"@en . ""@fr . "Relates a person to an ancestor or forebear, usually at a remove of two generations or more."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has approximate birth date"@en . . . ""@fr . "Provides an approximation of the date on which a person was born."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has approximate death date"@en . . . ""@fr . "Provides an approximation of the date on which a person died."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has aunt"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to the sister of their father or mother, but can also refer to any maternal relationship and need not be restricted to a consanguineal relation."@en . . . . . "a une r\u00E9compense"@fr . "has award"@en . . . "Indicates an award, prize, or recognition that a person has won, such as a literary award or an educational award prize."@en . "Indique une r\u00E9compense, un prix ou une distinction qu'une personne a gagn\u00E9, tel qu'un prix litt\u00E9raire ou un prix d'\u00E9ducation."@fr . . . . . . . . . . "has biographical relation to"@en . "Indicates a relationship or assertion based on an account of the life of a person or persons."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has birth date"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates the date on which a person was born."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has birth place"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates where a person was born."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has birth position"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates a person's birth position relative to their siblings, with accompanying context provided by birth context annotations."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has brother"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to a male-identified sibling. Although the term typically refers to consanguineal relationships, it is often used to describe relationships beyond \"blood ties.\""@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has burial place"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates where a person was buried after death."@en . . . . . "a une cause de d\u00E9c\u00E8s"@fr . "has cause of death"@en . . . "Describes a person's death."@en . "D\u00E9crit le d\u00E9c\u00E8s d'une personne."@fr . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to the Text Encoding Initiative's P5: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange. Equivalent to the certainty element of the Text Encoding Initiative."@en . . ""@fr . "has certainty"@en . . ""@fr . "Associates a level of certainty with an assertion, description, identification, or value."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has child"@en . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to a child, consanguineal or otherwise."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has children"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates the number of the subject's children. Values range from zero upwards, and modes of counting vary according to context because families and reproduction are complex matters. Children need not necessarily be biologically related to the subject: they may be adopted or otherwise considered a person's child. See related property has reproductive history."@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has cohabitant"@en . . . ""@fr . "Describes a relationship of cohabitation which may or may not be an intimate or erotic relationship, since historical evidence with respect to the nature of such relationships is often lacking."@en . . . . . "a un\u00B7e camarade"@fr . "has companion"@en . . . . "Describes a relationship with a person, usually a peer, in the context of the subject's education."@en . "D\u00E9crit la relation du sujet avec une personne, habituellement un\u00B7e camarade, dans le contexte de son \u00E9ducation."@fr . . . . . "comportement contest\u00E9"@fr . "has nonconformant behaviour"@en . . "Describes behaviour, which is perceived as negative, in the context of the subject's education. Often indicative of struggle against systemic discrimination, including within the structures of educational institutions."@en . "D\u00E9crit le comportement, per\u00E7u comme n\u00E9gatif, dans le contexte de l'\u00E9ducation du sujet. Souvent indicateur d'une lutte contre la discrimination syst\u00E9mique, y compris au sein des structures de l'\u00E9ducation insitutionnelle."@fr . . . . ""@fr . "context predicate"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates the version of this predicate associated with context annotations, where such annotations exist."@en . . . . ""@fr . "has continuation"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has cousin"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to the child of their aunt or uncle; a person belonging to the same extended family, consanguineal or otherwise."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has credential"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates an educational credential awarded to a person."@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance has credential."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance ."@fr . . . ""@fr . "has credential in"@en . . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@fr . "Indicates an educational credential awarded to a person."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has credential subject"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates a subject in which a person has pursued or received a degree."@en . . . . "a une forme culturelle"@fr . "has a cultural form"@en . . "Associe des concepts et des cat\u00E9gories sp\u00E9cifiques au processus de formation identitaire par des processus culturels. Les sujets eux-m\u00EAmes peuvent ou ont pu s'approprier de telles associations, ou d'autres personnes les leur ont attribu\u00E9es. Les concepts et les cat\u00E9gories class\u00E9s dans forme culturelle se chevauchent pour les concepts et les \u00E9tiquettes utilis\u00E9s."@fr . "This associates specific concepts and categories with the process of identity formation through cultural processes. Such associations may be or have been embraced by the subject her/himself or attributed by others. The concepts and categories classed as a cultural form are understood to overlap with each other conceptually and in terms of the labels used."@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of object property has a cultural form."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de la propri\u00E9t\u00E9 a une forme culturelle."@fr . . "a une forme culturelle"@fr . "has a cultural form"@en . . "deprecated"@en . "Cette sous-classe de culturalFormation associe des concepts et des cat\u00E9gories sp\u00E9cifiques au processus de formation identitaire \u00E0 travers les processus culturels. Le sujet elle/lui-m\u00EAme peut ou a pu s'approprier de telles associations, ou d'autres personnes les lui ont attribu\u00E9es. Les concepts et les cat\u00E9gories class\u00E9s dans culturalForms se chevauchent en th\u00E9orie et en terme d'\u00E9tiquettes utilis\u00E9s."@fr . "This sub-class of culturalFormation associates specific concepts and categories with the process of identity formation through cultural processes. Such associations may be or have been embraced by the subject her/himself or attributed by others. The concepts and categories classed as culturalForms are understood to overlap with each other conceptually and in terms of the labels used."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has daughter"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to a female-identified child, consanguineal or otherwise."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has death date"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates the date of which a person has died."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has death place"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates where a person has died."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has descendent"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to a descendent, either lineal (that is, descended in a direct line from an ancestor, such as a child, grandchild, great-grandchild and so) or collateral (descended from the line of a brother or sister of a direct ancestor)."@en . . . "Deprecated, with no current equivalence."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver sans \u00E9quivalence."@fr . . . "a une \u00E9ducation"@fr . "has education"@en . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . "Links a person to information about their education in education context."@en . "Relie une personne \u00E0 des renseignements sur son contexte \u00E9ducatif."@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "has emigrant"@en . . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has employee"@en . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has employer"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates a person's employer."@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has erotic relationship with"@en . . . ""@fr . "Describes intimate relationships that are erotic and/or explicitly sexual. Erotic in this context sometimes suggests that sexuality was an issue in the relationship, whether or not it was acted upon. In not wishing to assume that heterosexual relations between sexual partners are the only standard for intimate relationships, we include both erotic and non-erotic relations as central to a subject\u2019s life and use has erotic relationship with to distinguish between the two. See has interpersonal relationship with, has erotic relationship with, has intimate relationship with, has possibly erotic relationship with."@en . . . . . "d'ethnicit\u00E9"@fr . "has ethnic identity"@en . . . . "D\u00E9crit l'ethnicit\u00E9 d'une personne. De m\u00EAme que pour les autres formes culturelles, une m\u00EAme personne peut cumuler plus d'une propri\u00E9t\u00E9 ou description de ce type. Pour plus d'informations sur cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9, voir ethnicit\u00E9"@fr . "Indicates a person's ethnic identity, which may be self-reported or reported by another, with accompanying context, where present, provided by race or ethnicity context annotations. As with other cultural forms, an individual may have more than one property or descriptor of this type. For further information about this property, see ethnicity."@en . . . . . "d'ethnicit\u00E9 (d\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "has ethnic identity (reported)"@en . . . . "D\u00E9crit l'ethnicit\u00E9 d\u00E9clar\u00E9e, accompagn\u00E9e du contexte fourni par les annotations de contexte ethnique ou racial l\u00E0 ou il est disponible. Pour plus d'informations sur cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9, voir ethnicit\u00E9."@fr . "Indicates a person's reported ethnic identity, with accompanying context, where present, provided by race or ethnicity context annotations. For more information on this property, see ethnicity."@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance has ethnic identity (self-reported)."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance d'ethnicit\u00E9 (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)."@fr . . "d'ethnicit\u00E9 (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "has ethnicity (self defined)"@en . . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "d'ethnicit\u00E9 (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "has ethnic identity (self-reported)"@en . . . . "D\u00E9crit l'ethnicit\u00E9 autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e, accompagn\u00E9e du contexte fourni par les annotations de contexte ethnique ou racial l\u00E0 ou il est disponible. Pour plus d'informations sur cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9, voir ethnicit\u00E9."@fr . "Indicates a person's self-reported ethnic identity, with accompanying context, where present, provided by race or ethnicity context annotations. For more information on this property, see ethnicity."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has event"@en . . . ""@fr . "Associates a Context with an Event."@en . . . "Deprecated, with no current equivalence."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver sans \u00E9quivalence."@fr . . . "a un \u00E9l\u00E9ment"@fr . "has Element"@en . . "deprecated"@en . "Associates an event or event element."@en . . . . ""@fr . "has explicit allusion by"@en . . . . . "has extent"@en . . . ""@fr . "The size or duration of a thing."@en . . . . . . "has familial influence"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates an author's own work having been influenced by her family history."@en . . . . ""@fr . "has familial influence on"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has family-based occupation"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Indicates a position or activity that was family-directed, typically bread-winning businesses rather than domestic work although the two may overlap."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has father"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to their father, the male-identified parent, consanguineal or otherwise."@en . . . . ""@fr . "has functional relation"@en . ""@fr . "Relates terms within the CWRC ontology to external terms that are semantically incommensurate but that may be pragmatically related for processing purposes such as search and retrieval. For example, the gender instance woman relates functionally to appearances:SexISO5218-2 because important datasets employ the ISO5218 value \"female\". has functional relation can be leveraged by search tools to broaden the results returned."@en . . . . . "est de genre"@fr . "has gender identity"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Describes a person's gender identity, which may be self-reported or reported by another, with accompanying context, where present, provided by gender context annotations. As with other cultural forms, an individual may have more than one property or descriptor of this type."@en . . . . . "est de genre (d\u00E9clar\u00E9)"@fr . "has gender identity (reported)"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Indicates a person's reported gender identity, with accompanying context, where present, provided by gender context annotations."@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance has gender identity (self-reported)."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance est de genre (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9)."@fr . . "est de genre (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9)"@fr . "has gender (self declared)"@en . . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "est de genre (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9)"@fr . "has gender identity (self-reported)"@en . . . . "Cela indique le genre autoproclam\u00E9 d'une personne."@fr . "Describes a person's self-reported gender identity, with accompanying context, where present, provided by gender context annotations."@en . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has gendered political activity"@en . . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "has gendered political activity from"@en . . . . . . "has generic range"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates that a person wrote in this genre or form."@en . . . . . . . . "A un h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique"@fr . "has geographic heritage"@en . . . "Describes a person's heritage in relation to a place, which may be self-reported or reported by another, with accompanying context, where present, provided by nationality context annotations. Place names and boundaries change over time, and a conception of geographical heritage from one historical period may not be commensurate with those from an earlier or later period, even if they go by the same name. Similarly, a sense of geographical heritage may differ from a sense of identity with a political entity that goes by the same name. As with other cultural forms, an individual may have more than one property or descriptor of this type. For further information about this property, see geographic heritage."@en . "D\u00E9crit l'h\u00E9ritage d'une personne en lien avec une situation g\u00E9ographique. Comme les toponomies et les fronti\u00E8res changent au cours du temps, une description de l'h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique associ\u00E9e \u00E0 une p\u00E9riode historique donn\u00E9e ne correspond pas toujours \u00E0 celles des p\u00E9riodes ant\u00E9rieures ou post\u00E9rieures, et ce m\u00EAme si elles poss\u00E8dent le m\u00EAme nom. De m\u00EAme, le sentiment d'appartenance \u00E0 un h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique peut diff\u00E9rer du sentiement d'appartenance \u00E0 une entit\u00E9 politique du m\u00EAme nom. De m\u00EAme que pour les autres formes culturelles, une m\u00EAme personne peut cumuler plus d'une propri\u00E9t\u00E9 ou description de ce type. Pour plus d'informations sur cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9, voir h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique."@fr . . . . . . . . "a un h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique (d\u00E9clar\u00E9)"@fr . "has geographic heritage (reported)"@en . . . ""@fr . "Describes a person's reported geographic heritage, with accompanying context, where present, provided by nationality context annotations."@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance has geographic heritage (self-reported)."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance a un h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9)."@fr . . "a un h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9)"@fr . "has geographic heritage (self declared)"@en . . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . "a un h\u00E9ritage g\u00E9ographique (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9)"@fr . "has geographic heritage (self-reported)"@en . . . ""@fr . "Describes a person's self-reported geographic heritage, with accompanying context, where present, provided by nationality context annotations."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has grandchild"@en . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to a child of a person's child."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has granddaughter"@en . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to a female-identified child of a person's child."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has grandfather"@en . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to the father of their mother or father."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has grandmother"@en . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to the mother of their mother or father."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has grandparent"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to the parent of their mother or father."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has grandson"@en . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to a male-identified child of a person's child."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has guardian"@en . . . "Relates a person (usually a minor) to another, usually an adult who is charged with their care. This term stretches beyond the legal definition of \"guardian\" to include a broader social relation between dependant and dependee (e.g.: in loco parentis)"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has half-brother"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a male-identified person to the someone with whom they have one parent in common."@en . "Comment: This term is a CWRC-specific addition not in the original Orlando tag set."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has half-sibling"@en . . . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "has half-sister"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a female-identified person to the someone with whom they have one parent in common."@en . "Comment: This term is a CWRC-specific addition not in the original Orlando tag set."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has husband"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to a male-identified partner in a marital relationship."@en . . . . ""@fr . "has ID dependency on"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates that the subject entity is dependent upon the identifications made in the object entity. For instance, this predicate can be used to link web annotations with bodies containing RDF triples to annotations that identify entities used in those triples."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has immigrant"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "has influence on"@en . . . ""@fr . "Describes an authors' influence on other writers, the literary tradition, and/or society as a whole."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has inhabitant"@en . . . . . . "a un instructeur\u00B7ice"@fr . "has instructor"@en . . . "Describes the subject's relationship with an educational instructor or mentor, formal or informal."@en . "D\u00E9crit la relation du sujet avec un instructeur p\u00E9dagogique ou un\u00B7e mentor\u00B7e, formel\u00B7le ou informel\u00B7le."@fr . . . . . . "has intellectual influence"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates an author's own work having been intellectually influenced by another."@en . . . . ""@fr . "has intellectual influence on"@en . . . . . . "a relation interpersonnelle avec"@fr . "has interpersonal relationship with"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "Indicates personal knowledge of someone, covering a broad spectrum of social relations ranging from friendship to enmities and casual associations: it can include a writer having coffee with Samuel Johnson on one notable day, without needing a historical record of whether they were necessarily friends, through to substantial longlasting relationships. See also has intimate relationship with, has erotic relationship with, has possibly erotic relationship with."@en . . . . . . . . "has intertextual relation to"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates the relationships amongst authors and texts, reflecting the extent to which language of an author or a specific text is in dialogic relation to other texts, as first articulated by Julia Kristeva. A creative Work or an author more generally relates intertextually to a textual object, either to a specific Work or to the general style or oeuvre of another author. Usually refers to how the meaning of a later text is informed by an earlier one, but, as articulated by theorists including Mikhail Bakhtin and Kristeva, it can also be invoked to refer to the shaping impact of language more generally on subsequent linguistic productions. The specific subpredicates provided here are not exhaustive. 1996."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has intimate relationship with"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates a relationship that involves any type of intimacy ranging from emotional through psychological or material to sexual. Counters the traditional assumption that the only intimate relations happen within the context of marriage or heterosexual relations between sexual partners, challenging the historical and ideological silence placed upon same-sex relationships. For instance, it includes lifelong female friendships, defining psychological connections, or erotically-charged same sex or opposite sex relationships. It may or may not be erotic, and may apply to both brief sexual affairs and lifelong non-sexual relationships. Biographical information concerning these relationships is often scant; therefore this predicate recognizes these relations as significant while not assuming that they were sexual. See has interpersonal relationship with, has erotic relationship with, has possibly erotic relationship with."@en . . . . . "language known"@en . "ma\u00EEtrise une langue"@fr . . . . "Capacit\u00E9 d'\u00E9crire ou de lire une langue."@fr . "Knowledge of the language for speaking, writing, or reading, which may be self-reported or reported by another, with accompanying context, where present, provided by cultural form context. As with other cultural forms, an individual may have more than one property or descriptor of this type."@en . . . . . "language known (reported)"@en . "ma\u00EEtrise une langue (d\u00E9clar\u00E9)"@fr . . . . "Le sujet d\u00E9clare ma\u00EEtriser une langue \u00E0 l'oral ou \u00E0 l'\u00E9crit. Pour plus d'information sur cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9, voir aptitude linguistique (\u00E9crit ou parl\u00E9)."@fr . "Reported knowledge of the language for speaking, writing, or reading, with accompanying context, where present, provided by cultural form context. For further information about this property, see linguistic ability (spoken and/or writen)."@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance language known (self-reported)."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance ma\u00EEtrise une langue (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9)."@fr . . "connait la langue (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9)"@fr . "language known (self declared)"@en . . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "language known (self-reported)"@en . "ma\u00EEtrise une langue (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9)"@fr . . . . "Le sujet d\u00E9clare ma\u00EEtriser une langue \u00E0 l'oral ou \u00E0 l'\u00E9crit. Pour plus d'information sur cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9, voir aptitude linguistique (\u00E9crit ou parl\u00E9)."@fr . "Self-reported knowledge of the language for speaking, writing, or reading, with accompanying context, where present, provided by cultural form context. For further information about this property, see linguistic ability (spoken and/or writen)."@en . . . . . . . . "has literary influence"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates an author's own work having been influenced by another's literature."@en . . . . ""@fr . "has literary influence on"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has location"@en . ""@fr . "The location of a thing. For example where an event took place or a organization is located"@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance has location."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance ."@fr . "Note: Instances of places and coordinates for mapping are taken from a range of sources, including GeoNames and the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (Getty Research Institute) that have their own classification schemes. Geonames will sometimes categorize places that are now abandoned as \"populated places.\""@en . . ""@fr . "has mapped place"@en . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . . ""@fr . "Associates a mapped place with coordinates for its location."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has mother"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to their mother, the female-identified parent, consanguineal or otherwise."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has name"@en . . "Indicates a person's name."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has name part"@en . ""@fr . "Indicates a component of a name. Order of name parts is indicated by has sort order"@en . . . . . "de h\u00E9ritage national"@fr . "has national heritage"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Describes a person's national heritage, which may be self-reported or reported by another, with accompanying context, where present, provided by nationality context annotations. As with other cultural forms, an individual may have more than one property or descriptor of this type."@en . . . . . "de h\u00E9ritage national (d\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "has national heritage (reported)"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Describes a person's reported national heritage, with accompanying context, where present, provided by nationality context annotations. As with other cultural forms, an individual may have more than one property or descriptor of this type."@en . . . . . "de h\u00E9ritage national (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "has national heritage (self-reported)"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Describes a person's self-reported national heritage, with accompanying context, where present, provided by nationality context annotations. As with other cultural forms, an individual may have more than one property or descriptor of this type."@en . . . . . "de nationalit\u00E9"@fr . "has national identity"@en . . . . "Describes a person's national identity identity, which may be self-reported or reported by another, with accompanying context, where present, provided by nationality context annotations. As with other cultural forms, an individual may have more than one property or descriptor of this type."@en . "D\u00E9crit la identit\u00E9 nationale d'une personne. De m\u00EAme que pour les autres formes culturelles, une m\u00EAme personne peut cumuler plus d'une propri\u00E9t\u00E9 ou description de ce type."@fr . . . . . "de nationalit\u00E9 (d\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "has national identity (reported)"@en . . . . "D\u00E9crit la/les nationalit\u00E9(s) proclam\u00E9e(s) d'une personne, diff\u00E9rant de la citoyennet\u00E9 et n'\u00E9tant pas proportionnelle \u00E0 la zone g\u00E9ographique ou au territoire sur lequel elle r\u00E9side."@fr . "This property indicates a person's reported national identity, with accompanying context, where present, provided by nationality context annotations. It is neither the same as citizenship nor commensurate with the geographical region or territory in which a person resides. For more information on this property see national identity."@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance has national identity (self-reported)."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance de nationalit\u00E9 (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)."@fr . . "de nationalit\u00E9 (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "has nationality (self declared)"@en . . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "de nationalit\u00E9 (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "has national identity (self-reported)"@en . . . . "D\u00E9crit la/les nationalit\u00E9(s) autoproclam\u00E9e(s) d'une personne, diff\u00E9rant de la citoyennet\u00E9 et n'\u00E9tant pas proportionnelle \u00E0 la zone g\u00E9ographique ou au territoire sur lequel elle r\u00E9side."@fr . "This property indicates a person's self-reported national identity, with with accompanying context, where present, provided by nationality context annotations. It is neither the same as citizenship nor commensurate with the geographical region or territory in which a person resides. For more information on this property see national identity."@en . . . . . "langue native"@fr . "natively known language"@en . . . . "Capacit\u00E9 d'\u00E9crire ou de lire une langue acquise d\u00E8s l'enfance. Comme pour d'autres formes culturelles, un individu peut avoir plus d'une propri\u00E9t\u00E9 ou descripteur de ce type. "@fr . "Knowledge of the language, acquired during a person\u2019s upbringing, for speaking, writing or reading, which may be self-reported or reported by another, and with accompanying context, where present, provided by cultural form context. As with other cultural forms, an individual may have more than one property or descriptor of this type."@en . . . . . "langue native (d\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "natively known language (reported)"@en . . . . " Le sujet d\u00E9clare lire et \u00E9crire une langue ma\u00EEtris\u00E9e depuis l'enfance. "@fr . "Reported knowledge of the language, acquired during a person\u2019s upbringing, for speaking, writing, or reading, with accompanying context, where present, provided by cultural form context."@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance language known (self-reported)."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance ma\u00EEtrise une langue (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9)."@fr . . "a une langue maternelle (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9)"@fr . "natively known language (self declared)"@en . . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "langue native (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "natively known language (self-reported)"@en . . . . "Connaissance parl\u00E9e, \u00E9crite ou lue d'une langue acquise durant l'\u00E9ducation, qui peut \u00EAtre autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e ou assign\u00E9e par une autre personne, accompagn\u00E9 par le contexte fourni par le contexte de forme culturelle en contexte lorsqu'il est disponible. Comme pour d'autres formes culturelles, un individu peut avoir plus d'une propri\u00E9t\u00E9 ou descripteur de ce type."@fr . "Self-reported knowledge of the language, acquired during a person\u2019s upbringing, for speaking, writing, or reading, with accompanying context, where present, provided by cultural form context."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has nephew"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to the son of their sibling."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has niece"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to the daughter of their sibling."@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has non-erotic relationship with"@en . . . ""@fr . "Describes an intimate relationship with the subject that is neither erotic nor sexual in nature. See has interpersonal relationship with, has erotic relationship with, has intimate relationship with, has possibly erotic relationship with."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has occupation"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Indicates a regular position or activity significant to a person's life, including paid, unpaid, and voluntary work."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has occupation income"@en . . . ""@fr . "Describes or provides information regarding a person's incomes related to an occupation."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has organization"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates that the organization in question belongs in some sense to the specified conceptual entity. For instance, a particular religion may have one or more organizational groups associated with it, a political campaign may have multiple political groups associated with it simultaneously or sequentially, or an artistic movement may have various contributing groups."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has paid occupation"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Indicates a position or activity for which a person was paid."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has parent"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to their father, mother, or, in certain cases, their guardian."@en . . . . "Deprecated, with no current equivalence."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver sans \u00E9quivalence."@fr . . . ""@fr . "has participant"@en . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@fr . "Associates an event with a person."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has partner"@en . . . . . "Ce terme repr\u00E9sente uniquement les relations affectives, amoureuses ou familiales et non des relations d'affaires."@fr . "Relates two people through a romantic, emotional, or spousal relationship. Distinct from a business or corporate partnership."@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of property has Element."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de la propri\u00E9t\u00E9 a un \u00E9l\u00E9ment."@fr . . . . "a une interpr\u00E9tation"@fr . "has Peformance"@en . . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . "Associates an event or performance to a performance."@en . . . . . "a persona"@fr . "has persona"@en . . "Associates a persona with one more natural person(s). "@en . "Associe un persona \u00E0 une ou plusieurs personne(s) physique(s)."@fr . . . . . . . . "a une appartenance politique"@fr . "has political affiliation"@en . . . ""@fr . "Describes a person's political affiliation, which may be self-reported or reported by another, with accompanying context, where present, provided by politics context annotations. As with other cultural forms, an individual may have more than one property or descriptor of this type, and it may be linked to political affiliations or directly to an organization which may or may not be primarily political. For further information about this property, see political affiliation."@en . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has political affiliation (reported)"@en . . . ""@fr . "Describes a person's reported political affiliation. As with other cultural forms, an individual may have more than one property or descriptor of this type. For further information about this property, see political affiliation."@en . . . . . . . . "a une appartenance politique (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "has political affiliation (self-reported)"@en . . . ""@fr . "Describes a person's self-reported political affiliation. As with other cultural forms, an individual may have more than one property or descriptor of this type. For further information about this property, see political affiliation."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has political involvement from"@en . . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has political involvement in"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates some level of political involvement."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has political membership from"@en . . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has political membership in"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates some degree of sustained engagement with an organization such as a political group or literary movement. Does not necessarily denote formal membership, but rather points to clear evidence of a link with an organization without indication of more active participation: a person may have been a member of the sanitary movement or participated in a reading associated with a particular literary movement."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has possibly erotic relationship with"@en . . . ""@fr . "Describes an intimate relationship that may or may not be erotic in nature. This predicate seeks to redress the historical and ideological silence placed upon same sex relationships; it recognizes that biographical information concerning these relationships often is impossible to uncover. has possibly erotic relationship with registers the possibility of a sexual relationship, when, in the absence of biographical proof, it is impossible to claim such as fact. See has interpersonal relationship with, has erotic relationship with, has intimate relationship with."@en . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to the Text Encoding Initiative's P5: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange."@en . . ""@fr . "has precision"@en . . ""@fr . "Associates a level of precision with a value. measurement, or identification."@en . . . . ""@fr . "has prequel"@en . . . . . "has profile"@en . . ""@fr . "A description of something or someone."@en . . . . . "est de race our couleur"@fr . "has race or colour identity"@en . . . . "D\u00E9crit l'identit\u00E9 raciale d'une personne. Pour plus d'information sur cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9, voir race ou couleur."@fr . "This describes a person's identity with respect to race or colour, which may be self-reported or reported by another, with accompanying context, where present, provided by race or ethnicity context annotations. As with other cultural forms, an individual may have more than one property or descriptor of this type. For more information on this property see race or colour."@en . . . . . "has race or colour identity (reported)"@en . "race ou couleur (d\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . . . . "D\u00E9crit l'appartenance raciale ou la couleur d\u00E9clar\u00E9es d'une personne. Pour plus d'informations \u00E0 propre de cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9, voir race ou couleur. "@fr . "Indicates a person's reported identity with respect to race or colour, with accompanying context, where present, provided by race or ethnicity context annotations. For further information about this property, see race or colour."@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance has national identity (self-reported)."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance de nationalit\u00E9 (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)."@fr . . "est de race (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "has race (self declared)"@en . . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . "This describes a person's self-reported identity with respect to race or colour."@en . . . . . "has race or colour identity (self-reported)"@en . "race ou couleur (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . . . . "D\u00E9crit l'appartenance raciale ou la couleur autod\u00E9clar\u00E9es d'une personne. Pour plus d'informations \u00E0 propre de cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9, voir race ou couleur. "@fr . "Indicates a person's self-reported identity with respect to race or colour, with accompanying context, where present, provided by race or ethnicity context annotations. For further information about this property, see race or colour."@en . . . . . . . . . . "has reception relation to"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "has relative"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Has a familial relationship to a person. hasRelative and its subproperties indicate social aspects of familial relations as opposed to biological ones; for example, has mother is not necessarily a consanguineal relationship - although both can be present. Family relationships are subproperties of social relationships. For more information, see About: Family. This property indicates either a general familial relationship or one that is complicated or not easily categorisable in traditional kinship terms."@en . . . . . "est de confession"@fr . "has religious affiliation"@en . . . . "D\u00E9crit la religion d'une personne. De m\u00EAme que pour les autres formes culturelles, une m\u00EAme personne peut cumuler plus d'une propri\u00E9t\u00E9 ou description de ce type. Pour plus d'informations sur cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9, voir religion."@fr . "Indicates a person's religion or belief system, which may be self-reported or reported by another, with accompanying context, where present, provided by cultural form context annotations. As with other cultural forms, an individual may have more than one property or descriptor of this type. For further information about this property, see religion."@en . . . . . "has religious affiliation (reported)"@en . "religion (d\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . . . . "D\u00E9crit indique la/les religion(s) ou le(s) syst\u00E8me(s) de croyance proclam\u00E9(s) par une personne. Pour plus d'informations sur cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9, voir religion."@fr . "Indicates a person's reported religion or belief system, with accompanying context, where present, provided by cultural form context annotations. For further information about this property, see religion."@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance has religious affiliation (self-reported)."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance religion (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)."@fr . . "has religious affilication (self defined)"@en . "religion (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "has religious affiliation (self-reported)"@en . "religion (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . . . . "D\u00E9crit indique la/les religion(s) ou le(s) syst\u00E8me(s) de croyance autoproclam\u00E9(s) par une personne. Pour plus d'informations sur cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9, voir religion."@fr . "Indicates a person's self-reported religion or belief system, with accompanying context, where present, provided by cultural form context annotations. For further information about this property, see religion."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has relocatee"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has reproductive history"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Describes an aspect of a person's reproductive history. May relate to childlessness, birth control, adoption, abortion, difficulties with childbearing, loss of a child, whether biologically related, adopted, or otherwise considered kin, difficulties with child-bearing. See also the related property has children."@en . . . . . . "has response"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Indicates a response to a subject, whether a particular work, a writer's oeuvre in general, or, when the object is a Person, a writer's role as an author/artist. Responses may manifest as texts, such as reviews or diary entries, or fugitive forms reported later, such as conversations."@en . . . "Deprecated, with no current equivalence."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver sans \u00E9quivalence."@fr . . . "a un r\u00F4le"@fr . "has role"@en . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@fr . "Associates an event element to a role."@en . . . . . "a une orientation sexuelle"@fr . "has sexual identity"@en . . . . "Describes a person's sexual identity, which may be self-reported or reported by another, with accompanying context, where present, provided by sexuality context. As with other cultural forms, an individual may have more than one property or descriptor of this type. For further information about this property, see sexuality."@en . "D\u00E9crit la sexualit\u00E9 d'une personne. Comme que pour les autres formes culturelles, une m\u00EAme personne peut cumuler plus d'une propri\u00E9t\u00E9 ou description de ce type. Pour plus d'informations sur cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9, voir sexualit\u00E9."@fr . . . . . "a une orientation sexuelle (d\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "has sexual identity (reported)"@en . . . . "D\u00E9crit la sexualit\u00E9 d\u00E9clar\u00E9e d'une personne. Pour plus d'information, voir sexualit\u00E9 et sexualit\u00E9 en contexte."@fr . "This describes a person's reported sexual identity, with accompanying context, where present, provided by sexuality context. For more information, see sexuality and sexuality context."@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance has sexual identity (self-reported)."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance a une orientation sexuelle (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)."@fr . . "a une orientation sexuelle (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "has sexual orientation (self declared)"@en . . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "a une orientation sexuelle (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "has sexual identity (self-reported)"@en . . . . "Describes a person's self-reported sexual identity, with accompanying context, where present, provided by sexuality context. For more information, see sexuality and sexuality context."@en . "D\u00E9crit la sexualit\u00E9 autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e d'une personne. Pour plus d'information, voir sexualit\u00E9 et sexualit\u00E9 en contexte."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "has sibling"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "Describes a relationship in which two or more individuals share the same parentage."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has sister"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to a female-identified sibling. Although the term typically refers to consanguineal relationships, it is often used to describe relationships beyond \"blood ties\".\n "@en . . . . . . "a une classe sociale"@fr . "has class identity"@en . . . . "Describes a person's class identity, which may be self-reported or reported by another, with accompanying context, where present, provided by cultural form context. As with other cultural forms, an individual may have more than one property or descriptor of this type. For further information about this property, see social class."@en . "D\u00E9crit la classe sociale d'une personne. Comme pour les autres formes culturelles, une m\u00EAme personne peut cumuler plus d'une propri\u00E9t\u00E9 ou description de ce type. Pour plus d'informations sur cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9, voir classe sociale."@fr . . . . . "a classe sociale d\u00E9clar\u00E9e"@fr . "has class identity (reported)"@en . . . . "Describes a person's reported class identity, with accompanying context, where present, provided by cultural form context. For further information about this property, see social class."@en . "D\u00E9crit la classe social d\u00E9clar\u00E9e d'une personne. Pour plus d'informations sur cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9, voir classe sociale. "@fr . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance has class identity (self-reported)."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance a classe sociale autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e."@fr . . "de classe sociale (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9s)"@fr . "has social class (self defined)"@en . . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "a classe sociale autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e"@fr . "has class identity (self-reported)"@en . . . . "Describes a person's self-reported class identity, with accompanying context, where present, provided by cultural form context. For further information about this property, see social class."@en . "D\u00E9crit la classe social autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e d'une personne. Pour plus d'informations sur cette propri\u00E9t\u00E9, voir classe sociale. "@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "has son"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to a male-identified child, consanguineal or otherwise."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has sort order"@en . ""@fr . "Indicates the order in which the parts of a name occur."@en . . . . ""@fr . "has spatial relation to"@en . ""@fr . "Indicates an entity's connection to a geospatial location or to some other entity related to location."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has stepbrother"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to a male-identified stepsibling, that is, a child of the person's stepparent."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has stepchild"@en . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to the child of that person's spouse, in contrast to what is commonly referred to as the \"biological parent\" of said child."@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has stepdaughter"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to a female-identified child of that person's spouse, in contrast to what is commonly referred to as the \"biological parent\" of said child."@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has stepfather"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to their stepfather, that is, a parent married to that person's so-called \"biological parent\", in contrast to a consanguineal relationship."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has stepmother"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to their stepmother, that is, a parent married to that person's so-called \"biological parent\", in contrast to a consanguineal relationship."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has stepparent"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to their stepparent, that is, a parent married to that person's so-called \"biological parent\", in contrast to a consanguineal relationship."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has stepsibling"@en . . . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "has stepsister"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to a female-identified stepsibling, that is, a child of the person's stepparent."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has stepson"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to a male-identified child of that person's spouse, in contrast to what is commonly referred to as the \"biological parent\" of said child."@en . . . . . . . "a un\u00B7e \u00E9tudiant\u00B7e"@fr . "has student"@en . . "Indicates that the student was educated by the entity in question,\u2014an instructor, an educational institution, or a particular type of schooling."@en . "Indique que l'\u00E9tudiant\u00B7e a \u00E9t\u00E9 \u00E9duqu\u00E9\u00B7e par l'entit\u00E9 en question (instructeur\u00B7rice, \u00E9tablissement \u00E9ducatif,ou type d'\u00E9ducation particuli\u00E8re)."@fr . . . "Deprecated, with no current equivalence."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver sans \u00E9quivalence."@fr . . . "a un sous \u00E9v\u00E8nement"@fr . "has Sub Element"@en . . "deprecated"@en . "Associates a sub event to a master event."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has time certainty"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates the degree of certainty or precision of the temporal value or values associated with a time-based phenomenon such as an event."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "has traveller"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has uncle"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to the sister of their father or mother, but can also refer to any avuncular relationship and need not be restricted to a consanguineal relation.\n "@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has vistor"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "has volunteer occupation"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Indicates a regular role or activity that was voluntary rather than paid, including philanthropic activity."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "has wife"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Relates a person to a female-identified partner in a marital relationship."@en . . . . . . . . . . . "has writing relation to"@en . "Indicates a relationship or assertion based on a writer\u2019s literary works or an account of their literary career."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "head of state"@en . "president of the usa"@en . "prime minister"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "presidents of the united states"@en . "prime minister of the cape colony"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "health association"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "healthcare provider"@en . "contact healing"@en . "dental assistant"@en . "health service administrator"@en . "health worker"@en . "healthcare worker"@en . "hospital aide"@en . "hospital almoner"@en . "hospital director"@en . "hospital porter"@en . "hospital worker"@en . "inoculator"@en . "medical administrator"@en . "medical aide"@en . "medical assistant"@en . "medical officer"@en . "medical worker"@en . "medicine"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "assistant in medical care"@en . "contact healing"@en . "medical coder"@en . "medical pioneer"@en . "support an infirmary"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Hermeticism"@en . "Herm\u00E9tisme"@fr . . "Hermetic"@en . "Hermetism"@en . "\"Hermeticism, also called Hermetism, is a religious, philosophical, and esoteric tradition based primarily upon writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus (\"Thrice Great\"). These writings have greatly influenced the Western esoteric tradition and were considered to be of great importance during both the Renaissance and the Reformation. The tradition claims descent from a prisca theologia, a doctrine that affirms the existence of a single, true theology that is present in all religions and that was given by God to man in antiquity. Many writers, including Lactantius, Cyprian of Carthage,Augustine, Marsilio Ficino, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Giordano Bruno, Campanella, Sir Thomas Browne, and Ralph Waldo Emerson, considered Hermes Trismegistus to be a wise pagan prophet who foresaw the coming of Christianity. St. Thomas Aquinas reported that Trismegistus arrived at something akin to the doctrine of the Trinity. An account of how Hermes Trismegistus received the name \"Thrice Great\" is derived from the The Emerald Tablet of Hermes Trismegistus, wherein it is stated that he knew the three parts of the wisdom of the whole universe. The three parts of the wisdom are alchemy, astrology, and theurgy. The Poimandres, from which Marsilio Ficino formed his opinion, states that \"They called him Trismegistus because he was the greatest philosopher and the greatest priest and the greatest king.\" The Suda (10th century) states that \"He was called Trismegistus on account of his praise of the trinity, saying there is one divine nature in the trinity.\" Much of the importance of Hermeticism arises from its connection with the development of science during the time from 1300 to 1600 AD. The prominence that it gave to the idea of influencing or controlling nature led many scientists to look to magic and its allied arts (e.g., alchemy, astrology) which, it was thought, could put Nature to the test by means of experiments. Consequently, it was the practical aspects of Hermetic writings that attracted the attention of scientists. Isaac Newton placed great faith in the concept of an unadulterated, pure, ancient doctrine, which he studied vigorously to aid his understanding of the physical world. Many of Newton's manuscripts\u2014most of which are still unpublished\u2014detail his thorough study of the Corpus Hermeticum, writings said to have been transmitted from ancient times, in which the secrets and techniques of influencing the stars and the forces of nature were revealed.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABHerm\u00E9tisme d\u00E9signe deux courants de pens\u00E9e : * une doctrine \u00E9sot\u00E9rique fond\u00E9e sur des \u00E9crits (les Hermetica) de l'\u00E9poque gr\u00E9co-romaine attribu\u00E9s \u00E0 l'inspiration de Herm\u00E8s Trism\u00E9giste. * son d\u00E9veloppement dans la doctrine des alchimistes au Moyen \u00C2ge puis essentiellement \u00E0 partir de la Renaissance. Antoine Faivre a sugg\u00E9r\u00E9 d'employer deux termes distincts pour ces deux traditions de pens\u00E9e. \u00C0 c\u00F4t\u00E9 du mot \u00AB herm\u00E9tisme \u00BB, servant \u00E0 d\u00E9signer le corps de doctrines des Hermetica ainsi que leurs gloses et ex\u00E9g\u00E8ses, on peut employer le mot \u00AB herm\u00E9sisme \u00BB pour d\u00E9signer \u00AB un ensemble plus vaste de doctrines, de croyances et de pratiques, dont la nature s'est pr\u00E9cis\u00E9e \u00E0 la Renaissance. Elles ne d\u00E9pendent pas n\u00E9cessairement de la tradition herm\u00E9tique alexandrine, mais incluent aussi bien la kabbale chr\u00E9tienne, le rosicrucisme, le paracelsisme, et d'une fa\u00E7on g\u00E9n\u00E9rale la plupart des formes que rev\u00EAt l'\u00E9sot\u00E9risme occidental moderne \u00BB. Pour garder un minimum de coh\u00E9rence, on ne saurait parler d'herm\u00E9tisme en son sens second sans certaines conditions : affirmation de l'autorit\u00E9 d'Herm\u00E8s ou d'Herm\u00E8s Trism\u00E9giste ou de Thoth, \u00E9sot\u00E9risme (secret), inscription dans un courant historique pr\u00E9cis (celui du Corpus Hermeticum, pour l'essentiel), tendance philosophique pr\u00E9cise (centr\u00E9e sur l'Un-Tout, la divinisation de l'esprit, les correspondances, l'alchimie mystique). L'herm\u00E9tisme est une philosophie, une religion, un \u00E9sot\u00E9risme, ou une spiritualit\u00E9 en qu\u00EAte du salut, par l'esprit (comme le gnosticisme) mais supposant la connaissance analogique du cosmos. Le salut passe par la connaissance : se conna\u00EEtre, se reconna\u00EEtre comme \u00AB \u00E9tant fait de vie et de lumi\u00E8re \u00BB, comme Dieu, en tant qu'intellect. Et cela constitue une contemplation, la vue du Bien, en sa \u00AB beaut\u00E9 imp\u00E9rissable, incompr\u00E9hensible \u00BB.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . "heterosexuality"@en . "h\u00E9t\u00E9rosexualit\u00E9"@fr . . "heterosexual"@en . "Heterosexuality indicates sexual attraction to the so-called \"opposite sex,\" that is, sexual attraction between men and women. This understanding relies, like bisexual, on a binary understanding of sex and gender that also often conflates sex with gender. Adrienne Rich draws on Kathleen Gough in articulating an understanding of heterosexuality as compulsory for women within patriarchy. In her essay \"The Straight Mind\" (first published in 1980) Monique Wittig understands heterosexuality as a semiotic, linguistic, political, and ontological construct. It constitutes itself as a normative system through the oppression of women by men and the \"necessity of the different/other at every level.\" The straight mind \"creates the doctrine of the difference between sexes to justify this oppression.\""@en . "L'h\u00E9t\u00E9rosexualit\u00E9 indique l'attraction sexuelle pour le sexe pr\u00E9tendument \u00ABoppos\u00E9\u00BB, c'est-\u00E0-dire entre les hommes et les femmes. Cette compr\u00E9hension du terme repose, comme pour la bisexualit\u00E9, sur une interpr\u00E9tation binaire du sexe et du genre, qui confond habituellement les deux notions. S'appuyant sur Kathleen Gough, Adrienne Rich interpr\u00E8te l'h\u00E9t\u00E9rosexualit\u00E9 comme obligatoire pour les femmes dans un contexte patriarcal. Dans son article \u00ABLa pens\u00E9e straight\u00BB (publi\u00E9e pour la premi\u00E8re fois en 1980) Monique Wittig interpr\u00E8te l'h\u00E9t\u00E9rosexualit\u00E9 comme une construction s\u00E9miotique, linguistique, politique et ontologique. Elle se constitue comme un syst\u00E8me normatif qui passe par l'oppression des femmes par les hommes et la \u00ABla n\u00E9cessit\u00E9 de l'autre diff\u00E9rent \u00E0 tous les niveaux\u00BB. La pens\u00E9e straight \u00ABproduit la doctrine de la diff\u00E9rence entre les sexes pour justifier cette oppression\u00BB."@fr . . . . . . "forte probabilit\u00E9"@fr . "high certainty"@en . "A predefined value of certainty that represents cases where where an assertion, description, identification, value, or measurement is considered of high quality. Equivalent to the \"high\" value for certainty or precision of the Text Encoding Initiative."@en . "Une valeur de probabilit\u00E9 pr\u00E9d\u00E9finie utilis\u00E9e dans le cas o\u00F9 un fait est consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme une information de haute qualit\u00E9."@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Haute \u00C9glise"@fr . "High Church Party"@en . . "High-Church party"@en . "\"The term \"high church\" refers to beliefs and practices of ecclesiology, liturgy, and theology, generally with an emphasis on formality and resistance to \"modernisation\". Although used in connection with various Christian traditions, the term originated in and has been principally associated with the Anglican/Episcopal tradition, where it describes Anglican churches using a number of ritual practices associated in the popular mind with Roman Catholicism. The opposite is low church. Contemporary media discussing Anglican churches tend to prefer evangelical to \"low church\", and Anglo-Catholic to \"high church\", though the terms do not exactly correspond. Other contemporary denominations that contain high church wings include some Lutheran, Presbyterian, and Methodist churches.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe mouvement Haute \u00C9glise (High Church) est un courant de l'anglicanisme n\u00E9 dans l'\u00C9glise d'Angleterre lors de la Restauration anglaise (1660-1688). Il d\u00E9signe alors les fid\u00E8les qui militent pour l'observation rigide et pr\u00E9cise des r\u00E8gles liturgiques sur la pri\u00E8re et le je\u00FBne, et qui d\u00E9fendent la religion \u00E9tablie contre les tendances \u00E0 la poursuite de la R\u00E9forme. Il tire son inspiration des politiques d'uniformisation religieuse qui avaient \u00E9t\u00E9 mises en \u0153uvre par l'archev\u00EAque de Cantorb\u00E9ry William Laud entre 1633 et 1640. Le mouvement Haute \u00C9glise s'oppose au courant latitudinaire, qui souhaite que l'\u00C9glise marque plus d'ouverture et de compr\u00E9hension pour les non-conformistes. Par d\u00E9rision, le mouvement latitudinaire sera qualifi\u00E9 de \u00AB Basse \u00C9glise \u00BB. Le livre de la pri\u00E8re commune est fortement associ\u00E9 \u00E0 la tradition de la Haute \u00C9glise. Dans l'usage actuel, la Haute \u00C9glise se confond largement avec l'anglo-catholicisme, un mouvement d\u00E9termin\u00E9 \u00E0 d\u00E9velopper la liturgie et le dogme dans une direction voisine de celle de l'\u00C9glise catholique romaine. Ce courant est n\u00E9 au XIXe si\u00E8cle avec le mouvement d'Oxford d'Edward Bouverie Pusey, John Henry Newman et John Keble. Cependant, il existe encore dans l'anglicanisme un courant \u00AB Haute \u00C9glise \u00BB qui ne se consid\u00E8re pas comme anglo-catholique. L'expression \u00AB Haute \u00C9glise \u00BB est parfois \u00E9galement employ\u00E9e pour qualifier des courants aux conceptions voisines dans d'autres confessions protestantes (notamment luth\u00E9rienne, comme la H\u00F6gkyrklighet en Su\u00E8de).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "High Toryism"@en . . "High Tory"@en . "\"High Toryism is a term used in Britain, Canada, and elsewhere to refer to old traditionalist conservatism which is in line with the Toryism originating in the 17th century. High Tories and their worldview were sometimes at odds with the progressive elements of the Conservative Party in these countries at present. Historically, the late eighteenth-century conservatism derived from the Whig Edmund Burke and William Pitt the Younger marks a watershed from the \"higher\" or legitimist Toryism that was allied to Jacobitism. High Toryism has been described as neo-feudalist in its preference for a hierarchical organisation of society over utopian equality, as well for holding the traditional gentry as a higher cultural benchmark than the bourgeoisie and those who have attained their position through commerce. Economically, High Tories tend to prefer a paternalistic Tory corporatism over the neo-liberalism which took ahold in the 1980s.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "higher government"@en . "cabinet minister"@en . "chancellor of the exchequer"@en . "civil lord of the admiralty"@en . "colonial governor"@en . "colonial secretary"@en . "congressman"@en . "director general of finance"@en . "foreign secretary"@en . "foreign service"@en . "government minister"@en . "governor of barbados"@en . "governor of bombay"@en . "governor of tasmania"@en . "labour minister"@en . "league of nations delegate"@en . "legislator"@en . "lieutenant governor of guernsey"@en . "lord keeper"@en . "lord keeper of the great seal of england"@en . "lord lieutenant"@en . "lord lieutenant of ireland"@en . "master of the horse"@en . "member of congress"@en . "member of the house of lords"@en . "minister of food"@en . "parliamentary private secretary"@en . "president of the united nations general assembly"@en . "privy councillor"@en . "regent"@en . "royal adviser"@en . "royal lieutenant"@en . "royal representative"@en . "secretary of state"@en . "secretary of state for ireland"@en . "secretary of state for war"@en . "senator"@en . "state governor"@en . "statesman"@en . "under secretary for the colonies"@en . "vice chancellor"@en . "warden of the mint"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "ambassador and plenipotentiary"@en . "bavarian minister"@en . "high commissioner of south africa"@en . "scottish education secretary"@en . "served on the royal commission on capital punishment"@en . "ulster king of arms"@en . "vice president of the usa"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus."@en . . "Hindoe\u00EFsme"@nl . "Hindou"@fr . "Hinduism"@en . "Hinduismo"@es . "hindouisme"@fr . "yin du jiao"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-notone . "yin tu chiao"@zh-latn-wadegile . "y\u00ECn d\u00F9 ji\u00E0o"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-hanyu . "\u5370\u5EA6\u6559"@zh-hant . . "Hindoos"@en . "\"General term for the set of intellectual and philosophical tenets and highly diverse beliefs and practices that define the civilization, art, literature, society, and politics of the Indian subcontinent. Hinduism is not a common set of rigid beliefs, but varies significantly between different regions; it includes Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Srauta, and numerous other traditions. Among other practices and philosophies, Hinduism includes a wide spectrum of laws and prescriptions of \"daily morality\" based on karma, dharma, and societal norms. The highest divine powers are seen as complementary to one another and not exclusive. Hinduism does not have a particular founder or central authority. Hindu literature is rich and varied, with no one text considered uniquely authoritative. The Vedas, dating to the Vedic period (ca. 1200-500 BCE), are the earliest extant writings. Religious law books and epics such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata have been and continue to be highly influential.\" (Getty, 2017)"@en . "\"Se refiere al conjunto de creencias y pr\u00E1cticas altamente diversas que generalmente denotan la civilizaci\u00F3n y cultura India de los dos mil \u00FAltimos a\u00F1os. La religi\u00F3n influye fuertemente en el arte, la literatura, la pol\u00EDtica y al sociedad hinduista. Presenta la creencia y la pr\u00E1ctica de ritos m\u00E1gicos, cultos animales, creencia en demonios, cultos a deidades, incluyendo dioses locales y dioses centrales, misticismo, ascetismo y una apreciaci\u00F3n y respeto por otras formas de cultos o creencias religiosas. La verdad de la religi\u00F3n no esta concebida como un t\u00E9rmino dogm\u00E1tico, sino que la verdad supera toda definici\u00F3n verbal. En vez de un sistema de doctrinas, el \u00E9nfasis se pone en la manera correcta de vivir (dharma). Hay variaciones significativas entre diversas regiones. La mayor\u00EDa de las formas de hinduismo enfatizan el concepto del reencarnaci\u00F3n o de la transmigraci\u00F3n; la liberaci\u00F3n (moksha) desde el ciclo del samsara es la \u00FAltima meta espiritual del hind\u00FA. Brahma, Vishnu y Shiva son las deidades hind\u00FAes principales, juntos forman la tr\u00EDada, el Trimurti. Existen muchos otros deidades de menor rango. El Hinduismo no tiene un fundador en particular o un iniciado, all\u00ED no hay una autoridad central. La literatura hind\u00FA es rica y variada, sin un texto considerado \u00FAnicamente autoritario. El Vedas, fechando en el per\u00EDodo de Vedic (ca. 1200-500 a. C), es la escritura m\u00E1s temprana existente. Los libros de ley y las epopeyas religiosas tales como el Ramayana y el Mahabharata han sido y contin\u00FAan siendo altamente influyentes.\" (Getty, 2017)"@es . "\"Verwijst naar de reeks uiterst diverse geloven en gebruiken die in het algemeen verwijzen naar de Indiase beschaving en cultuur van de afgelopen tweeduizend jaar. De religie heeft een sterke invloed op de Indiase kunst, literatuur, maatschappij en politiek. Het hindoe\u00EFsme omvat diverse religieuze geloven en gebruiken en in plaats van andere goden, andere godsdiensten en andere religieuze concepten als fout of onverenigbaar te zien, worden de hoogste goddelijke machten gezien als elkaar aanvullend. De religieuze waarheid wordt niet gezien in dogmatische termen aangezien wordt geloofd dat de waarheid alle woordelijke definities overstijgt. In plaats van op een reeks doctrines ligt de nadruk op de juiste manier van leven (dharma). Er zijn aanzienlijke verschillen per regio. In de meeste vormen van het hindoe\u00EFsme ligt de nadruk op het concept van re\u00EFncarnatie of zielsverhuizing; de bevrijding (moksha) van de cyclus van samsara is het uiteindelijke spirituele doel van hindoes. Brahma, Visjnoe en Shiva zijn de belangrijkste hindoe\u00EFstische godheden en vormen gezamenlijk een drie-eenheid, de Trimurti. Verder is er een groot aantal lagere goden. Het hindoe\u00EFsme heeft geen specifieke oprichter of ontstaansmoment en er is geen centrale autoriteit. De hindoe\u00EFstische literatuur is erg rijk en gevarieerd en geen enkele specifieke tekst wordt als gezaghebbend beschouwd. De Veda's, die afkomstig zijn uit de Vedische periode (ca. 1200-500 v. Chr.), zijn de oudste overgebleven geschriften. Religieuze wetboeken en heldendichten zoals de Ramayana en de Mahabharata zijn altijd erg invloedrijk geweest.\" (Getty, 2017)"@nl . "\"\u4EE3\u8868\u904E\u53BB\u5169\u5343\u5E74\u4F86\u5370\u5EA6\u6587\u660E\u8207\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4E00\u5957\u6975\u591A\u6A23\u7684\u4FE1\u4EF0\u8207\u5BE6\u8E10\u65B9\u5F0F\u3002\u6B64\u5B97\u6559\u5C0D\u5370\u5EA6\u85DD\u8853\u3001\u6587\u5B78\u3001\u793E\u6703\u8207\u653F\u6CBB\u6709\u6975\u5927\u5F71\u97FF\u3002\u5370\u5EA6\u6559\u5305\u542B\u591A\u5143\u7684\u5B97\u6559\u4FE1\u4EF0\u53CA\u5BE6\u8E10\u65B9\u5F0F\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u4E0D\u6703\u8A8D\u70BA\u5176\u4ED6\u7684\u795E\u660E\u3001\u5176\u4ED6\u5F62\u5F0F\u7684\u656C\u62DC\u53CA\u5B97\u6559\u89C0\u662F\u932F\u8AA4\u6216\u8005\u4E92\u4E0D\u76F8\u5BB9\uFF0C\u53CD\u800C\u8A8D\u70BA\u6700\u9AD8\u7684\u795E\u529B\u662F\u5F7C\u6B64\u4E92\u88DC\u7684\u3002\u4ED6\u5011\u76F8\u4FE1\u771F\u7406\u8D85\u8D8A\u6240\u6709\u8A00\u8A9E\u5B9A\u7FA9\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u4E0D\u61C9\u6B66\u65B7\u8A8D\u5B9A\u4F55\u8B02\u5B97\u6559\u771F\u7406\u3002\u91CD\u8996\u751F\u6D3B\u7684\u6B63\u78BA\u65B9\u5F0F(\u6CD5)\uFF0C\u800C\u975E\u4E00\u9023\u4E32\u7684\u6559\u689D\u3002\u4E0D\u540C\u5B97\u6559\u4E4B\u9593\u5DEE\u7570\u751A\u9245\u3002\u5927\u90E8\u5206\u7684\u5370\u5EA6\u6559\u5F62\u5F0F\u5F37\u8ABF\u8F2A\u8FF4\u89C0\u5FF5\uFF1B\u5F9E\u751F\u6B7B\u75BE\u82E6\u7B49\u8F2A\u8FF4\u4E2D\u89E3\u812B\u662F\u5370\u5EA6\u6559\u5F92\u6700\u7D42\u7684\u5FC3\u9748\u76EE\u6A19\u3002\u5A46\u7F85\u6469\u3001\u6BD7\u6FD5\u5974\u3001\u6FD5\u5A46\u662F\u5370\u5EA6\u6559\u4E3B\u8981\u7684\u4E09\u500B\u795E\u660E(\u4E09\u76F8\u795E) \u3002\u9084\u6709\u5F88\u591A\u5176\u4ED6\u5C0F\u795E\u3002\u5370\u5EA6\u6559\u6C92\u6709\u78BA\u5207\u7684\u5EFA\u7ACB\u8005\u53CA\u958B\u59CB\u6642\u9593\uFF0C\u4E5F\u6C92\u6709\u4E2D\u592E\u6B0A\u5A01\u3002\u5370\u5EA6\u6559\u6587\u5B78\u8C50\u5BCC\u4E14\u591A\u6A23\uFF0C\u4F46\u6C92\u6709\u54EA\u4E00\u90E8\u4F5C\u54C1\u88AB\u8A8D\u70BA\u662F\u6B0A\u5A01\u3002\u8FFD\u6EAF\u81EA\u5420\u9640\u6642\u671F(\u897F\u5143\u524D500\u5E74\u5230\u897F\u51431200\u5E74)\u7684\u5420\u9640\u7D93\u662F\u73FE\u5B58\u6700\u65E9\u7684\u7D93\u5178\u3002\u5B97\u6559\u6CD5\u5F8B\u5178\u7C4D\u53CA\u53F2\u8A69\u5982\u300A\u7F85\u6469\u8036\u90A3\u53F2\u8A69\u300B\u53CA\u300A\u6469\u8A36\u5A46\u7F85\u9054\u300B\u4ECD\u820A\u6975\u5177\u5F71\u97FF\u529B\u3002\" (Getty, 2017)"@zh-hant . "\u00ABL'hindouisme (hindi : hindu dharm ; devan\u0101gar\u012B : \u0939\u093F\u0928\u094D\u0926\u0942 \u0927\u0930\u094D\u092E ; \u00ABreligion hindoue\u00BB), ou Sanatana Dharma (sanskrit IAST : san\u0101tanadharma ; devan\u0101gar\u012B : \u0938\u0928\u093E\u0924\u0928\u0927\u0930\u094D\u092E ; \u00ABLoi \u00C9ternelle\u00BB), est l'une des plus vieilles religions du monde encore pratiqu\u00E9es, qui n'a ni fondateur ni \u00C9glise. Avec pr\u00E8s d'un milliard de fid\u00E8les dans 84 pays, c'est actuellement la troisi\u00E8me religion la plus pratiqu\u00E9e dans le monde apr\u00E8s le christianisme et l'islam. Elle est issue du sous-continent indien qui reste son principal foyer de peuplement. La particularit\u00E9 de l'hindouisme est de n'avoir ni proph\u00E8tes ni dogmes centraux. Cependant, les hindous contemporains croient en l'autorit\u00E9 du Veda, qui, selon la tradition, fut r\u00E9v\u00E9l\u00E9 aux hommes, gr\u00E2ce \u00E0 la \u00ABvision\u00BB des Rishi. Le terme persan hindu (du sanskrit Sindhu) d\u00E9signait au d\u00E9part, pour les musulmans qui p\u00E9n\u00E9tr\u00E8rent en Inde, les habitants du bassin de l'Indus. L'hindouisme se pr\u00E9sente comme un ensemble de concepts philosophiques issus d'une tradition remontant \u00E0 la protohistoire indienne, la pratique hindouiste \u00E9tant sans doute issue d'une tradition orale tr\u00E8s ancienne, proche de l'animisme. On retient parfois une tripartition historique qui fait de l'hindouisme la derni\u00E8re phase du d\u00E9veloppement des religions en Inde, apr\u00E8s le v\u00E9disme aryen (~1500 \u00E0 900 av. J.-C.) et le brahmanisme (~900 \u00E0 400 av. J.-C.). Au-del\u00E0 du syncr\u00E9tisme th\u00E9ologique, l'hindouisme d'avant les invasions islamiques et le colonialisme europ\u00E9en qui soumirent l'Inde \u00E0 leur autorit\u00E9 \u00E9tait un vecteur pour toutes les sciences : le droit, la politique, l'architecture, l'astronomie, la philosophie, la m\u00E9decine, etc., comme d'autres savoirs qui avaient en commun le substrat religieux.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "historian"@en . "architectural historian"@en . "art historian"@en . "family archivist"@en . "family historian"@en . "furniture historian"@en . "historical researcher"@en . "historical scholar"@en . "irish historian"@en . "local historian"@en . "medievalist"@en . "music historian"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "historians"@en . "historical expertise"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Home Rule"@fr . "Home rule"@en . . "Home Rule movement"@en . "\"Home rule is the power of a constituent part (administrative division) of a state to exercise such of the state's powers of governance within its own administrative area that have been decentralized to it by the central government. In the United Kingdom, it traditionally referred to self-government, devolution or independence of its constituent nations\u2014initially Ireland, and later Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. In the United States and other countries organised as federations of states, the term usually refers to the process and mechanisms of self-government as exercised by municipalities, counties, or other units of local government at the level below that of a federal state (e.g., US state, in which context see special legislation). It can also refer to the similar system under which Greenland and the Faroe Islands are associated with Denmark. Home rule is not, however, comparable with federalism. Whereas states in a federal system of government (e.g., Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, Switzerland, Brazil, Ethiopia and the United States of America) have a guaranteed constitutional existence, a devolved home rule system of government is created by ordinary legislation and can be reformed, or even abolished, by repeal or amendment of that ordinary legislation. A state legislature may, for example, create home rule for a county or parish (or its townships), so that a county commission or board of supervisors may have jurisdiction over its unincorporated areas, including important issues like zoning. (Without this, a US county is simply an extension of state government.) The legislature can also establish or eliminate municipal corporations, which have home rule within town or city limits through the city council. The state government could also abolish counties/townships, or their governments, according to the state constitution and state laws.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe Home Rule est un projet visant \u00E0 donner une autonomie interne \u00E0 l'Irlande, tout en restant sous la tutelle de la couronne britannique. En 1870, Isaac Butt cr\u00E9e la Home Government Association pour la promotion de l'autonomie de l'\u00EEle, et l'institution d'un parlement \u00E0 Dublin, dans le cadre du Royaume-Uni ; en 1873 elle devient la Home Rule League. Cette d\u00E9marche reprend le combat soutenu notamment par Daniel O'Connell.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . "homosexuality"@en . "homosexualit\u00E9"@fr . "homosexual"@en . "male HOMOSEXUAL"@en . "Homosexuality indicates sexual attraction to subjects of the same gender. Like bisexuality, it draws on a binary understanding of sex and gender that also often conflates sex with gender. Homosexual is often used as an umbrella term for lesbian and gay sexuality."@en . "L'homosexualit\u00E9 indique l'attraction sexuelle entre des sujets du m\u00EAme genre. Comme bisexuel, le terme repose sur une interpr\u00E9tation binaire et souvent indiff\u00E9renci\u00E9e du sexe et du genre. Homosexuel est souvent utilis\u00E9 comme terme g\u00E9n\u00E9rique pour les sexualit\u00E9s lesbienne et gay."@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Doctorat honoris causa"@fr . "honorary degree"@en . . "honorary Doctorate of Divinity"@en . "honorary MA"@en . "\"An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa (Latin: \"for the sake of the honor\") is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived the usual requirements, such as matriculation, residence, a dissertation and the passing of comprehensive examinations. The degree is typically a doctorate or, less commonly, a master's degree, and may be awarded to someone who has no prior connection with the academic institution or no previous postsecondary education. An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows: Doctorate in Business Administration (Hon. Causa). The degree is often conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitor's contributions to a specific field or to society in general. It is often given to graduation speakers at a university or college, and the university may derive benefits by association with the person in question. The degree is not recognized by employers as having the same stature as a corresponding earned doctorate degree and should not be represented as such. Rev. Theodore Hesburgh held the record for most honorary degrees, having been awarded 150 during his lifetime.\"\n (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABUn doctorat honoris causa (du latin causa, qui exprime le but, pr\u00E9c\u00E9d\u00E9 du g\u00E9nitif de honor, honoris, l'honneur : \u00AB pour l'honneur \u00BB, honorifique) est un titre honorifique d\u00E9cern\u00E9 par une universit\u00E9 ou une facult\u00E9 \u00E0 une personnalit\u00E9 \u00E9minente. Un docteur honoris causa, parfois abr\u00E9g\u00E9 en Dr h. c., est le r\u00E9cipiendaire d'un doctorat honoris causa. Au Canada, on parle de doctorat honorifique.\u00BB\n (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "hospitality"@en . "alehouse keeper"@en . "cafe manager"@en . "club employee"@en . "coffee house keeper"@en . "guesthouse keeper"@en . "hotel keeper"@en . "hotel manager"@en . "hotel proprietor"@en . "hotel worker"@en . "hotelier"@en . "inn"@en . "innkeeper"@en . "lodging house keeper"@en . "restaurant manager"@en . "restaurant owner"@en . "tavern keeper"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "coffee house keeper"@en . "hostel forewoman"@en . "pot girl"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "hostess"@en . "entertaining"@en . "literary hostess"@en . "nightclub hostess"@en . "salonniere"@en . "salonni\u00E8re"@en . "society hostess"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "hostess for her father"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "house painter"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "house sitter"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "housekeeper"@en . "household management"@en . "housekeeping"@en . "mistress of a household"@en . "state housekeeper"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "housework"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "housing movement"@en . "mouvement pour le droit au logement"@fr . "housing activism"@en . "housing charity"@en . . "Advocacy or activism related to housing for the poor or otherwise disadvantaged."@en . "Militantisme et lutte en faveur du droit au logement pour les plus d\u00E9munis et autres personnes d\u00E9favoris\u00E9es. Voir Droit au logement \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Huguenot"@en . "Huguenot"@fr . . "\"A Huguenot (/\u02C8hju\u02D0\u0261\u0259n\u0252t/, /\u02C8hju\u02D0\u0261\u0259no\u028A/ or /\u02CChju\u02D0\u0261\u0259\u02C8no\u028A/; French: [y\u0261(\u0259)n\u00F5]) is a designation for a French Protestant who follows the Reformed tradition. It was used frequently to describe members of the French Reformed Church until the beginning of the 19th century. The term traces back its origin to 16th century France. Historically, Huguenots were French Protestants inspired by the writings of John Calvin. Huguenots endorsed the Reformed tradition of Protestantism, as opposed to largely German Lutheran population in Alsace, Moselle, and around Montb\u00E9liard. Hans J. Hillerbrand in his Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set claims the Huguenot community reached as much as 10% of the French population on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, declining to 7-8% by the end of the 16th century, and further after heavy persecution began once again with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV of France. Huguenot numbers peaked near an estimated two million by 1562, concentrated mainly in the southern and western parts of France. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew, in spite of political concessions and edicts of toleration from the French crown. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The wars finally ended with the granting of the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political, and military autonomy. Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s prompted the abolishment of their political and military privileges; they retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV. Louis XIV gradually increased persecution of them until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), ending any legal recognition of Protestantism in France, and forcing the Huguenots to convert or flee in a wave of violent dragonnades. Louis XIV claimed the French Huguenot population of 800,000 to 900,000 individuals was reduced to 1,000 or 1,500 individuals; a huge overestimate, although dragonnades were indeed the most devastating event for the minority. Nevertheless, now tiny minority of Huguenots remained, and faced continued persecution under Louis XV. Persecution of Protestants diminished significantly in France after the death of Louis XIV in 1715, and then after the death of Louis XV in 1774. It officially ended with the Edict of Versailles, commonly called the Edict of Tolerance, signed by Louis XVI in 1787. Two years later, with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789, Protestants gained equal rights as citizens. The bulk of Huguenot \u00E9migr\u00E9s relocated to Protestant nations such as England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy of Prussia, the Channel Islands, and Ireland. They also spread to the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, New Netherland, several of the English colonies in North America, and Quebec, where they were generally accepted and allowed to worship freely. In the 21st century, most Huguenots have been assimilated into various societies and cultures, but remnant communities of Camisards in the C\u00E9vennes and French members of the largely German Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine, as well as Huguenot diaspora in England and Australia still retain their beliefs, and Huguenot designation.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes huguenots sont les Fran\u00E7ais protestants pendant les guerres de Religion (seconde moiti\u00E9 du XVIe si\u00E8cle), au cours desquelles ils ont \u00E9t\u00E9 \u2013 sous ce nom \u2013 en conflit avec les catholiques. Environ 300 000 d\u2019entre eux ont quitt\u00E9 la France \u00E0 la suite des dragonnades et de la r\u00E9vocation de l\u2019\u00E9dit de Nantes le 18 octobre 1685. \u00C0 partir du XVIIe si\u00E8cle, les huguenots sont appel\u00E9s religionnaires, car les actes royaux ne parlaient pas de protestantisme mais de \u00AB religion pr\u00E9tendue r\u00E9form\u00E9e \u00BB.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "droits de l'homme"@fr . "human rights"@en . . "human rights activist"@en . "humanitarian"@en . "Advocacy or activism in support of human rights. Human rights - Wikipedia"@en . "Militantisme et lutte en faveur des droits humains. Voir Droits de l'homme \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Humanisme"@fr . "humanism"@en . . "humanist"@en . "\"Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasises the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have identified with it. The term was coined by theologian Friedrich Niethammer at the beginning of the 19th century. Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. In modern times, humanist movements are typically aligned with secularism, and today humanism typically refers to a non-theistic life stance centred on human agency and looking to science rather than revelation from a supernatural source to understand the world.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'humanisme est un courant culturel europ\u00E9en, trouvant ses origines en Italie, principalement autour de la Toscane, qui s'est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 \u00E0 la Renaissance. Renouant avec la civilisation gr\u00E9co-romaine, les intellectuels de l'\u00E9poque manifestent un vif app\u00E9tit de savoir (philologie notamment). Consid\u00E9rant que l'Homme est en possession de capacit\u00E9s intellectuelles potentiellement illimit\u00E9es, ils consid\u00E8rent la qu\u00EAte du savoir et la ma\u00EEtrise des diverses disciplines comme n\u00E9cessaires au bon usage de ces facult\u00E9s. Ils pr\u00F4nent la vulgarisation de tous les savoirs, dont religieux ; la parole divine doit \u00EAtre accessible \u00E0 toute personne, quelles que soient ses origines ou sa langue (traduction de la Bible par Jacques Lef\u00E8vre d'\u00C9taples en 1523). Ainsi, cet humanisme vise \u00E0 diffuser plus clairement le patrimoine culturel. L'individu, correctement instruit, reste libre et pleinement responsable de ses actes dans la croyance de son choix. Les notions de libert\u00E9 ou libre arbitre, de tol\u00E9rance, d'ind\u00E9pendance, d'ouverture et de curiosit\u00E9 sont, de ce fait, indissociables de la th\u00E9orie humaniste classique. Par extension, on d\u00E9signe par \u00ABhumaniste\u00BB toute pens\u00E9e qui met au premier plan de ses pr\u00E9occupations le d\u00E9veloppement des qualit\u00E9s essentielles de l'\u00EAtre humain. Une vaste cat\u00E9gorie de philosophies portant sur l'\u00E9thique affirme la dignit\u00E9 et la valeur de tous les individus, fond\u00E9e sur la capacit\u00E9 de d\u00E9terminer le bien et le mal par le recours \u00E0 des qualit\u00E9s humaines universelles, en particulier la rationalit\u00E9. L'humanisme implique un engagement \u00E0 la recherche de la v\u00E9rit\u00E9 et de la moralit\u00E9 par l'interm\u00E9diaire des moyens humains, en particulier les sciences, en solidarit\u00E9 avec l'humanit\u00E9. En mettant l'accent sur la capacit\u00E9 d'auto-d\u00E9termination, l'humanisme rejette la validit\u00E9 des justifications transcendantes de l'\u00E9poque, alors \u00E9loign\u00E9e des questions ph\u00E9nom\u00E9nologiques du XXe si\u00E8cle, jug\u00E9es comme une d\u00E9pendance \u00E0 l'\u00E9gard du surnaturel et de la croyance, tels certains textes pr\u00E9sent\u00E9s comme d'origine divine. Les humanistes d\u00E9veloppent une morale universelle fond\u00E9e sur la communaut\u00E9 de la condition humaine. L'humanisme est composante d'une vari\u00E9t\u00E9 de syst\u00E8mes philosophiques plus sp\u00E9cifiques et de plusieurs \u00E9coles de pens\u00E9e religieuse. Bien avant d'\u00EAtre un concept galvaud\u00E9 par la politique, l'humanisme est avant tout un terme de l'histoire de la philosophie renvoyant \u00E0 la Renaissance, et plus particuli\u00E8rement au mouvement d'Erasme, Michel de Montaigne ou encore Bud\u00E9, lesquels ont remis \u00E0 l'honneur \u00E0 la fois la litt\u00E9rature de l'Antiquit\u00E9 gr\u00E9co-latine et la r\u00E9flexion personnelle.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "humanitarian work"@en . "international aid worker"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "distribution of medical supplies"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "hunter"@en . "fox hunter"@en . "foxhunter"@en . "hunting"@en . "rabbit shooting"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "big game hunting"@en . "fox hunting"@en . "foxhunting"@en . "master of hounds"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "husband"@en . . . . . . . "husband of"@en . "mari de"@fr . . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "hypnotist"@en . "hypnotism"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "Deprecated from previous Orlando Ontology design."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver de l'ancienne ontology Orlando."@fr . . . "identity"@en . . "deprecated"@en . "The identity of the person who committed the act."@en . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Igbo"@en . "Igbo"@fr . . "\"The Igbo people, also erroneously known as the \"Ibo people\" (because certain Europeans had difficulty making the /\u0261\u0361b/ sound), are an indigenous linguistic and cultural people of southern Nigeria. Geographically, the Igbo homeland is divided into two unequal sections by the Niger River\u2013 an eastern (which is the larger of the two) and a western section. Culturally and linguistically, the Niger River has provided an easy means of communication and unity amongst the Igbo natives on both sides, as well as promoted ancient trade and movement of peoples between Igboland and the rest of the world.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABJeune femme igbo en tenue de c\u00E9r\u00E9monielors d'un festival culturel Fichier:LocationIgboland.png Carte de r\u00E9partition Les Igbos sont une ethnie habitant le sud - est du Nig\u00E9ria. Ils constituent 18 % de la population du pays et donc, repr\u00E9sentent ainsi le 3e groupe ethnique le plus important du pays.Ils parlent la langue igbo, une langue de type nig\u00E9ro - congolais. Ce sont des agriculteurs majoritairement chr\u00E9tiens, dont la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 est bas\u00E9e sur un syst\u00E8me de classes d'\u00E2ges.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)\n "@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "illustrator"@en . "advertisement illustrator"@en . "illustrator of children's books"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "creator of etchings to illustrate"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "imitated by"@en . . . . . . . . . "imitates"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates a generally favourable intertextual engagement by way of imitation. See genre:imitation"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "imitation"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "immunologist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Imp\u00E9rialisme"@fr . "imperialism"@en . . "colonialist"@en . "commonwealth supporter"@en . "imperialist"@en . "\"Imperialism means \"to extend a country's power through military and diplomacy\". Its name originated from the Latin word imperium, which means to rule over large territories. Imperialism is \"a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means\". It has also allowed for the rapid spread of technologies and ideas. The term imperialism has been applied to Western (and Japanese) political and economic dominance especially in Asia and Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries. Its precise meaning continues to be debated by scholars. Some writers, such as Edward Said, use the term more broadly to describe any system of domination and subordination organised with an imperial center and a periphery. Imperialism is defined as \"A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.\" Imperialism is particularly focused on the control that one group, often a state power, has on another group of people. This is often through various forms of \"othering\" (see other) based on racial, religious, or cultural stereotypes. There are \"formal\" or \"informal\" imperialisms. \"Formal imperialism\" is defined as \"physical control or full-fledged colonial rule\". \"Informal imperialism\" is less direct; however, it is still a powerful form of dominance. The definition of imperialism has not been finalized for centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers, or simply, general-purpose aggressiveness. Further on, some writers used the term imperialism, in slightly more discriminating fashion, to mean all kinds of domination or control by a group of people over another. To clear out this confusion about the definition of imperialism one could speak of \"formal\" and \"informal\" imperialism, the first meaning physical control or \"full-fledged colonial rule\" while the second implied less direct rule though still containing perceivable kinds of dominance. Informal rule is generally less costly than taking over territories formally. This is because, with informal rule, the control is spread more subtly through technological superiority, enforcing land officials into large debts that cannot be repaid, ownership of private industries thus expanding the controlled area, or having countries agree to uneven trade agreements forcefully. It is mostly accepted that modern-day colonialism is an expression of imperialism and cannot exist without the latter. The extent to which \"informal\" imperialism with no formal colonies is properly described remains a controversial topic among historians. Both colonization and imperialism have been described by Tom Nairn and Paul James as early forms of globalization: Even if a particular empire does not have a \"global reach\" as we would define it today, empires by their nature still tend to contribute to processes of globalization because of the way that imperial power tends to generate counter-power at its edge-lands and send out reverberations far beyond the territories of their immediate control. The word imperialism became common in Great Britain during the 1870s and was used with a negative connotation. In Great Britain, the word had until then mostly been used to refer to the politics of Napoleon III in obtaining favorable public opinion in France through foreign military interventions.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'imp\u00E9rialisme est une strat\u00E9gie ou une doctrine politique de conqu\u00EAte, visant la formation d'un empire ou d'une domination. Pour John Atkinson Hobson, la nouveaut\u00E9 dans l'imp\u00E9rialisme de la fin du XIXe si\u00E8cle et du d\u00E9but du XXe si\u00E8cle, c'est qu'il n'est plus li\u00E9 \u00E0 l'id\u00E9e d'un empire couvrant le monde connu, comme c'\u00E9tait le cas dans le cadre de la Pax Romana. Au contraire, \u00E0 la suite de la mont\u00E9e du nationalisme au XIXe si\u00E8cle, cet imp\u00E9rialisme donne lieu \u00E0 une lutte entre empires concurrents (Empire allemand, Empire britannique, Empire russe, etc.). Au niveau \u00E9conomique, l'imp\u00E9rialisme est alors de nature protectionniste et s'oppose au libre-\u00E9change. Par ailleurs, ses liens avec certaines formes de capitalisme monopolistique sont mis en avant par de nombreux auteurs marxistes. De nos jours, ce terme est employ\u00E9 de fa\u00E7on large pour d\u00E9signer tout rapport de domination \u00E9tabli par une nation ou pays sur un ou plusieurs autres pays.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "in generic range of"@en . . . . . "Deprecated from previous Orlando Ontology design."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver de l'ancienne ontologie Orlando."@fr . . . "in role"@en . . "deprecated"@en . "The role taken on by this actor."@en . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Independent Methodist Connexion"@en . . "Independent Methodist"@en . . "\"Their first chapels came into being in the north-west of England and met together for the first time in 1806 at Manchester. Annual Meetings and exchange of preachers constituted the only tangible link between the churches for many years. Of the early leading figures, the most prominent was Peter Phillips of Warrington; he is generally regarded as the denomination\u2019s founding father. By trade he was a chairmaker, but as an unpaid minister and preacher he travelled a wide area of the country and was instrumental in the affiliation of many churches to the Connexion during a period of over 50 years. Though some of the early congregations used the title Independent Methodists, there were many other names: for example, Free Gospel Church, Christian Lay Church, Christian Brethren, Gospel Pilgrims and Quaker Methodists. It was not until 1898 that the Annual Meeting finally chose the name Independent Methodist.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "indexed by"@en . ""@fr . "Indicates an organization's use of this name form in its index."@en . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Indian independence movement"@en . "Mouvement pour l'ind\u00E9pendance de l'Inde"@fr . . "Indian independence"@en . "Indian self-government"@en . "indian nationalist"@en . "pro-independence (indian)"@en . . "\"The Indian Independence Movement encompassed activities and ideas aiming to end the East India Company rule (1757\u20131858) and the British Raj (1858\u20131947) in the Indian subcontinent. The Movement spanned a total of 190 years (1757-1947). The very first organised militant movements were in Bengal, but they later took movement in the then newly formed Indian National Congress with prominent moderate leaders seeking only their basic right to appear for Indian Civil Service examinations, as well as more rights, economic in nature, for the people of the soil. The early part of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards political self-rule proposed by leaders such as the Lal, Bal, Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai. The last stages of the self-rule struggle from the 1920s onwards saw Congress adopt Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi's policy of nonviolence and civil resistance, Muhammad Ali Jinnah's constitutional struggle for the rights of minorities in India, and several other campaigns. Activists Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and Bhagat Singh preached armed revolution to achieve self-rule. Poets and writers such as Rabindranath Tagore, Subramaniya Bharathi, Allama Iqbal, Josh Malihabadi, Mohammad Ali Jouhar, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, and Kazi Nazrul Islam used literature, poetry, and speech as a tool for political awareness. Feminists such as Sarojini Naidu and Begum Rokeya promoted the emancipation of Indian women and their participation in national politics. Babasaheb Ambedkar championed the cause of the disadvantaged sections of Indian society within the larger self-rule movement. The period of the Second World War saw the peak of the campaigns by the Quit India movement led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Army movement led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. The Indian self-rule movement was a mass-based movement that encompassed various sections of society. It also underwent a process of constant ideological evolution. Although the basic ideology of the movement was anti-colonial, it was supported by a vision of independent capitalist economic development coupled with a secular, democratic, republican, and civil-libertarian political structure. After the 1930s, the movement took on a strong socialist orientation, due to the increasing influence of left-wing elements in the Congress as well as the rise and growth of the Communist Party of India. The All-India Muslim League was formed in 1906 as a separate Muslim party which later in 1940 called for separate state of Pakistan. The work of these various movements led ultimately to the Indian Independence Act 1947, which ended the suzerainty in India and the creation of Pakistan. India remained a Dominion of the Crown until 26 January 1950, when the Constitution of India came into force, establishing the Republic of India; Pakistan was a dominion until 1956, when it adopted its first republican constitution. In 1971, East Pakistan declared independence as the People's Republic of Bangladesh.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00AB45xCe mod\u00E8le est-il pertinent ? Cliquez pour en voir d'autres.Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (mai 2015). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de r\u00E9f\u00E9rence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualit\u00E9 traitant du th\u00E8me abord\u00E9 ici, merci de compl\u00E9ter l'article en donnant les r\u00E9f\u00E9rences utiles \u00E0 sa v\u00E9rifiabilit\u00E9 et en les liant \u00E0 la section \u00ABNotes et r\u00E9f\u00E9rences\u00BB (modifier l'article, comment ajouter mes sources ?). Le mouvement pour l'ind\u00E9pendance de l'Inde recouvre un ensemble complexe englobant diverses campagnes nationales et r\u00E9gionales, des troubles et des tentatives inspir\u00E9s d'une philosophie \u00E0 la fois non-violente et militante, et a impliqu\u00E9 une gamme \u00E9tendue d'organismes, de philosophies et de mouvements politiques indiens ayant eu pour but commun de mettre fin \u00E0 l'autorit\u00E9 coloniale britannique aussi bien que celle d'autres administrations coloniales dans le sous-continent indien.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . ""@fr . "Indian"@en . . ""@fr . "\n \"Indian people or Indians are citizens of India, the second most populous nation containing 17.50% of the world's population. \"Indian\" refers to nationality, but not ethnicity or language. The Indian nationality consists of many regional ethno-linguistic groups, reflecting the rich and complex history of India. India hosts all major ethnic groups found in the Indian Subcontinent. The diaspora populations with Indian ancestry, as a result of emigration, are somewhat widespread most notably in the UAE, Southeast Asia, United Kingdom, North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the Caribbean, and Southern Europe. Population estimates vary from a conservative 12 million to 20 million diaspora.\" (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . ""@fr . "Indian unification"@en . . "Indian national unity"@en . ""@fr . "\"At the time of Indian independence in 1947, India was divided into two sets of territories, one under the control of the British Empire, and the other over which the Crown had suzerainty, but which were under the control of their hereditary rulers. In addition, there were several colonial enclaves controlled by France and Portugal. The political integration of these territories into India was a declared objective of the Indian National Congress, and the Government of India pursued this over the next decade.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Indigenous (of the Americas)"@en . "Indigenous/Am\u00E9rindiens"@fr . . "Amer-Indians"@en . "\n \"The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americans and their descendants. Pueblos ind\u00EDgenas or ind\u00EDgenas (lit. \"indigenous peoples\") is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries, and pueblos nativos or nativos (lit. \"native peoples\" in the sense of descendants of non-immigrants) may also be heard, while aborigen (aborigine) is used in Argentina, and pueblos abor\u00EDgenes (aboriginal peoples) is common in Chile. The term \"Amerindian\" (short for \"'Indians' of the Americas)\" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-speaking Caribbean. Indigenous peoples are commonly known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, which includes not only First Nations and Arctic Inuit, but also the minority population of First Nations-European mixed-race M\u00E9tis people who identify culturally and ethnically with indigenous peoplehood. This is contrasted, for instance, to the American Indian-European mixed-race mestizos of Hispanic America (caboclos in Brazil) who, with their larger population (in most Latin American countries constituting either outright majorities, pluralities, or at the least large minorities), identify largely as a new ethnic group distinct from both Europeans and Indigenous Americans, but still considering themselves a subset of the European-derived Hispanic peoplehood in culture and ethnicity. Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives. Application of the term \"Indian\" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies. Eventually, the Americas came to be known as the \"West Indies\", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the blanket term \"Indies\" and \"Indians\" (Spanish \"indios\") for the indigenous inhabitants, which implied some kind of racial or cultural unity among the indigenous peoples of the Americas. This unifying concept, codified in law, religion, and politics, was not originally accepted by the myriad groups of indigenous peoples themselves, but has since been embraced by many over the last two centuries. Even though the term \"Indian\" does not include the culturally and linguistically distinct indigenous peoples of the Arctic regions of the Americas \u2014 such as the Aleuts, Inuit, or Yupik peoples, who entered the continent as a second more recent wave of migration several thousand years ago, and have much more recent genetic and cultural commonalities with the aboriginal peoples of the Asiatic Arctic Russian Far East \u2014 these groups are nonetheless considered \"indigenous peoples of the Americas\". Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers\u2014and many, especially in Amazonia, still are\u2014many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas. Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaran\u00ED, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples.\" (DBpedia, 2017) The term is deeply contested. See: Native American name controversy - Wikipedia"@en . "\n \u00ABLes Am\u00E9rindiens, Indiens d'Am\u00E9rique, Indiens ou encore Am\u00E9ricains natifs, comme revendiqu\u00E9 par certaines peuplades, sont les habitants d'Am\u00E9rique avant la colonisation europ\u00E9enne des Am\u00E9riques.\u00BB(DBpedia, 2017)\n "@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . ""@fr . "Indigenous (of the Americas)"@en . . "Native American"@en . "\n \"The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americans and their descendants. Pueblos ind\u00EDgenas or ind\u00EDgenas (lit. \"indigenous peoples\") is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries, and pueblos nativos or nativos (lit. \"native peoples\" in the sense of descendants of non-immigrants) may also be heard, while aborigen (aborigine) is used in Argentina, and pueblos abor\u00EDgenes (aboriginal peoples) is common in Chile. The term \"Amerindian\" (short for \"'Indians' of the Americas)\" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-speaking Caribbean. Indigenous peoples are commonly known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, which includes not only First Nations and Arctic Inuit, but also the minority population of First Nations-European mixed-race M\u00E9tis people who identify culturally and ethnically with indigenous peoplehood. This is contrasted, for instance, to the American Indian-European mixed-race mestizos of Hispanic America (caboclos in Brazil) who, with their larger population (in most Latin American countries constituting either outright majorities, pluralities, or at the least large minorities), identify largely as a new ethnic group distinct from both Europeans and Indigenous Americans, but still considering themselves a subset of the European-derived Hispanic peoplehood in culture and ethnicity. Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives. Application of the term \"Indian\" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies. Eventually, the Americas came to be known as the \"West Indies\", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the blanket term \"Indies\" and \"Indians\" (Spanish \"indios\") for the indigenous inhabitants, which implied some kind of racial or cultural unity among the indigenous peoples of the Americas. This unifying concept, codified in law, religion, and politics, was not originally accepted by the myriad groups of indigenous peoples themselves, but has since been embraced by many over the last two centuries. Even though the term \"Indian\" does not include the culturally and linguistically distinct indigenous peoples of the Arctic regions of the Americas \u2014 such as the Aleuts, Inuit, or Yupik peoples, who entered the continent as a second more recent wave of migration several thousand years ago, and have much more recent genetic and cultural commonalities with the aboriginal peoples of the Asiatic Arctic Russian Far East \u2014 these groups are nonetheless considered \"indigenous peoples of the Americas\". Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers\u2014and many, especially in Amazonia, still are\u2014many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas. Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaran\u00ED, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples.\" (DBpedia, 2017) The term is deeply contested. See: Native American name controversy - Wikipedia"@en . "\n \u00ABLes Am\u00E9rindiens, Indiens d'Am\u00E9rique, Indiens ou encore Am\u00E9ricains natifs, comme revendiqu\u00E9 par certaines peuplades, sont les habitants d'Am\u00E9rique avant la colonisation europ\u00E9enne des Am\u00E9riques.\u00BB(DBpedia, 2017)\n "@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Indigenous rights movement"@en . "droit des peuples autochtones"@fr . . "indigenous rights"@en . . "Advocacy or activism in support of human rights. Indigenous rights - Wikipedia"@en . "Militantisme et lutte en faveur des droits des peuples autochtones. Voir Droit des peuples autochtones \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . . . "indigent"@en . "indigent\u2022e\u2022s"@fr . "INDIGENT"@en . "impoverished"@en . "poverty"@en . "Cette classe sociale inclut \"les pauvres, les indigent\u2022e\u2022s, les ch\u00F4meur\u2022euse\u2022s \" d\u00E9pendant des actions de charit\u00E9 ou des aides sociales."@fr . "This social class is \"poor, destitute, unemployed,\" supported by charity, or on social security. (Brown, 2006)"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Individualisme"@fr . "individualism"@en . . "individualist"@en . "\"Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that emphasises the moral worth of the individual. Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance and advocate that interests of the individual should achieve precedence over the state or a social group, while opposing external interference upon one's own interests by society or institutions such as the government. Individualism is often defined in contrast to totalitarianism, collectivism and more corporate social forms. Individualism makes the individual its focus and so starts \"with the fundamental premise that the human individual is of primary importance in the struggle for liberation.\" Classical Liberalism, existentialism, and anarchism are examples of movements that take the human individual as a central unit of analysis. Individualism thus involves \"the right of the individual to freedom and self-realization\". It has also been used as a term denoting \"The quality of being an individual; individuality\" related to possessing \"An individual characteristic; a quirk.\" Individualism is thus also associated with artistic and bohemian interests and lifestyles where there is a tendency towards self-creation and experimentation as opposed to tradition or popular mass opinions and behaviors as so also with humanist philosophical positions and ethics.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'individualisme est une conception philosophique, politique, sociale et morale qui tend \u00E0 privil\u00E9gier les droits, les int\u00E9r\u00EAts et la valeur de l'individu par rapport \u00E0 ceux du groupe. Il pr\u00F4ne l'autonomie individuelle face aux diverses institutions sociales et politiques (la famille, le clan, la corporation, la caste...) qui exercent sur lui de multiples pressions. Il ne faut pas confondre individualisme et \u00E9go\u00EFsme. Contrairement \u00E0 la compr\u00E9hension populaire, ce n'est que p\u00E9jorativement que l'individualisme peut se rapprocher de l'\u00E9go\u00EFsme et se d\u00E9finir comme une tendance \u00E0 ne vivre que pour soi. L'individualisme est apparu vers la fin du Moyen \u00C2ge et s'est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 \u00E0 partir de la Renaissance sous l'effet de multiples facteurs, tels que l'invention de l'imprimerie au XVe si\u00E8cle, qui a favoris\u00E9 l'activit\u00E9 individuelle de la lecture.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "influence"@en . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "inhabited"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates that a person lived in this place."@en . . . . . "instructor"@en . "un instructeur\u00B7ice"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "insurance"@en . "insurance agent"@en . "insurance broker"@en . "insurance clerk"@en . "insurance collector"@en . "insurance inspector"@en . "insurance manager"@en . "insurance salesman"@en . "insurance underwriter"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "public intellectual"@en . "intellectual"@en . "labour intellectual"@en . "learned woman"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "polymath"@en . "rationalist"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "intellectual influence"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "intelligence work"@en . "espionage worker"@en . "intelligence"@en . "intelligence agent"@en . "intelligence expert"@en . "intelligence officer"@en . "secret agent"@en . "spy"@en . "spying"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Internationalisme institutionnel"@fr . "internationalism"@en . . "internationalist"@en . "\"Internationalism is a political principle which advocates a greater political or economic cooperation among nations and peoples, and whose ideological roots can be traced to both socialism and liberalism. Supporters of this principle are referred to as internationalists, and generally believe that the people of the world should unite across national, political, cultural, racial, or class boundaries to advance their common interests, or that the governments of the world should cooperate because their mutual long-term interests are of greater importance than their short-term disputes. Internationalism is, in general, opposed to nationalism, jingoism or chauvinism, and war, and proponents can include supporters of any of the four socialist Internationals and organisations such as the United Nations or the World Federalist Movement.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'internationalisme institutionnel est un concept de la th\u00E9orie des relations internationales, d\u00E9signant un supranationalisme qui pr\u00F4ne le d\u00E9veloppement de la coop\u00E9ration institutionnelle entre \u00C9tats-nations.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance has interpersonal relationship with."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance a relation interpersonnelle avec."@fr . . "interpersonal relationship"@en . "relation interpersonnelle"@fr . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@fr . "Indicates personal knowledge of someone, covering a broad spectrum of social relations ranging from friendship to enmities and casual associations: it can include a writer having coffee with Samuel Johnson on one notable day, without needing a historical record of whether they were necessarily friends, through to substantial longlasting relationships. See also has intimate relationship with, has erotic relationship with, has possibly erotic relationship with."@en . . . . . "interpersonal relationship"@en . "relation interpersonnelle"@fr . . . . . . . . "intertextual relationship"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "interviewer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "intimate relationship"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "inventor"@en . "inventing"@en . "technological innovator"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "investor"@en . "financial backer"@en . "market speculator"@en . "share holder"@en . "speculator"@en . "stock investor"@en . "stockbroker"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Irish"@en . "Irlandais"@fr . . "irish ancestry"@en . . "\"The Irish people (Irish: Muintir na h\u00C9ireann or Na h\u00C9ireannaigh) are a nation and ethnic group native to the island of Ireland, who share a common Irish ancestry, identity and culture. Ireland has been inhabited for about 9,000 years according to archaeological studies (see Prehistoric Ireland). For most of Ireland's recorded history, the Irish have been primarily a Gaelic people (see Gaelic Ireland). Anglo-Normans conquered parts of Ireland in the 12th century, while England's 16th/17th century (re)conquest and colonization of Ireland brought a large number of English and Lowland Scots to parts of the island, especially the north. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland (an independent state), and the smaller Northern Ireland (a part of the United Kingdom).\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe peuple irlandais (en irlandais : Muintir na h\u00E9ireann, na h\u00E9ireannaigh ou na Gaeil) est un groupe ethnique d'Europe de l'Ouest originaire d'Irlande, une \u00EEle de l'archipel des \u00EEles Britanniques. Les personnes d'appartenance ethnique irlandaise, vivant en dehors de ce pays, sont communes dans beaucoup de pays du monde occidental, particuli\u00E8rement dans les pays anglophones. D'ailleurs, ce sont les \u00C9tats-Unis qui accueillent le plus grand nombre de personnes d'ascendance irlandaise avec environ la moiti\u00E9 de la population irlandaise mondiale, c'est-\u00E0-dire dix fois plus qu'en Irlande elle-m\u00EAme. N\u00E9anmoins, ce n'est qu'en R\u00E9publique d'Irlande et en Irlande du Nord qu'ils forment la majorit\u00E9 de la population. \u00C0 l'\u00E9tranger, la langue Celte Irlandaise n'est pratiquement pas parl\u00E9e, et cette langue s'efface surtout au profit de l'Anglais, en Am\u00E9rique du Nord et en Oc\u00E9anie.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Irish Home Rule Movement"@en . "mouvement Irish Home Rule"@fr . . "home ruler"@en . "home ruler (ireland)"@en . "irish home ruler"@en . . "\"The Irish Home Rule movement was a movement that agitated for self-government for Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It was the dominant political movement of Irish nationalism from 1870 to the end of World War I. Isaac Butt founded the Home Government Association in 1870. This was succeeded in 1873 by the Home Rule League, and in 1882 by the Irish Parliamentary Party. These organisations campaigned for home rule in the British House of Commons. Under the leadership of Charles Stewart Parnell, the movement came close to success when the Liberal government under William Ewart Gladstone introduced the First Home Rule Bill in 1886, but the bill was defeated in the House of Commons after a split in the Liberal Party. After Parnell's death, Gladstone introduced the Second Home Rule Bill in 1893; it passed the Commons but was defeated in the House of Lords. After the removal of the Lords' veto in 1911, the Third Home Rule Bill was introduced in 1912, leading to the Home Rule Crisis. On the outbreak of World War I it was enacted, but suspended until the conclusion of the war. Following the Easter Rising of 1916, public support shifted from the Home Rule movement to the more radical Sinn F\u00E9in party. In the 1918 General Election the Irish Parliamentary Party suffered a crushing defeat, only a handful of MP's surviving. This was effectively the death of the Home Rule movement. The elected Sinn F\u00E9in MPs had no interest in home rule, instead setting up their own legislature, D\u00E1il \u00C9ireann, and declaring the independence of Ireland as a republic. Britain passed a Fourth Home Rule Bill, the Government of Ireland Act 1920, aimed at creating separate parliaments for Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. The former was established in 1921, and the state continues to this day, but the latter never functioned. Following the Treaty that ended the Anglo-Irish War, the 26 southern counties of Ireland gained independence as the Irish Free State.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Irish nationalism"@en . "Nationalisme irlandais"@fr . . "cultural nationalist"@en . "irish nationalist"@en . "irish patriotism"@en . "parnellite"@en . . "\"Irish nationalism asserts that the Irish people are a nation. Since the partition of Ireland, the term generally refers to support for a united Ireland. Irish nationalists assert that rule from London has been to the detriment of Irish interests.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe nationalisme irlandais est n\u00E9 avec l'occupation pr\u00E9coce de l'\u00EEle par les Anglais. Le nationalisme culturel irlandais vise \u00E0 r\u00E9tablir la culture ga\u00E9lique des Irlandais en combattant, notamment, l'imp\u00E9rialisme culturel anglais. Il s'oppose historiquement aux privil\u00E8ges accord\u00E9s \u00E0 l'aristocratie protestante, qui imposait le serment du test et interdisait aux catholiques de si\u00E9ger au parlement.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Irish republicanism"@en . "R\u00E9publicanisme irlandais"@fr . . "Sinn Fein"@en . "anti-unionist"@en . "irish independence"@en . "irish republic"@en . "irish republican"@en . "irish republicanism"@en . "irish resistance"@en . "liberty for Ireland"@en . . "\"Irish republicanism (Irish: poblacht\u00E1nachas \u00C9ireannach) is an ideology based on the belief that all of Ireland should be an independent republic. The development of nationalist and democratic sentiment throughout Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was reflected in Ireland in the emergence of republicanism, in opposition to British rule. This followed hundreds of years of British conquest and Irish resistance through rebellion. Discrimination against Catholics and Non-conformists, attempts by the British administration to suppress Irish culture, and the belief that Ireland was economically disadvantaged as a result of the Act of Union were among the specific factors leading to such opposition. The Society of United Irishmen, formed in the 1780s and led primarily by liberal Protestants, evolved into a revolutionary republican organisation, inspired by the American Revolution and allied with Revolutionary France. It launched the 1798 Rebellion with the help of French troops. The rebellion had some success, especially in County Wexford, before it was suppressed. A second rising in 1803, led by Robert Emmet, was quickly put down, and Emmet was hanged. The Young Ireland movement, formed in the 1830s, was initially a part of the Repeal Association of Daniel O'Connell, but broke with O'Connell on the issue of the legitimacy of the use of violence. Primarily a political and cultural organisation, some members of Young Ireland staged an abortive rising, the Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848. Its leaders were transported to Van Diemen's Land. Some of these escaped to the United States, where they linked up with other Irish exiles to form the Fenian Brotherhood. Together with the Irish Republican Brotherhood, founded in Ireland by James Stephens and others in 1858, they made up a movement commonly known as \"Fenians\" which was dedicated to the overthrow of British imperial rule in Ireland. They staged another rising, the Fenian Rising, in 1867, and a dynamite campaign in England in the 1880s. In the early 20th century IRB members, in particular Tom Clarke and Se\u00E1n MacDermott, began planning another rising. The Easter Rising took place from 24 to 30 April 1916, when members of the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army seized the centre of Dublin, proclaimed a republic and held off British forces for almost a week. The execution of the Rising's leaders, including Clarke, MacDermott, Patrick Pearse and James Connolly, led to a surge of support for republicanism in Ireland. In 1917 the Sinn F\u00E9in party stated as its aim the \"securing the international recognition of Ireland as an independent Irish Republic\", and in the general election of 1918 Sinn F\u00E9in took 73 of the 105 Irish seats in the British House of Commons. The elected members did not take their seats but instead set up the First D\u00E1il. Between 1919 and 1921 the Irish Republican Army (IRA), who were loyal to the D\u00E1il, fought the British Army and Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) in the Irish War of Independence. Talks between the British and Irish in late 1921 led to a treaty by which the British conceded, not a 32-county Irish Republic, but a 26-county Irish Free State with Dominion status. This led to the Irish Civil War, in which the republicans were defeated by their former comrades. The Free State became an independent constitutional monarchy following the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931 and formally became a republic with the passage of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948. That same year, the republican movement took the decision to focus on Northern Ireland thereafter. The Border Campaign, which lasted from 1956 to 1962, involved bombings and attacks on Royal Ulster Constabulary barracks. The failure of this campaign led the republican leadership to concentrate on political action, and to move to the left. Following the outbreak of The Troubles in 1968-9, the movement split between Officials (leftists) and Provisionals (traditionalists) at the beginning of 1970. Both sides were initially involved in an armed campaign against the British state, but the Officials gradually moved into mainstream politics after the Official IRA ceasefire of 1972; the associated \"Official Sinn F\u00E9in\" eventually renamed itself the Workers' Party. The Provisional IRA, except during brief ceasefires in 1972 and 1975, kept up a campaign of violence for nearly thirty years, directed against security forces and civilian targets (especially businesses). While the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) represented the nationalists of Northern Ireland in initiatives such as the 1973 Sunningdale Agreement, republicans took no part in these, believing that a withdrawal of British troops and a commitment to a united Ireland was a necessary precondition of any settlement. This began to change with a landmark speech by Danny Morrison in 1981, advocating what became known as the Armalite and ballot box strategy. Under the leadership of Gerry Adams, Sinn F\u00E9in began to focus on the search for a political settlement. When the party voted in 1986 to take seats in legislative bodies within Ireland, there was a walk-out of die-hard republicans, who set up Republican Sinn F\u00E9in and the Continuity IRA. Following the Hume\u2013Adams dialogue, Sinn F\u00E9in took part in the Northern Ireland peace process which led to the IRA ceasefires of 1994 and 1997 and the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. After elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly, republicans sat in government in Northern Ireland for the first time when Martin McGuinness and Bairbre de Br\u00FAn were elected to the Northern Ireland Executive. However, another split occurred, with anti-Agreement republicans setting up the 32 County Sovereignty Movement and the Real IRA. Today, Irish republicanism is divided between those who support the institutions set up under the Good Friday Agreement and the later St Andrews Agreement, and those who oppose them. The latter are often referred to as \"dissident\" republicans.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe r\u00E9publicanisme irlandais est une id\u00E9ologie politique oppos\u00E9e \u00E0 la pr\u00E9sence britannique en Irlande et pr\u00F4nant l'unification de l'\u00EEle en une R\u00E9publique \u00E9galitariste. Le fondateur du r\u00E9publicanisme irlandais est le protestant Theobald Wolfe Tone et son mouvement, les United Irishmen. \u00C0 la fin du XVIIIe si\u00E8cle, cette id\u00E9e est port\u00E9e \u00E0 la fois par la bourgeoisie lib\u00E9rale protestante d'Irlande et par la paysannerie catholique. Apr\u00E8s l'\u00E9chec de la r\u00E9bellion irlandaise de 1798, la bourgeoisie protestante devint r\u00E9actionnaire et se rangea du c\u00F4t\u00E9 anglais. R\u00E9volutionnaires et \u00E9galitaristes, inspir\u00E9s par les r\u00E9volutions fran\u00E7aise et am\u00E9ricaine, les r\u00E9publicains irlandais se veulent aussi confessionnels, mythifiant l'ancienne union entre catholiques et protestants, sentiment symbolis\u00E9 par le drapeau irlandais, union du vert des Irlandais et de l'orange des Orangistes. L'action arm\u00E9e tient une place importante dans la tradition r\u00E9publicaine irlandaise, son histoire s'\u00E9maillant de soul\u00E8vements et de groupes arm\u00E9s clandestins.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Irish unionism"@en . "Unionisme en Irlande"@fr . . "anti-home rule"@en . "anti-home ruler"@en . "anti-irish"@en . "anti-irish nationalist"@en . "unionist"@en . "\"Unionism in Ireland is a political ideology that favours the continuation of some form of political union between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. Since the partition of Ireland, unionism in Ireland has focused on maintaining and preserving the place of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom. In this context, a distinction may be made between the unionism in the province of Ulster and unionism elsewhere in Ireland. Today in Northern Ireland, Unionist ideology is expressed in a number of different ways: through preferences for particular newspapers or sports team, participation in unionist culture and by voting for political candidates who espouse unionism. Irish nationalism is opposed to the ideology of unionism. Most unionists come from Protestant backgrounds; most nationalists come from a Roman Catholic background. Exceptions to these generalisations exist; there are Protestant nationalists and there are Catholic unionists.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABquot; Pour les articles homonymes, voir unionisme. L'unionisme en Irlande est une id\u00E9ologie politique pr\u00F4nant le maintien d'une forme d'union politique entre la province d'Irlande du Nord et le Royaume-Uni.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "ironmaster"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "ironmonger"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Iroquois"@en . "Iroquois"@fr . . "\"The Iroquois (/\u02C8\u026Ar\u0259kw\u0254\u026A/ or /\u02C8\u026Ar\u0259kw\u0251\u02D0/) or Haudenosaunee (/\u02C8ho\u028Ad\u0259no\u028A\u02C8\u0283o\u028Ani/) are a historically powerful and important northeast Native American confederacy. They were known during the colonial years to the French as the \"Iroquois League,\" and later as the \"Iroquois Confederacy,\" and to the English as the \"Five Nations\" (before 1722), and later as the \"Six Nations,\" comprising the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora peoples.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes Iroquois (ou Haudenosaunee) connus aussi par l'expression Cinq-Nations comprennent effectivement cinq et puis plus tard six nations am\u00E9rindiennes de langues iroquoises vivant historiquement dans le nord de l'\u00C9tat de New York aux \u00C9tats-Unis, au sud du lac Ontario et du fleuve Saint-Laurent. La plupart des quelque 125 000 Iroquois vivent aujourd'hui en Ontario au Canada et dans l'\u00C9tat de New York. D'autres vivent au Wisconsin, au Qu\u00E9bec et en Oklahoma. Seule une petite minorit\u00E9 des Iroquois parle aujourd'hui une des langues iroquoises dont notamment pr\u00E8s de 1 500 locuteurs du mohawk dans le village Kahnawake, au sud de Montr\u00E9al.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "is influenced by"@en . . "This element from the Production component names the specific people, texts, events or places that formed (developed) the writer's thinking as an artist. Influences can pertain to individual texts or her work as a whole."@en . . . . . . . . "is prequel of"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates an intertextual engagement that involves creative speculation about events what came before the temporal setting or events of an existing text."@en . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus."@en . . "Islam"@es . "Islam"@nl . "Islamism"@en . "Islamismo"@es . "i ssu lan chiao"@zh-latn-wadegile . "islam"@fr . "yi si lan jiao"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-notone . "y\u012B s\u012B l\u00E1n ji\u0101o"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-hanyu . "\u4F0A\u65AF\u862D\u6559"@zh-hant . "\u56DE\u6559"@zh-hant . . "Islamic"@en . "Mahometans"@en . "Muslim"@en . . "\"Refers to the religious beliefs and social practices founded in the seventh century by the Arabian Prophet Muhammad, held to be the last of a series of major prophets, which include, according to Islamic dogma, Adam, Noah, and Jesus. It later spread throughout the Middle East, Africa, Europe, and parts of Asia. It is characterized by the belief in the fundamental idea that a devotee 'surrenders' and submits his will to Allah, the prime creator and sustainer of the universe and all creation. In Islam, God is unique and has no partner or intermediary as in the Christian Trinity. Social service and the active alleviation of suffering in others is considered the only path to salvation and prayer and sacred ritual alone are inadequate forms of submission to Allah. The Qur'an (Koran), the sacred text of the religion, is a compilation of revelations from Allah believed to have been received by Muhammad.\" (Getty, 2017)"@en . "\"Se refiere a creencias religiosas y pr\u00E1cticas sociales fundadas en el siglo VII por el Profeta \u00E1rabe Mahoma, supuestamente el \u00FAltimo de una serie de grandes profetas, inclu\u00EDdos, de acuerdo al dogma Isl\u00E1mico, Ad\u00E1n, No\u00E9 y Jes\u00FAs. Posteriormente se difundi\u00F3 a trav\u00E9s del Medio Oriente, \u00C1frica, Europa y parte de Asia. Se caracteriza por la creencia en la idea fundamental que un devoto se \"rinde\" y somete la voluntad de Al\u00E1, el principal creador y mantenedor del universo y toda creaci\u00F3n. En el Islam, Dios es \u00FAnico y no tiene parentesco o intermediario como la trinidad cristiana. El servicio social y las actividades que alivian el sufrimiento de otros es considerado el \u00FAnico camino a la salvaci\u00F3n y la oraci\u00F3n y ritual sagrado a solas es una inadecuado forma de sumisi\u00F3n para Al\u00E1. El Coran (Koran), consagrado el texto de las religiones, es una compilaci\u00F3n relevante de las creencias de Al\u00E1 que fueron recibidas de Mahoma.\" (Getty, 2017)"@es . "\"Verwijst naar het samenstel van religieuze overtuigingen en sociale gebruiken dat in de 7de eeuw is ontstaan op basis van de leer van de Arabische profeet Mohammed, die wordt beschouwd als de laatste in een reeks van grote profeten; volgens de islamitische leer zijn dit onder anderen Adam, Noach en Jezus. De islam heeft zich later verspreid in het Midden-Oosten, Afrika, Europa en delen van Azi\u00EB. De islam wordt gekenmerkt door het geloof in het fundamentele idee dat een gelovige zich 'overgeeft' en zich onderwerpt aan Allah, de schepper van het universum en de schepping als geheel. God is uniek en heeft geen partner of tussenpersoon zoals bij de christelijke drie-eenheid. Maatschappelijke dienstbaarheid en het actief verlichten van het lijden van anderen wordt beschouwd als de enige weg naar verlossing en gebeden en heilige rituelen zijn op zichzelf onvoldoende vormen van overgave aan Allah. De Qur'an (Koran), het heilige geschrift van de religie, is een verzameling onthullingen die, zo gelooft men, door Allah aan Mohammed zijn geopenbaard.\" (Getty, 2017)"@nl . "\"\u7531\u963F\u62C9\u4F2F\u5148\u77E5\u7A46\u7F55\u9ED8\u5FB7\u65BC\u4E03\u4E16\u7D00\u5275\u5EFA\u7684\u5B97\u6559\u4FE1\u4EF0\u8207\u793E\u6703\u5BE6\u8E10\u65B9\u5F0F\u3002\u6839\u64DA\u4F0A\u65AF\u862D\u6559\u689D\uFF0C\u7A46\u7F55\u9ED8\u5FB7\u662F\u7E7C\u4E9E\u7576\u3001\u632A\u4E9E\u3001\u8036\u7A4C\u5F8C\u6700\u5F8C\u4E00\u500B\u4E3B\u8981\u7684\u5148\u77E5\u3002\u6B64\u6559\u4E4B\u5F8C\u5EE3\u50B3\u4E2D\u6771\u3001\u975E\u6D32\u3001\u6B50\u6D32\u3001\u53CA\u90E8\u4EFD\u4E9E\u6D32\u3002\u57FA\u672C\u601D\u60F3\u70BA\u4FE1\u5F92\u4EA4\u51FA\u81EA\u5DF1\u7684\u610F\u5FD7\u7D66\u963F\u62C9(\u5B87\u5B99\u53CA\u6240\u6709\u5275\u9020\u7269\u7684\u6700\u9AD8\u9020\u7269\u8005\u8207\u652F\u6490\u8005)\u3002\u5C31\u4F0A\u65AF\u862D\u6559\u800C\u8A00\uFF0C\u795E\u662F\u7368\u4E00\u7121\u4E8C\u7684\uFF0C\u4E14\u5E76\u975E\u5982\u57FA\u7763\u6559\u4E09\u4F4D\u4E00\u9AD4\u7684\u89C0\u9EDE\u822C\u6709\u5925\u4F34\u6216\u662F\u5A92\u4ECB\u3002\u793E\u6703\u670D\u52D9\u53CA\u7A4D\u6975\u5E6B\u52A9\u53D7\u82E6\u8005\u88AB\u8A8D\u70BA\u662F\u901A\u5F80\u6551\u8D16\u7684\u552F\u4E00\u8DEF\u5F91\uFF0C\u82E5\u53EA\u6709\u7948\u79B1\u53CA\u795E\u8056\u5100\u5F0F\u5247\u4E0D\u7B97\u5B8C\u5168\u5949\u737B\u4E88\u963F\u62C9\u3002\u53EF\u862D\u7D93\u662F\u6B64\u6559\u7684\u8056\u5178\uFF0C\u8A18\u8F09\u7A46\u7F55\u9ED8\u5FB7\u5F9E\u963F\u62C9\u5F97\u4F86\u7684\u795E\u793A\u3002\" (Getty, 2017)"@zh-hant . "\u00ABL'islam (arabe : \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) est une religion abrahamique s'appuyant sur le dogme du monoth\u00E9isme absolu (l'adoration du Dieu unique sans lui attribuer aucun associ\u00E9) et prenant sa source dans le Coran, consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme le recueil de la parole de Dieu (arabe : \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647, Allah) r\u00E9v\u00E9l\u00E9e \u00E0 Mahomet, proclam\u00E9 par les adh\u00E9rents de l'islam comme \u00E9tant le dernier proph\u00E8te de Dieu, au VIIe si\u00E8cle en Arabie. Un adepte de l'islam est appel\u00E9 un musulman. L'islam revendique pour fondement et enseignement principal le tawhid (monoth\u00E9isme, unicit\u00E9 et indivisibilit\u00E9), c'est-\u00E0-dire le monoth\u00E9isme le plus \u00E9pur\u00E9 o\u00F9 le culte est vou\u00E9 exclusivement \u00E0 Dieu, sans lui attribuer aucun fils. Les musulmans croient que Dieu est un et incomparable et que le but de l'existence est d'adorer Dieu. Les musulmans croient \u00E9galement que l'islam est la version compl\u00E8te et universelle d'une foi primordiale qui a \u00E9t\u00E9 r\u00E9v\u00E9l\u00E9e \u00E0 plusieurs reprises par le pass\u00E9 \u00E0 travers les proph\u00E8tes, incluant Adam, No\u00E9, Abraham, Mo\u00EFse et J\u00E9sus. Ainsi, elle se pr\u00E9sente comme un retour sur les pas d'Abraham (appel\u00E9, en arabe, Ibrahim par les musulmans) du point de vue de la croyance, le Coran le d\u00E9finissant comme \u00E9tant l'\u00E9talon-pied, la lieue de la Kaaba, le mille d'Abraham (milla ta Ibrahim), c'est-\u00E0-dire une soumission exclusive \u00E0 la volont\u00E9 d'Allah. Le Coran reconna\u00EEt l'origine divine de l'ensemble des livres sacr\u00E9s du juda\u00EFsme et du christianisme, tout en estimant qu'ils seraient, dans leurs interpr\u00E9tations actuelles, le r\u00E9sultat d'une falsification partielle : le Suhuf-i-Ibrahim (les Feuillets d'Abraham), la Tawrat (le Pentateuque ou la Torah), le Zabur de David et Salomon (identifi\u00E9 au Livre des Psaumes) et l'Injil (l'\u00C9vangile). Outre le Coran, la majorit\u00E9 des musulmans se r\u00E9f\u00E8rent \u00E0 des transmissions de paroles, actes et approbations de Mahomet, r\u00E9cits appel\u00E9s had\u00EEths, pour l'\u00E9tablissement de r\u00E8gles juridiques (fiqh) permettant la compr\u00E9hension et l'accomplissement des adorations du musulman au quotidien. Les diff\u00E9rentes branches de l'islam ne s'accordent pas sur les compilations de hadiths \u00E0 retenir comme authentiques. Le Coran et les hadiths dits \u00ABrecevables\u00BB sont deux des quatre sources de la loi islamique, la charia, les deux autres \u00E9tant l'unanimit\u00E9 (ijma') et l'analogie (qiyas). En 2010, le nombre de musulmans dans le monde est estim\u00E9 \u00E0 1,6 milliard, soit 23,4 % de la population mondiale, ce qui fait de l'islam la deuxi\u00E8me religion du monde apr\u00E8s le christianisme et devant l'hindouisme. C'est, chronologiquement parlant, le troisi\u00E8me grand courant monoth\u00E9iste de la famille des religions abrahamiques, apr\u00E8s le juda\u00EFsme et le christianisme avec lesquels il poss\u00E8de un certain nombre d'\u00E9l\u00E9ments communs. L'islam se r\u00E9partit en diff\u00E9rents courants, dont les principaux sont le sunnisme, qui repr\u00E9sente entre 80 et 85 % des musulmans, et le chiisme, rencontr\u00E9 principalement en Irak et en Iran.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "isolationism"@en . "isolationnisme"@fr . . "\"Isolationism is the foreign policy position that a nations' interests is best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance. One possible motivation for limiting international involvement is to avoid being drawn into dangerous and otherwise undesirable conflicts. There may also be a perceived benefit from avoiding international trade agreements or other mutual assistance pacts.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABL'isolationnisme est une doctrine de politique ext\u00E9rieure qui combine un non-interventionnisme militaire et une politique de patriotisme \u00E9conomique (protectionnisme).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Italian nationalism"@en . "nationalisme Italien"@fr . . . "Italian nationalist movement"@en . "italian nationalist"@en . "italian risorgimento"@en . "mazzinian"@en . . . "D\u00E9fense pour l'unification de l'Italie en un m\u00EAme pays ou nationalisme italien. Voir Risorgimento \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . "Support for the unification of Italy as a single nation or of Italian nationalism. See Italian nationalism - Wikipedia; Italian unification - Wikipedia"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Italian unification"@en . "Risorgimento"@fr . . "\"Italian unification (Italian: Unificazione italiana), or the Risorgimento ([risord\u0292i\u02C8mento], meaning the Resurgence or revival), was the political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century. Despite a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and end of this period, many historians and scholars agree that the process began in 1815 with the Congress of Vienna and the end of Napoleonic rule, and was completed in 1871 when Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. (Some of the terre irredente did not, however, join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I with the Treaty of Saint-Germain. Some nationalists see the 3 November 1918 Armistice of Villa Giusti as the completion of unification.)\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe Risorgimento (mot italien signifiant \u00AB renaissance \u00BB ou en fran\u00E7ais \u00AB r\u00E9surrection \u00BB) est la p\u00E9riode de l\u2019histoire de l'Italie dans la seconde moiti\u00E9 du XIXe si\u00E8cle au terme de laquelle les rois de la maison de Savoie unifient la p\u00E9ninsule italienne par l'annexion de la Lombardie, de Venise, du royaume des Deux-Siciles, du duch\u00E9 de Mod\u00E8ne et Reggio, du grand-duch\u00E9 de Toscane, du duch\u00E9 de Parme et des \u00C9tats pontificaux au royaume de Sardaigne. Jusqu\u2019au milieu du XIXe si\u00E8cle, on pouvait consid\u00E9rer que, selon la d\u00E9finition de Metternich, l\u2019Italie n\u2019\u00E9tait rien de plus qu\u2019une \u00AB expression g\u00E9ographique \u00BB. L\u2019unification italienne est donc un \u00E9v\u00E9nement majeur de l\u2019histoire de l\u2019Europe dans la mesure o\u00F9 elle a transform\u00E9 l\u2019expression g\u00E9ographique en r\u00E9alit\u00E9 politique. Mais si tout le monde est d\u2019accord pour dire que l\u2019unification a constitu\u00E9 un tournant dans les relations internationales, les interpr\u00E9tations divergent en revanche quand il s\u2019agit de le replacer dans son contexte. Certains historiens voient dans cette naissance de l\u2019Italie un ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne sp\u00E9cifiquement italien, sans lien r\u00E9el avec les conjonctures de l\u2019\u00E9poque. D\u2019autres au contraire, estiment que l\u2019unification italienne s\u2019inscrit dans un processus commun, non seulement \u00E0 toutes les nations d\u2019Europe, mais encore \u00E0 celles du monde entier : une R\u00E9volution universelle venue bouleverser les structures sociales que le temps rend n\u00E9cessairement obsol\u00E8tes. La premi\u00E8re phase du Risorgimento (1848-1849) voit le d\u00E9veloppement de diff\u00E9rents mouvements r\u00E9volutionnaires et une guerre contre l\u2019Empire d'Autriche, mais se conclut par un retour au statu quo. La seconde phase 1859-1860 fait consid\u00E9rablement avancer le processus d\u2019unification et se conclut par la proclamation du Royaume d\u2019Italie le 17 mars 1861. L\u2019unification est ensuite achev\u00E9e avec l\u2019annexion de Rome, capitale de l\u2019\u00C9tat de l\u2019\u00C9glise, le 20 septembre 1870.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Jacobinism"@en . "Jacobinisme"@fr . . "jacobin"@en . "pro-Jacobin"@en . . "\"A Jacobin was a member of the Jacobin Club, a revolutionary political movement that was the most famous political club during the French Revolution (1789\u201399). The club was so called from the Dominican convent where they originally met, in the Rue Saint-Jacques (Latin: Jacobus) in Paris. Today, Jacobin and Jacobinism are used in a variety of senses. Jacobin is sometimes used in Britain as a pejorative for radical, left-wing revolutionary politics, especially when it exhibits dogmatism and violent repression. In France, Jacobin now generally indicates a supporter of a centralized republican state and strong central government powers and/or supporters of extensive government intervention to transform society.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe jacobinisme est une doctrine politique qui d\u00E9fend la souverainet\u00E9 populaire et l'indivisibilit\u00E9 de la R\u00E9publique fran\u00E7aise. Il tient son nom du club des Jacobins, dont les membres s'\u00E9taient \u00E9tablis pendant la R\u00E9volution fran\u00E7aise dans l'ancien couvent des Jacobins \u00E0 Paris. Le mot jacobinisme d\u00E9signe aujourd'hui une doctrine qui tend \u00E0 organiser le pouvoir de fa\u00E7on administrative (bureaucratie) et centralis\u00E9e (centralisation) et \u00E0 le faire exercer par une petite \u00E9lite de techniciens (technocratie) qui \u00E9tendent leur comp\u00E9tence \u00E0 tous les \u00E9chelons g\u00E9ographiques et \u00E0 tous les domaines de la vie sociale afin de les rendre uniformes, ce qui en fait l'adversaire du r\u00E9gionalisme. L'usage moderne du mot jacobinisme est de quelque mani\u00E8re anachronique. En effet, le jacobinisme, pendant la r\u00E9volution fran\u00E7aise, \u00E9tait une r\u00E9action aux enjeux particuliers de l'\u00E9poque. Pour n'en retenir que la philosophie, on pourrait aussi entendre jacobinisme comme une doctrine oppos\u00E9e aux politiques communautaires, qui tendrait, par exemple, aux divisions internes. Comme mouvement historique, le jacobinisme peut s'apparenter au XVIIIe si\u00E8cle en Autriche au jos\u00E9phisme et au XXe si\u00E8cle en URSS au centralisme bureaucratique.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Jacobinism."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance Jacobinisme."@fr . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Club des Jacobins"@fr . "Jacobism"@en . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . . "\"The Society of the Friends of the Constitution, after 1792 renamed Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and Equality (French: Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 des Jacobins, amis de la libert\u00E9 et de l'\u00E9galit\u00E9), commonly known as the Jacobin Club (Club des Jacobins) or just collectively Jacobins, was the most famous and influential political club in the development of the French Revolution. Initially founded by anti-Royalist deputies from Brittany, the Club grew into a nationwide republican movement, with a membership estimated at a half million or more. The Jacobin Club was heterogeneous and included both prominent parliamentary factions of the early 1790s, the radical Mountain and the more moderate Girondists. In 1792\u20133, the Girondists (led by Brissot and including Thomas Paine) dominated the Jacobin Club and led the country. Believing that revolutionary France would not be accepted by its neighbours, they called for an aggressive foreign policy and forced war on Austria. The Girondists were the dominant faction when the Jacobins overthrew the monarchy and created the republic. When the Republic failed to deliver the unrealistic gains that had been expected, they lost popularity. The Girondists sought to curb fanatical revolutionary violence, and were therefore accused by the Mountain of being royalist sympathisers. The National Guard eventually switched its support from the Girondists to the Mountain, allowing the Mountain to stage a coup d'etat. In May 1793, led by Maximilien de Robespierre, the leaders of the Mountain faction succeeded in sidelining the Girondist faction and controlled the government until July 1794. Their time in government was characterized by radically progressive legislation imposed with very high levels of political violence. In June 1793, they approved the Constitution of Year 1 which introduced universal male suffrage for the first time in history. In September 1793, twenty-one prominent Girondists were guillotined, beginning the Reign of Terror. In October, during the Terror, the new constitution was ratified in a referendum which most eligible voters avoided participating in. The Mountain executed tens of thousands of opponents nationwide, ostensibly to suppress the Vend\u00E9e insurrection and the Federalist insurrections, and to prevent any other insurrections, during the War of the First Coalition. In 1794, the fall of Robespierre pushed the Mountain out of power. The Jacobin Club was closed and many of its remaining leaders, notably Robespierre, were themselves executed. Today, Jacobin and Jacobinism are used in a variety of senses. In Britain, where the term \"Jacobin\" has been linked primarily to the Mountain, it is sometimes used as a pejorative for radical, left-wing revolutionary politics, especially when it exhibits dogmatism and violent repression. In France, \"Jacobin\" now generally indicates a supporter of a centralized republican state and strong central government powers and/or supporters of extensive government intervention to transform society. It is also used in other related senses, indicating proponents of a state education system which strongly promotes and inculcates civic values, and proponents of a strong nation-state capable of resisting any undesirable foreign interference.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLa Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 des amis de la Constitution, plus connue ensuite sous le nom de club des Jacobins, est le plus c\u00E9l\u00E8bre des clubs de la R\u00E9volution fran\u00E7aise. \u00ABC'est ici que s'est pr\u00E9par\u00E9e la R\u00E9volution, dit Georges Couthon en 1793, c'est ici qu'elle s'est faite, c'est ici que se sont pr\u00E9par\u00E9s tous les grands \u00E9v\u00E9nements\u00BB. Appel\u00E9 d'abord Club breton, le club tient son nom du couvent des Jacobins de la rue Saint-Honor\u00E9 (Coll\u00E8ge des Jacobins) o\u00F9 il s'est install\u00E9 en 1789, dans une salle lou\u00E9e par le couvent de l'Annonciation, fond\u00E9 entre 1611 et 1613 par S\u00E9bastien Micha\u00EBlis comme extension du Couvent des Jacobins de la rue Saint-Jacques (Jacobus en latin). Le Club des Jacobins est une soci\u00E9t\u00E9 de pens\u00E9e qui a constitu\u00E9, pendant la R\u00E9volution fran\u00E7aise, \u00E0 la fois un groupe de pression et un r\u00E9seau d'une remarquable efficacit\u00E9. L'action du club, essentielle d\u00E8s le d\u00E9but de 1790, devient dominante entre 1792 et 1794. \u00C0 cette \u00E9poque, l'adjectif \u00ABjacobin\u00BB signifie partisan de la politique du Comit\u00E9 de salut public. \u00C0 la fin de 1793, environ 6 000 soci\u00E9t\u00E9s de m\u00EAme type sont en correspondance avec lui dans toute la France. La chute de Robespierre marque la fin du grand r\u00F4le politique exerc\u00E9 par le club et entra\u00EEne sa dissolution en novembre 1794. Depuis cette \u00E9poque, le nom et l'adjectif s'appliquent \u00E0 un homme, une femme ou un courant politique hostile \u00E0 toute id\u00E9e d'affaiblissement et de d\u00E9membrement de l'\u00C9tat.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Jacobitism"@en . "Jacobitisme"@fr . . "jacobite"@en . "jacobite conspirator"@en . "jacobites"@en . . . "\"Jacobitism (/\u02C8d\u0292\u00E6k\u0259ba\u026A\u02CCt\u026Azm/ JAK-\u0259-beye-TIZ-\u0259m;Irish: Seacaib\u00EDteachas, S\u00E9amusachas, Scottish Gaelic: Seumasachas) was a political movement in Great Britain and Ireland that aimed to restore the Roman Catholic Stuart King James VII of Scotland, II of England and Ireland, and his heirs to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland. The movement took its name from Jacobus, the Renaissance Latin form of Iacomus, the original Latin form of James. Adherents rebelled against the British government on several occasions between 1688 and 1746. After James II was deposed in 1688 and replaced by his daughter Mary II, ruling jointly with her husband and first cousin (James's nephew) William III, the Stuarts lived in exile, occasionally attempting to regain the throne. The strongholds of Jacobitism were parts of the Scottish Highlands and the lowland north-east of Scotland, Ireland, and parts of Northern England (mostly within the counties of Northumberland and Lancashire). Significant support also existed in Wales and South-West England. The Jacobites believed that parliamentary interference with the line of succession to the English and Scottish thrones was illegal. Catholics also hoped the Stuarts would end recusancy. In Scotland, the Jacobite cause became intertwined with the last throes of the warrior clan system. The emblem of the Jacobites is the White Cockade. White Rose Day is celebrated on 10 June, the anniversary of the birth of the Old Pretender in 1688.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe \u00ABjacobitisme\u00BB historique est un mouvement politique proche des Tories entre 1688 et 1807, compos\u00E9 de ceux qui soutenaient la dynastie d\u00E9tr\u00F4n\u00E9e des Stuarts et consid\u00E9raient comme usurpateurs tous les rois et les reines britanniques ayant r\u00E9gn\u00E9 pendant cette p\u00E9riode. Soutenu par les monarchies catholiques fran\u00E7aises et espagnoles, il \u00E9tait surtout implant\u00E9 en Irlande et dans les Highlands d'\u00C9cosse qui furent le th\u00E9\u00E2tre de plusieurs r\u00E9voltes soutenues par la France. Plus marginalement, le jacobitisme disposait \u00E9galement d'un certain nombre de partisans dans le nord de l'Angleterre et au Pays de Galles. En 1688, le roi Jacques II d'Angleterre et d'Irlande et VII d'\u00C9cosse (1633-1701) fut d\u00E9tr\u00F4n\u00E9 par un coup d'\u00C9tat, appel\u00E9 par les historiens Glorieuse R\u00E9volution, men\u00E9 par une arm\u00E9e hollandaise de 25 000 hommes, dont plus de 7 000 huguenots fran\u00E7ais. Le roi est chass\u00E9 et une bonne partie de ses pouvoirs transmis au parlement, o\u00F9 les lois seront \u00E9labor\u00E9es par le parti whig. Les royalistes britanniques qui lui \u00E9taient rest\u00E9s fid\u00E8les, de m\u00EAme qu'\u00E0 ses successeurs, sont connus sous le nom de jacobites car le pr\u00E9nom du roi, en latin, est \u00ABJacobus\u00BB. Les historiens \u00E9valuent \u00E0 40 000 le nombre de r\u00E9fugi\u00E9s jacobites en France, qui ont \u00E9migr\u00E9 apr\u00E8s la Glorieuse R\u00E9volution, dont environ 60 % \u00E9taient irlandais, 34 % anglais et 6 % \u00E9cossais. Parmi eux, 40 % \u00E9taient de familles aristocratiques, dont un grand nombre d'officiers de l'arm\u00E9e du roi. En France, ils ont constitu\u00E9 la Cour jacobite de Saint-Germain en Laye et la puissante communaut\u00E9 des Irlandais de Nantes. Apparu plus tard, le jacobitisme dit \u00ABmoderne\u00BB est un mouvement tr\u00E8s marginal compos\u00E9 de ceux qui consid\u00E8rent qu'\u00E9taient ill\u00E9gitimes tous les rois et les reines ayant r\u00E9gn\u00E9 sur les pays de l'Empire britannique et du Commonwealth apr\u00E8s 1688, en particulier parce que ces souverains ont abdiqu\u00E9 une grande part de leur pouvoir en faveur du parlement. Les jacobites modernes consid\u00E8rent que la reine Elisabeth II (n\u00E9e en 1926, reine depuis 1952) n'est que \u00ABla princesse Philippe de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Gl\u00FCcksbourg\u00BB.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Jamaican"@en . "Jama\u00EFcains"@fr . . "Jamaican-born"@en . "\"Jamaicans are the citizens of Jamaica and their descendants in the Jamaican diaspora. Most Jamaicans are of African descent, with smaller minorities of Europeans, East Indians, Chinese, Mixed-Race, and others. The bulk of the Jamaican diaspora resides in Canada, United States, Panama and the United Kingdom and in the other Anglophone countries.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes Jama\u00EFcains sont les citoyens de la Jama\u00EFque et leurs descendants dans la diaspora jama\u00EFcaine. La plupart des Jama\u00EFcains sont d\u2019ascendance africaine, avec des minorit\u00E9s moins nombreuses d\u2019Europ\u00E9ens, d\u2019Indiens de l\u2019Est, de Chinois, de m\u00E9tis et d\u2019autres. La majeure partie de la diaspora jama\u00EFcaine r\u00E9side au Canada, aux \u00C9tats-Unis, au Panama et au Royaume-Uni et dans d'autres pays anglophones.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Jansenism"@en . "Jans\u00E9nisme"@fr . . "\"Jansenism was a Catholic theological movement, primarily in France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. The movement originated from the posthumously published work of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Jansen, who died in 1638. It was first popularized by Jansen's friend Abbot Jean Duvergier de Hauranne, of Saint-Cyran-en-Brenne Abbey, and after Duvergier's death in 1643, was led by Antoine Arnauld. Through the 17th and into the 18th centuries, Jansenism was a distinct movement within the Catholic Church. The theological centre of the movement was the convent of Port-Royal Abbey, Paris, which was a haven for writers including Duvergier, Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, Blaise Pascal, and Jean Racine. Jansenism was opposed by many in the Catholic hierarchy, especially the Jesuits. Although the Jansenists identified themselves only as rigorous followers of Augustine of Hippo's teachings, Jesuits coined the term \"Jansenism\" to identify them as having Calvinist affinities. The apostolic constitution Cum occasione promulgated by Pope Innocent X in 1653, condemned five cardinal doctrines of Jansenism as heresy\u2014especially the relationship between human free will and efficacious grace, wherein the teachings of Augustine, as presented by the Jansenists, contradicted the teachings of the Jesuit School. Jansenist leaders endeavored to accommodate the pope's pronouncements while retaining their uniqueness, and enjoyed a measure of peace in the late 17th century under Pope Clement IX. However, further controversy led to the apostolic constitution Unigenitus Dei Filius, promulgated by Pope Clement XI in 1713, which marked the end of Catholic toleration of Jansenist doctrine.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe jans\u00E9nisme est une doctrine th\u00E9ologique \u00E0 l'origine d'un mouvement religieux, puis politique et philosophique, qui se d\u00E9veloppe aux XVIIe et XVIIIe si\u00E8cles, principalement en France, en r\u00E9action \u00E0 certaines \u00E9volutions de l'\u00C9glise catholique et \u00E0 l'absolutisme royal. La d\u00E9finition m\u00EAme du jans\u00E9nisme s\u2019av\u00E8re probl\u00E9matique, dans la mesure o\u00F9 les jans\u00E9nistes ont rarement assum\u00E9 cette appellation, se consid\u00E9rant seulement comme catholiques. Ceux-ci poss\u00E8dent toutefois quelques traits caract\u00E9ristiques, comme la volont\u00E9 de s\u2019en tenir strictement \u00E0 la doctrine de saint Augustin sur la gr\u00E2ce, con\u00E7ue comme la n\u00E9gation de la libert\u00E9 humaine pour faire le bien et obtenir le salut. Cela ne serait possible selon eux que par le biais de la gr\u00E2ce divine. Les jans\u00E9nistes se distinguent aussi par leur rigorisme spirituel et leur hostilit\u00E9 envers la compagnie de J\u00E9sus et sa casuistique, comme envers un pouvoir trop puissant du Saint-Si\u00E8ge. D\u00E8s la fin du XVIIe si\u00E8cle, ce courant spirituel se double d\u2019un aspect politique, les opposants \u00E0 l\u2019absolutisme royal \u00E9tant largement identifi\u00E9s aux jans\u00E9nistes. Le jans\u00E9nisme na\u00EEt au c\u0153ur de la r\u00E9forme catholique. Il doit son nom \u00E0 l\u2019\u00E9v\u00EAque d\u2019Ypres, Cornelius Jansen, auteur de son texte fondateur l\u2019Augustinus, publi\u00E9 en 1640. Cette \u0153uvre est l\u2019aboutissement de d\u00E9bats sur la gr\u00E2ce remontant \u00E0 plusieurs dizaines d\u2019ann\u00E9es, co\u00EFncidant avec l\u2019hostilit\u00E9 grandissante d'une partie du clerg\u00E9 catholique envers la compagnie de J\u00E9sus ; il pr\u00E9tend \u00E9tablir la position r\u00E9elle d'Augustin sur le sujet, qui serait oppos\u00E9e \u00E0 celle des j\u00E9suites, ceux-ci donnant une importance trop grande \u00E0 la libert\u00E9 humaine. L\u2019Augustinus provoque de vifs d\u00E9bats, en particulier en France, o\u00F9 cinq propositions pr\u00E9tendument h\u00E9r\u00E9tiques sont extraites de l\u2019ouvrage par des docteurs hostiles \u00E0 l\u2019\u00E9v\u00EAque d\u2019Ypres ; celles-ci sont condamn\u00E9es en 1653 par le pape. Les d\u00E9fenseurs de Jansenius r\u00E9pliquent en distinguant \u00AB le droit et le fait \u00BB : les propositions seraient bien h\u00E9r\u00E9tiques, mais on ne les retrouverait pas dans l\u2019Augustinus. Ils s\u2019attaquent \u00E9galement \u00E0 la casuistique jug\u00E9e laxiste des j\u00E9suites, en particulier avec Les Provinciales de Blaise Pascal, lettres fictives d\u00E9fendant leur cause, qui suscitent un large \u00E9cho dans l\u2019opinion fran\u00E7aise. Dans le m\u00EAme temps, ayant pour haut lieu l\u2019abbaye de Port-Royal, la spiritualit\u00E9 jans\u00E9niste se d\u00E9veloppe et se popularise. Cependant, consid\u00E9r\u00E9s comme des ennemis de la monarchie, les jans\u00E9nistes sont tr\u00E8s vite l\u2019objet de l\u2019hostilit\u00E9 du pouvoir royal : Louis XIV et ses successeurs initient contre eux de fortes pers\u00E9cutions. De m\u00EAme, les papes font preuve d\u2019une s\u00E9v\u00E9rit\u00E9 grandissante \u00E0 leur \u00E9gard, avec notamment la proclamation de la bulle Unigenitus en 1713. Dans ce contexte, le jans\u00E9nisme se confond au XVIIIe si\u00E8cle avec la lutte contre l\u2019absolutisme et l\u2019ultramontanisme. Les clercs soutenant la R\u00E9volution fran\u00E7aise et la constitution civile du clerg\u00E9 sont ainsi jans\u00E9nistes pour une grande part. Toutefois, au XIXe si\u00E8cle, le jans\u00E9nisme s\u2019\u00E9tiole et dispara\u00EEt, le concile Vatican I mettant un terme d\u00E9finitif \u00E0 la plupart des d\u00E9bats ayant provoqu\u00E9 son apparition.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "jeweller"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Jewish emancipation"@en . "\u00C9mancipation des Juifs"@fr . . . "\"Jewish emancipation was the external (and internal) process in various nations in Europe of eliminating Jewish disabilities, e.g. Jewish quotas, to which Jewish people were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights on a communal, not merely individual, basis. It included efforts within the community to integrate into their societies as citizens. It occurred gradually between the late 18th century and the early 20th century. Jewish emancipation followed the Age of Enlightenment and the concurrent Jewish enlightenment. Various nations repealed or superseded previous discriminatory laws applied specifically against Jews where they resided. Before the emancipation, most Jews were isolated in residential areas from the rest of the society; emancipation was a major goal of European Jews of that time, who worked within their communities to achieve integration in the majority societies and broader education. Many became active politically and culturally within wider European civil society as Jews gained full citizenship. They emigrated to countries offering better social and economic opportunities, such as the Russian Empire and France. Some European Jews turned to Socialism, others to Jewish nationalism: Zionism.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'\u00E9mancipation des Juifs d\u00E9signe le processus de lib\u00E9ration des Juifs en Europe et dans le monde, qui leur a permis d'obtenir la citoyennet\u00E9 et la pleine \u00E9galit\u00E9 de leurs droits avec leurs concitoyens. Si la France a \u00E9t\u00E9 la premi\u00E8re \u00E0 attribuer la pleine \u00E9galit\u00E9 de droits aux Juifs par le vote de l'Assembl\u00E9e constituante en 1791 au d\u00E9but de la R\u00E9volution fran\u00E7aise, il faut rappeler que le processus d'\u00E9mancipation a d\u00E9but\u00E9 juridiquement avec l'\u00C9dit de tol\u00E9rance de Joseph II d'Autriche (1781) qui accorde la libert\u00E9 de culte aux Protestants comme aux Juifs, l'\u00C9dit de tol\u00E9rance de Louis XVI (1787) et en Allemagne avec la conjonction de la philosophie des Lumi\u00E8res et de la Haskalah (dont le plus illustre repr\u00E9sentant est Mo\u00EFse Mendelssohn). L'\u00E9mancipation se traduit par une s\u00E9rie d'actes l\u00E9gislatifs par laquelle les \u00E9tats ont reconnu la citoyennet\u00E9 aux Juifs. En France, la Terreur a emp\u00EAch\u00E9 un temps chr\u00E9tiens et juifs de pratiquer leur religion, mais l'\u00E9galit\u00E9 de droits a \u00E9t\u00E9 confirm\u00E9e sous Napol\u00E9on Ier. Dans le reste de l'Europe, l'\u00E9mancipation qui s'est faite au XIXe si\u00E8cle, a conduit \u00E0 la disparition au moins formelle des ghettos et \u00E0 l'\u00E9galit\u00E9 des chances pour les Juifs, en Europe occidentale et en Am\u00E9rique. L\u00E0 o\u00F9 elle s'est heurt\u00E9e \u00E0 une plus grande opposition, dans l'Empire russe particuli\u00E8rement, les Juifs se sont plus volontiers tourn\u00E9s vers les mouvements r\u00E9volutionnaires ou le sionisme.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Jewish"@en . "Juif"@fr . . "Jew"@en . "Jewry"@en . "Jews"@en . "Judaism"@en . "a Jewish"@en . "one-quarter Jewish"@en . "\"The Jews (/d\u0292u\u02D0z/; Hebrew: \u05D9\u05B0\u05D4\u05D5\u05BC\u05D3\u05B4\u05D9\u05DD ISO 259-3 Yehudim, Israeli pronunciation [jehu\u02C8dim]), also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jewish ethnicity, nationhood and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation, while its observance varies from strict observance to complete nonobservance. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel. The Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE (Late Bronze Age). The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, and the Kingdom of Judah. Some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as 'Hebrews'. Though few sources in the Bible mention the exilic periods in detail, the experience of diaspora life, from the Ancient Egyptian rule over the Levant, to Assyrian Captivity and Exile, to Babylonian Captivity and Exile, to Seleucid Imperial rule, to the Roman occupation, and the historical relations between Israelites and their homeland, became a major feature of Jewish history, identity and memory. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has slowly risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank, or less than 0.2% of the total world population (roughly one in every 514 people). According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel (6.4 million), and 40% in the United States (5.7 million), with most of the remainder living in Europe (1.4 million) and Canada (0.4 million). These numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure. In addition to issues with census methodology, disputes among proponents of halakhic, secular, political, and ancestral identification factors regarding who is a Jew may affect the figure considerably depending on the source. Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and Basic Laws. Its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. Despite their small percentage of the world's population, Jews have significantly influenced and contributed to human progress in many fields, including philosophy, ethics, literature, business, fine arts and architecture, religion, music, theatre and cinema, medicine, as well as science and technology, both historically and in modern times.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLes Juifs (en h\u00E9breu : \u05D9\u05B0\u05D4\u05D5\u05BC\u05D3\u05B4\u05D9\u05DD / yehoudim, en grec ancien : \u1F38\u03BF\u03C5\u03B4\u03B1\u1FD6\u03BF\u03B9 / Iouda\u0129oi, en latin : Iudaei, etc.) sont les membres d'un peuple li\u00E9 \u00E0 sa propre religion, le juda\u00EFsme, et au sens large du terme \u00E0 une appartenance ethnique et religieuse.\n\n La tradition juive relie leur ascendance aux patriarches Abraham, Isaac et Jacob \u00E9galement appel\u00E9 Isra\u00EBl. Ils peuplent la Jud\u00E9e et le royaume d'Isra\u00EBl, structurant leur quotidien autour de la Bible h\u00E9bra\u00EFque, laquelle comprend les cinq Livres de la Torah attribu\u00E9s \u00E0 Mo\u00EFse, les Livres des proph\u00E8tes ult\u00E9rieurs et d'autres \u00E9crits. La Bible d\u00E9finit leurs croyances, leur histoire, leur identit\u00E9 nationale et l\u00E9gif\u00E8re dans tous les domaines de leur vie.\n\n \u00C0 la suite des al\u00E9as de leur histoire, les Juifs migrent ou sont d\u00E9port\u00E9s de la Jud\u00E9e et essaiment \u00E0 travers le monde. La diaspora juive r\u00E9sulte principalement de la conjonction de deux facteurs, une volont\u00E9 d'essaimage et la n\u00E9cessit\u00E9 de fuir des pers\u00E9cutions. Tentant de conserver leur mode de vie ancestral au sein des populations avoisinantes dans lesquelles ils s'acculturent, ils d\u00E9veloppent des traditions religieuses, culinaires et des langues propres ainsi que d'autres traits sp\u00E9cifiques. R\u00E9ciproquement, ils exercent un certain attrait sur leurs populations d'accueil et l'on enregistre dans l'Empire romain un nombre important de conversions au juda\u00EFsme. L'impact et la proportion de ces conversions font d\u00E9bat au sein des historiens. Leur histoire sur plus de deux mill\u00E9naires en Europe est marqu\u00E9e par des pers\u00E9cutions qui culminent au xxe si\u00E8cle avec la Shoah.\n\n Les grandes r\u00E9volutions de l'\u00E8re moderne entra\u00EEnent chez nombre d'entre eux une perte ou un abandon de tout ou partie des rep\u00E8res traditionnels. Plusieurs tentatives sont men\u00E9es pour les red\u00E9finir en tant qu'entit\u00E9 confessionnelle, nationale ou culturelle de sorte qu'en fran\u00E7ais, l'usage commun distingue entre les Juifs (avec une majuscule \u2014 les 'personnes descendant de l'ancien peuple d'Isra\u00EBl') et les juifs (sans majuscule \u2014 'personnes qui professent le juda\u00EFsme').\n\n Le nombre total des Juifs contemporains est difficile \u00E0 estimer avec pr\u00E9cision, et fait l'objet de controverses, mais, selon une estimation effectu\u00E9e en 2013, il serait d'environ 13,8 millions. La majorit\u00E9 d'entre eux vit en Isra\u00EBl et aux \u00C9tats-Unis, et les autres principalement en Europe, au Canada et en Am\u00E9rique latine.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . "Jewish"@en . "Juif"@fr . . "Indicates a subject's identification with or labelling as of Jewish heritage in relation to a place, which may or may not be Israel."@en . "Indique qu'un sujet s'identifie ou s'est vu assigner une identit\u00E9 juive par rapport \u00E0 un endroit, qui peut ou non \u00EAtre Isra\u00EBl."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . "Jewish identity"@en . "identit\u00E9 Juif"@fr . "A subclass of textual label, this discursive label reflects the ambiguity of Jewishness associated with different cultural forms. It provides a means of aggregating and searching multiple instances of \"Jewish\" (e.g. Jewish, Jewish) cultural identities."@en . "Une sous-classe d'\u00E9tiquettes textuelles, cette \u00E9tiquette discursive refl\u00E8te l'ambiguit\u00E9 de la juida\u00EFcit\u00E9. Elle permet de compiler et de rechercher les multiples instances d'identit\u00E9s culturelles \u00ABjuives\u00BB (par exemple Juif, Juif)."@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Jewish"@en . "Juif"@fr . . "\"The Jews (/d\u0292u\u02D0z/; Hebrew: \u05D9\u05B0\u05D4\u05D5\u05BC\u05D3\u05B4\u05D9\u05DD ISO 259-3 Yehudim, Israeli pronunciation [jehu\u02C8dim]), also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jewish ethnicity, nationhood and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation, while its observance varies from strict observance to complete nonobservance.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes Juifs (en h\u00E9breu : \u05D9\u05B0\u05D4\u05D5\u05BC\u05D3\u05B4\u05D9\u05DD / yehoudim, en grec ancien : \u1F38\u03BF\u03C5\u03B4\u03B1\u1FD6\u03BF\u03B9 / Iouda\u0129oi, en latin : Iudaei, etc.) sont les membres d\u2019un peuple li\u00E9 \u00E0 sa propre religion, le juda\u00EFsme, et au sens large du terme \u00E0 une appartenance ethnique et religieuse.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . . "Jewish"@en . "Juif"@fr . . "Indicates a subject's identification with or labelling as Jewish or Israeli as a national identity."@en . "Indique qu'un sujet s'identifie \u00E0 ou s'est vu assigner une identit\u00E9 nationale juive ou isra\u00E9lienne."@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Jewish"@en . "Juif"@fr . . "jew"@en . "\n \"The Jews (/d\u0292u\u02D0z/; Hebrew: \u05D9\u05B0\u05D4\u05D5\u05BC\u05D3\u05B4\u05D9\u05DD ISO 259-3 Yehudim, Israeli pronunciation [jehu\u02C8dim]), also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jewish ethnicity, nationhood and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation, while its observance varies from strict observance to complete nonobservance. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel. The Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE (Late Bronze Age). The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, and the Kingdom of Judah. Some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as 'Hebrews'. Though few sources in the Bible mention the exilic periods in detail, the experience of diaspora life, from the Ancient Egyptian rule over the Levant, to Assyrian Captivity and Exile, to Babylonian Captivity and Exile, to Seleucid Imperial rule, to the Roman occupation, and the historical relations between Israelites and their homeland, became a major feature of Jewish history, identity and memory. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has slowly risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank, or less than 0.2% of the total world population (roughly one in every 514 people). According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel (6.4 million), and 40% in the United States (5.7 million), with most of the remainder living in Europe (1.4 million) and Canada (0.4 million). These numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure. In addition to issues with census methodology, disputes among proponents of halakhic, secular, political, and ancestral identification factors regarding who is a Jew may affect the figure considerably depending on the source. Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and Basic Laws. Its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. Despite their small percentage of the world's population, Jews have significantly influenced and contributed to human progress in many fields, including philosophy, ethics, literature, business, fine arts and architecture, religion, music, theatre and cinema, medicine, as well as science and technology, both historically and in modern times.\" (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@en . "\n \u00ABLes Juifs (en h\u00E9breu : \u05D9\u05B0\u05D4\u05D5\u05BC\u05D3\u05B4\u05D9\u05DD / yehoudim, en grec ancien : \u1F38\u03BF\u03C5\u03B4\u03B1\u1FD6\u03BF\u03B9 / Iouda\u0129oi, en latin : Iudaei, etc.) sont les membres d'un peuple li\u00E9 \u00E0 sa propre religion, le juda\u00EFsme, et au sens large du terme \u00E0 une appartenance ethnique et religieuse. La tradition juive relie leur ascendance aux patriarches Abraham, Isaac et Jacob \u00E9galement appel\u00E9 Isra\u00EBl. Ils peuplent la Jud\u00E9e et le royaume d'Isra\u00EBl, structurant leur quotidien autour de la Bible h\u00E9bra\u00EFque, laquelle comprend les cinq Livres de la Torah attribu\u00E9s \u00E0 Mo\u00EFse, les Livres des proph\u00E8tes ult\u00E9rieurs et d'autres \u00E9crits. La Bible d\u00E9finit leurs croyances, leur histoire, leur identit\u00E9 nationale et l\u00E9gif\u00E8re dans tous les domaines de leur vie. \u00C0 la suite des al\u00E9as de leur histoire, les Juifs migrent ou sont d\u00E9port\u00E9s de la Jud\u00E9e et essaiment \u00E0 travers le monde. La diaspora juive r\u00E9sulte principalement de la conjonction de deux facteurs, une volont\u00E9 d'essaimage et la n\u00E9cessit\u00E9 de fuir des pers\u00E9cutions. Tentant de conserver leur mode de vie ancestral au sein des populations avoisinantes dans lesquelles ils s'acculturent, ils d\u00E9veloppent des traditions religieuses, culinaires et des langues propres ainsi que d'autres traits sp\u00E9cifiques. R\u00E9ciproquement, ils exercent un certain attrait sur leurs populations d'accueil et l'on enregistre dans l'Empire romain un nombre important de conversions au juda\u00EFsme. L'impact et la proportion de ces conversions font d\u00E9bat au sein des historiens. Leur histoire sur plus de deux mill\u00E9naires en Europe est marqu\u00E9e par des pers\u00E9cutions qui culminent au xxe si\u00E8cle avec la Shoah. Les grandes r\u00E9volutions de l'\u00E8re moderne entra\u00EEnent chez nombre d'entre eux une perte ou un abandon de tout ou partie des rep\u00E8res traditionnels. Plusieurs tentatives sont men\u00E9es pour les red\u00E9finir en tant qu'entit\u00E9 confessionnelle, nationale ou culturelle de sorte qu'en fran\u00E7ais, l'usage commun distingue entre les Juifs (avec une majuscule \u2014 les \u00ABpersonnes descendant de l'ancien peuple d'Isra\u00EBl\u00BB) et les juifs (sans majuscule \u2014 \u00ABpersonnes qui professent le juda\u00EFsme\u00BB). Le nombre total des Juifs contemporains est difficile \u00E0 estimer avec pr\u00E9cision, et fait l'objet de controverses, mais, selon une estimation effectu\u00E9e en 2013, il serait d'environ 13,8 millions. La majorit\u00E9 d'entre eux vit en Isra\u00EBl et aux \u00C9tats-Unis, et les autres principalement en Europe, au Canada et en Am\u00E9rique latine.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@fr . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Judaism."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance Juda\u00EFsme."@fr . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus."@en . . "Jewish"@en . "Jodendom"@nl . "Joods"@nl . "Juda\u00EDsmo"@es . "Juda\u00EFsme"@fr . "you tai jiao"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-notone . "yu t'ai chiao"@zh-latn-wadegile . "y\u00F3u t\u00E0i ji\u0101o"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-hanyu . "\u7336\u592A\u6559"@zh-hant . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . . "\"Refers to the monotheistic religion of the Jewish people, central to which is the belief that the ancient Israelites experienced God's presence in human events. Jews believe that the one God delivered the Israelites out of bondage in Egypt, revealed the structure of communal and individual life to them, and chose them to be a holy nation of people able to set an example for all humankind. The Hebrew Bible and Talmud are the two primary sources for Judaism's spiritual and ethical principles. The religion, which traces its origins to Abraham, places more emphasis on expressing beliefs through ritual rather than through abstract doctrine. The Sabbath, beginning at sunset on Friday and ending at sunset on Saturday, is the central religious observance; there is also an annual cycle of religious festivals and days of fasting. Judaism has had a diverse history of development over almost 4000 years, with a number of resulting branches in modern times, namely Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform.\" (Getty, 2017)"@en . "\"Se refiere a la religi\u00F3n monoteista del pueblo jud\u00EDo, para los cuales es central la creencia que los antiguos israelitas experimentaron la presencia de Dios en los eventos humanos. Los jud\u00EDos creen que el Dios \u00FAnico salv\u00F3 los israelistas de la esclavitud en Egipto, revel\u00E1ndoles la estructura de la vida comunal e individual y eligi\u00E9ndolos para ser una naci\u00F3n sagrada de personas capaces de dar un ejemplo para toda la humanidad. La Biblia Hebrea y el Talmud son dos fuentes primarias de la espiritualidad jud\u00EDa y de los principios \u00E9ticos.Los or\u00EDgenes de la religi\u00F3n se remontan a los tiempos de Abraham, poniendo mayor \u00E9nfasis en expresar la creencia con rituales m\u00E1s bien que con doctrinas abstractas. El Shabbat, que comienza con la puesta de sol del viernes y termina con la puesta de sol del s\u00E1bado, es la observancia religiosa central; hay tambi\u00E9n un ciclo anual de fiestas religiosas y d\u00EDas de ayuno. El juda\u00EDsmo ha tenido un desarrollo diverso a lo largo de la historia de casi 4.000 a\u00F1os, con un gran n\u00FAmero de ramas resultantes en \u00E9pocas modernas, concretamente ortodoxas, conservadoras, y reformistas.\" (Getty, 2017)"@es . "\"Verwijst naar de monothe\u00EFstische religie van het joodse volk, waarbij het geloof centraal staat dat de oude Isra\u00EBlieten de aanwezigheid van God ervoeren in menselijke gebeurtenissen. Joden geloven dat \u00E9\u00E9n God de Isra\u00EBlieten uit hun gevangenschap in Egypte heeft bevrijd, de structuur van een gemeenschappelijk en individueel leven aan hen heeft onthuld en hen heeft uitverkoren als een heilig volk dat als voorbeeld moest dienen voor de gehele mensheid. De Hebreeuwse bijbel en de Talmoed zijn de belangrijkste bronnen voor de spirituele en ethische principes van het jodendom. Deze religie, waarvan de oorsprong teruggaat naar de tijd van Abraham, legt meer de nadruk op het tot uitdrukking brengen van het geloof in de vorm van rituelen dan in de vorm van abstracte doctrines. De sabbat, die begint bij zonsondergang op vrijdag en eindigt bij zonsondergang op zaterdag, is een centraal element van de religie; er is ook een jaarlijkse cyclus van religieuze feestdagen en vastendagen. Het jodendom heeft een zeer uiteenlopende ontwikkelingsgeschiedenis die bijna 4000 jaar beslaat en is uitgemond in diverse stromingen: de orthodoxe, conservatieve en reformistische stroming.\" (Getty, 2017)"@nl . "\"\u7336\u592A\u4EBA\u7684\u4E00\u795E\u8AD6\u5B97\u6559\uFF0C\u76F8\u4FE1\u53E4\u4EE3\u4EE5\u8272\u5217\u4EBA\u65BC\u4EBA\u985E\u4E8B\u4EF6\u4E2D\u9AD4\u9A57\u5230\u795E\u7684\u5B58\u5728\u3002\u7336\u592A\u4EBA\u76F8\u4FE1\u9019\u552F\u4E00\u7684\u795E\u4F7F\u4ED6\u5011\u812B\u96E2\u57C3\u53CA\u7684\u5974\u5F79\uFF0C\u5411\u4ED6\u5011\u63ED\u793A\u516C\u5171\u53CA\u500B\u4EBA\u751F\u6D3B\u7684\u7D50\u69CB\uFF0C\u4E26\u9078\u64C7\u4ED6\u5011\u70BA\u8056\u570B\u5B50\u6C11\uFF0C\u4EE5\u70BA\u5168\u4EBA\u985E\u6A39\u7ACB\u699C\u6A23\u3002\u300A\u5E0C\u4F2F\u4F86\u8056\u7D93(Hebrew Bible)\u300B\u8207\u300A\u5854\u723E\u7A46\u5FB7(Talmud)\u300B\u70BA\u7336\u592A\u6559\u7CBE\u795E\u8207\u9053\u5FB7\u539F\u5247\u7684\u5169\u5927\u4F86\u6E90\u3002\u7336\u592A\u6559\u6E90\u65BC\u4E9E\u4F2F\u62C9\u7F55\uFF0C\u8F03\u5F37\u8ABF\u4EE5\u5100\u5F0F\u800C\u975E\u62BD\u8C61\u7684\u6559\u689D\u8868\u9054\u4FE1\u4EF0\u3002\u9075\u5FAA\u4FE1\u4EF0\u7684\u91CD\u5FC3\u70BA\u5B89\u606F\u65E5\uFF0C\u5F9E\u9031\u4E94\u7684\u65E5\u843D\u958B\u59CB\u5230\u9031\u65E5\u7684\u65E5\u51FA\u7D50\u675F\uFF1B\u53E6\u5916\u6BCF\u5E74\u9084\u6709\u5B97\u6559\u7BC0\u6176\u548C\u9F4B\u6212\u65E5\u3002\u7336\u592A\u6559\u7D93\u904E\u5C07\u8FD1\u56DB\u5343\u5E74\u7684\u767C\u5C55\uFF0C\u884D\u751F\u51FA\u8A31\u591A\u73FE\u4EE3\u7684\u5206\u652F\uFF0C\u5373\u6B63\u7D71\u6D3E\u7336\u592A\u6559(Orthodox)\u3001\u4FDD\u5B88\u6D3E\u7336\u592A\u6559(Conservative)\uFF0C\u8207\u6539\u9769\u6D3E\u7336\u592A\u6559(Reform.)\u3002\" (Getty, 2017)"@zh-hant . "\u00ABLe juda\u00EFsme (du grec \u0399\u03BF\u03C5\u03B4\u03B1\u03CA\u03C3\u03BC\u03CC\u03C2, yiddish : \u05D9\u05D9\u05D3\u05D9\u05E9\u05E7\u05D9\u05D9\u05D8 yiddishkeit, ladino : \u05D2'\u05D5\u05D3\u05D0\u05D9\u05E1\u05DE\u05D5 Djudaismo, allemand : Judenthum, h\u00E9breu : \u05D9\u05D4\u05D3\u05D5\u05EA yahadout) est variablement d\u00E9fini comme \u00ABune forme de vie religieuse dont la caract\u00E9ristique essentielle est la croyance \u00E0 un \u00CAtre supr\u00EAme, auteur \u2014 de quelque mani\u00E8re qu'on con\u00E7oive son action \u2014 de l'univers qu'il gouverne par sa providence\u00BB, ou comme \u00ABla religion des Juifs, ainsi que la th\u00E9ologie, la loi et les traditions culturelles du peuple juif\u00BB, ou comme \u00ABune religion [\u2026], une culture \u2014 r\u00E9sultat ou fondement de la religion, mais ayant un devenir propre, [\u2026] une sensibilit\u00E9 diffuse faite de quelques id\u00E9es et souvenirs, de quelques coutumes et \u00E9motions, d'une solidarit\u00E9 avec les juifs pers\u00E9cut\u00E9s en tant que juifs\u00BB ou comme \u00ABl'ensemble des rituels et des autres pratiques, des croyances et des valeurs, des loyaut\u00E9s historiques et politiques qui constituent l'all\u00E9geance au peuple d'Isra\u00EBl\u00BB. Cette pluralit\u00E9 est tributaire d'une part de l'\u00E9volution du terme au cours de l'histoire, celui-ci d\u00E9signant originellement l'ensemble des traits caract\u00E9risant le peuple juif, constitu\u00E9 des descendants des Isra\u00E9lites provenant de l'antique terre d'Isra\u00EBl et de ceux qui les ont rejoints par la conversion, et d'autre part de la diff\u00E9rence de perception selon l'appartenance ou non au juda\u00EFsme. Il a souvent \u00E9t\u00E9 repr\u00E9sent\u00E9 comme une \u00ABreligion juive\u00BB antith\u00E9tique de la religion chr\u00E9tienne, alors que des Juifs le d\u00E9finissent aussi au-del\u00E0 ou en dehors du fait religieux, certains philosophes, comme Daniel Boyarin ou Bernard-Henri L\u00E9vy, allant jusqu'\u00E0 dire que la religion en tant que th\u00E9ologie \u00E9difi\u00E9e par une croyance, des dogmes et une instance supr\u00EAme, centrale et doctrinale \u00ABn'appartient pas \u00E0 l'esprit du juda\u00EFsme\u00BB.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "journalist"@en . "columnist"@en . "crime reporter"@en . "foreign correspondent"@en . "free lance journalist"@en . "journalism"@en . "media journalist"@en . "newspaper assistant"@en . "newspaper correspondent"@en . "parliamentary reporter"@en . "reporter"@en . "socialist journalist"@en . "staff writer"@en . "trade journalist"@en . "war correspondent"@en . "war reporter"@en . "women's columnist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "clippings clerk"@en . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus."@en . . "Jodendom"@nl . "Joods"@nl . "Judaism"@en . "Juda\u00EDsmo"@es . "Juda\u00EFsme"@fr . "you tai jiao"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-notone . "yu t'ai chiao"@zh-latn-wadegile . "y\u00F3u t\u00E0i ji\u0101o"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-hanyu . "\u7336\u592A\u6559"@zh-hant . . "Jewish"@en . "Orthodox Judaism"@en . . "\"Refers to the monotheistic religion of the Jewish people, central to which is the belief that the ancient Israelites experienced God's presence in human events. Jews believe that the one God delivered the Israelites out of bondage in Egypt, revealed the structure of communal and individual life to them, and chose them to be a holy nation of people able to set an example for all humankind. The Hebrew Bible and Talmud are the two primary sources for Judaism's spiritual and ethical principles. The religion, which traces its origins to Abraham, places more emphasis on expressing beliefs through ritual rather than through abstract doctrine. The Sabbath, beginning on sunset on Friday and ending at sunset on Saturday, is the central religious observance; there is also an annual cycle of religious festivals and days of fasting. Judaism has had a diverse history of development over almost 4000 years, with a number of resulting branches in modern times, namely Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform.\" (Getty, 2017)"@en . "\"Se refiere a la religi\u00F3n monoteista del pueblo jud\u00EDo, para los cuales es central la creencia que los antiguos israelitas experimentaron la presencia de Dios en los eventos humanos. Los jud\u00EDos creen que el Dios \u00FAnico salv\u00F3 los israelistas de la esclavitud en Egipto, revel\u00E1ndoles la estructura de la vida comunal e individual y eligi\u00E9ndolos para ser una naci\u00F3n sagrada de personas capaces de dar un ejemplo para toda la humanidad. La Biblia Hebrea y el Talmud son dos fuentes primarias de la espiritualidad jud\u00EDa y de los principios \u00E9ticos.Los or\u00EDgenes de la religi\u00F3n se remontan a los tiempos de Abraham, poniendo mayor \u00E9nfasis en expresar la creencia con rituales m\u00E1s bien que con doctrinas abstractas. El Shabbat, que comienza con la puesta de sol del viernes y termina con la puesta de sol del s\u00E1bado, es la observancia religiosa central; hay tambi\u00E9n un ciclo anual de fiestas religiosas y d\u00EDas de ayuno. El juda\u00EDsmo ha tenido un desarrollo diverso a lo largo de la historia de casi 4.000 a\u00F1os, con un gran n\u00FAmero de ramas resultantes en \u00E9pocas modernas, concretamente ortodoxas, conservadoras, y reformistas.\" (Getty, 2017)"@es . "\"Verwijst naar de monothe\u00EFstische religie van het joodse volk, waarbij het geloof centraal staat dat de oude Isra\u00EBlieten de aanwezigheid van God ervoeren in menselijke gebeurtenissen. Joden geloven dat \u00E9\u00E9n God de Isra\u00EBlieten uit hun gevangenschap in Egypte heeft bevrijd, de structuur van een gemeenschappelijk en individueel leven aan hen heeft onthuld en hen heeft uitverkoren als een heilig volk dat als voorbeeld moest dienen voor de gehele mensheid. De Hebreeuwse bijbel en de Talmoed zijn de belangrijkste bronnen voor de spirituele en ethische principes van het jodendom. Deze religie, waarvan de oorsprong teruggaat naar de tijd van Abraham, legt meer de nadruk op het tot uitdrukking brengen van het geloof in de vorm van rituelen dan in de vorm van abstracte doctrines. De sabbat, die begint bij zonsondergang op vrijdag en eindigt bij zonsondergang op zaterdag, is een centraal element van de religie; er is ook een jaarlijkse cyclus van religieuze feestdagen en vastendagen. Het jodendom heeft een zeer uiteenlopende ontwikkelingsgeschiedenis die bijna 4000 jaar beslaat en is uitgemond in diverse stromingen: de orthodoxe, conservatieve en reformistische stroming.\" (Getty, 2017)"@nl . "\"\u7336\u592A\u4EBA\u7684\u4E00\u795E\u8AD6\u5B97\u6559\uFF0C\u76F8\u4FE1\u53E4\u4EE3\u4EE5\u8272\u5217\u4EBA\u65BC\u4EBA\u985E\u4E8B\u4EF6\u4E2D\u9AD4\u9A57\u5230\u795E\u7684\u5B58\u5728\u3002\u7336\u592A\u4EBA\u76F8\u4FE1\u9019\u552F\u4E00\u7684\u795E\u4F7F\u4ED6\u5011\u812B\u96E2\u57C3\u53CA\u7684\u5974\u5F79\uFF0C\u5411\u4ED6\u5011\u63ED\u793A\u516C\u5171\u53CA\u500B\u4EBA\u751F\u6D3B\u7684\u7D50\u69CB\uFF0C\u4E26\u9078\u64C7\u4ED6\u5011\u70BA\u8056\u570B\u5B50\u6C11\uFF0C\u4EE5\u70BA\u5168\u4EBA\u985E\u6A39\u7ACB\u699C\u6A23\u3002\u300A\u5E0C\u4F2F\u4F86\u8056\u7D93(Hebrew Bible)\u300B\u8207\u300A\u5854\u723E\u7A46\u5FB7(Talmud)\u300B\u70BA\u7336\u592A\u6559\u7CBE\u795E\u8207\u9053\u5FB7\u539F\u5247\u7684\u5169\u5927\u4F86\u6E90\u3002\u7336\u592A\u6559\u6E90\u65BC\u4E9E\u4F2F\u62C9\u7F55\uFF0C\u8F03\u5F37\u8ABF\u4EE5\u5100\u5F0F\u800C\u975E\u62BD\u8C61\u7684\u6559\u689D\u8868\u9054\u4FE1\u4EF0\u3002\u9075\u5FAA\u4FE1\u4EF0\u7684\u91CD\u5FC3\u70BA\u5B89\u606F\u65E5\uFF0C\u5F9E\u9031\u4E94\u7684\u65E5\u843D\u958B\u59CB\u5230\u9031\u65E5\u7684\u65E5\u51FA\u7D50\u675F\uFF1B\u53E6\u5916\u6BCF\u5E74\u9084\u6709\u5B97\u6559\u7BC0\u6176\u548C\u9F4B\u6212\u65E5\u3002\u7336\u592A\u6559\u7D93\u904E\u5C07\u8FD1\u56DB\u5343\u5E74\u7684\u767C\u5C55\uFF0C\u884D\u751F\u51FA\u8A31\u591A\u73FE\u4EE3\u7684\u5206\u652F\uFF0C\u5373\u6B63\u7D71\u6D3E\u7336\u592A\u6559(Orthodox)\u3001\u4FDD\u5B88\u6D3E\u7336\u592A\u6559(Conservative)\uFF0C\u8207\u6539\u9769\u6D3E\u7336\u592A\u6559(Reform.)\u3002\" (Getty, 2017)"@zh-hant . "\u00ABPour l'Encyclop\u00E6dia Britannica, le mot juda\u00EFsme recouvre la religion des Juifs, ainsi que la th\u00E9ologie, la loi et les traditions culturelles du peuple juif, constitu\u00E9 des descendants des Isra\u00E9lites provenant de l'antique terre d'Isra\u00EBl et des quelques minorit\u00E9s les ayant rejoints par la conversion et s'\u00E9tant m\u00E9lang\u00E9es \u00E0 eux au fil de leur diaspora de deux mill\u00E9naires. Pour un juif orthodoxe comme Daniel Boyarin, le juda\u00EFsme est \u00ABl'ensemble des rituels et des autres pratiques, des croyances et des valeurs, des loyaut\u00E9s historiques et politiques qui constituent l'all\u00E9geance au peuple d'Isra\u00EBl\u00BB, mais le juda\u00EFsme n'est ni une religion ni une foi, selon Boyarin. Ainsi Bernard-Henri L\u00E9vy affirme que \u00ABla t\u00E2che des Juifs comme tels est d'\u00EAtre irr\u00E9ligieux\u00BB, dans la mesure o\u00F9 la religion, telle qu'on la con\u00E7oit en th\u00E9ologie, \u00E9difi\u00E9e par une croyance, par des dogmes, par une instance supr\u00EAme, centrale et doctrinale, n'appartient pas \u00E0 l'esprit du juda\u00EFsme, selon lui. Le juda\u00EFsme comporte des \u00E9l\u00E9ments religieux, mais ne s'y limite pas puisqu'il contient des coutumes non sp\u00E9cifiquement religieuses \u2013 outre des codes de conduite, des lois, des rites \u2013 et qu'il fonde plus largement encore une \u00ABculture juive\u00BB. N\u00E9anmoins, par convention, on parle habituellement du juda\u00EFsme comme d'une \u00ABreligion\u00BB, mais il ne faut pas l'entendre au sens strict, selon des historiens des religions comme Simon Claude Mimouni ou Daniel Boyarin, ou des philosophes comme L\u00E9o Strauss ou Bernard-Henri L\u00E9vy. Selon ses textes fondateurs, en particulier le Tanakh, la foi des anciens Isra\u00E9lites et de leurs descendants les Juifs, est fond\u00E9e sur une alliance contract\u00E9e entre Dieu et Abraham, qui a ensuite \u00E9t\u00E9 renouvel\u00E9e entre Dieu et Mo\u00EFse. Les juifs fondent le juda\u00EFsme sur la religion abrahamique qui fleurira ensuite dans la Loi mosa\u00EFque (la Torah, les Nevi'im et les Ketouvim), collectivement d\u00E9sign\u00E9s par l'acronyme Tanakh, dont le texte constitue la Miqra ou Bible h\u00E9bra\u00EFque. Cette religion se fonde sur le culte du Dieu d'Abraham, d'Isaac et de Jacob, au Nom ineffable, qu'elle con\u00E7oit comme une Essence \u00E9ternelle (YHWH), qui d\u00E9tient tous les pouvoirs (Elohim), transcendant le Seigneur des Seigneurs (Adona\u00EF) qu'elle consid\u00E8re Un et Unique et qu'elle qualifie ainsi : omnipotent, omniscient, omnipr\u00E9sent, juste et mis\u00E9ricordieux. Cette religion professe aussi que le rassemblement de toutes les puissances (Elohim) manifesta le cr\u00E9ateur du monde qui continue de s'impliquer dans sa destin\u00E9e en faisant irruption dans l'Histoire dont il r\u00E9v\u00E8le la dimension d'Histoire Sainte, comme lorsqu'il fit sortir d'\u00C9gypte les enfants d'Isra\u00EBl. Les cohanim, ou pr\u00EAtres, du Temple de J\u00E9rusalem, par deux fois d\u00E9truit, assuraient son culte. Certains groupes juifs, comme les \u00C9ss\u00E9niens, s'opposaient \u00E0 la centralit\u00E9 du culte \u00E0 J\u00E9rusalem. La seconde destruction du Temple de J\u00E9rusalem et la dispersion des juifs dans le monde donna naissance \u00E0 plusieurs traditions religieuses juives. Si la majorit\u00E9 des juifs se regroup\u00E8rent autour de l'\u00E9laboration du Talmud par les rabbanim, un mouvement strictement scripturaliste, dit Kara\u00EFsme, s'opposa \u00E0 la codification de la tradition orale, tandis que d'autres groupes \u00E9loign\u00E9s, comme les Beta d'Isra\u00EBl en \u00C9thiopie, ignor\u00E8rent cette \u00E9volution et se d\u00E9velopp\u00E8rent en vase clos. Le juda\u00EFsme est l'une des plus anciennes traditions religieuses du monoth\u00E9isme exclusif encore pratiqu\u00E9es aujourd'hui. Les valeurs et l'histoire du peuple juif sont \u00E0 la source des deux autres religions abrahamiques, le christianisme et l'islam. Il n'est toutefois pas \u00E0 la base du samaritanisme, qui est une tradition isra\u00E9lite tr\u00E8s t\u00F4t distincte du juda\u00EFsme de J\u00E9rusalem, ni du zoroastrisme, lui-m\u00EAme issu du mazd\u00E9isme.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "judge"@en . "court official"@en . "judge of probate"@en . "puisne judge"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "chief justice of the king's bench"@en . "county court judgeship"@en . "lord chief justice of ireland"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "knight"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Mouvement ouvrier"@fr . "labour movement"@en . . "Independent Labour Party"@en . "International Labour Party"@en . "Labour Party activist"@en . "Labour party"@en . "anti-sweated labour"@en . "factory reformer"@en . "industrial reformer"@en . "labour"@en . "labour activism"@en . "labour activist"@en . "labour advocate"@en . "labour feminist"@en . "labour organizer"@en . "women's labour activist"@en . "\"The Labour movement or Labor movement (see spelling differences), or, respectively, labourism or laborism, are general terms for the collective organisation of working people developed to represent and campaign for better working conditions and treatment from their employers and, by the implementation of labour and employment laws, their governments. The standard unit of organisation is the trade union. In some countries, especially the United Kingdom and Australia, the labour movement is understood to include a formal political wing, usually as a political party known as a \"labour party\" or \"workers' party\". Many individuals and political groups otherwise considered to represent ruling classes may be part of and active in the labour movement. Contemporary labourism developed in response to the depredations of industrial capitalism at about the same time as socialism. However, while the goal of labourism was to protect and strengthen the interests of labour within capitalism, the goal of socialism was to replace the capitalist system entirely.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe terme de mouvement ouvrier d\u00E9signe l'ensemble des mouvements et partis organis\u00E9s, \u00E0 partir de l'\u00E9poque de la r\u00E9volution industrielle, pour am\u00E9liorer les conditions d'existence de la classe ouvri\u00E8re. Cette d\u00E9finition inclut principalement le syndicalisme, mais aussi les partis politiques en \u00E9tant issus ou s'en \u00E9tant r\u00E9clam\u00E9s et plus largement les diff\u00E9rentes formes d'action politique et sociale ayant repr\u00E9sent\u00E9, ou estim\u00E9 repr\u00E9senter, les int\u00E9r\u00EAts de la classe ouvri\u00E8re (coop\u00E9ratisme, mutualisme). Plus particuli\u00E8rement, au XIXe si\u00E8cle, la mouvance socialiste \u2014 qui adopte dans une partie des pays europ\u00E9ens l'appellation de social-d\u00E9mocrate \u2014 se pose en repr\u00E9sentant du mouvement ouvrier. La nature des liens entre syndicalisme et partis politiques est cependant variable selon les pays : au Royaume-Uni, la pr\u00E9cocit\u00E9 du d\u00E9veloppement industriel a entra\u00EEn\u00E9 l'ant\u00E9riorit\u00E9 des syndicats sur le Parti travailliste. Apr\u00E8s la scission de la mouvance socialiste au d\u00E9but du XXe si\u00E8cle, les partis communistes et, prise au sens large, la mouvance communiste dans son ensemble, se sont pr\u00E9sent\u00E9s comme les repr\u00E9sentants authentiques du mouvement ouvrier. Les anarchistes ont \u00E9galement pu revendiquer la repr\u00E9sentation des int\u00E9r\u00EAts du monde ouvrier, notamment via des ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes comme l'anarcho-syndicalisme.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "labour union"@en . "general secretary of the empire press union"@en . "trade union delegate"@en . "trade union leader"@en . "trade union organizer"@en . "trade unionist"@en . "union member"@en . "union organizer"@en . "union representative"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Lady Literate in Arts"@fr . "Lady Literate in the Arts"@en . . "L.L.A. (Lady Literate in the Arts)"@en . "\"A Lady Literate in Arts (LLA) qualification was offered by the University of St Andrews in Scotland for more than a decade before women were allowed to graduate in the same way as men, and it became popular as a kind of external degree for women who had studied through correspondence, or by attendance at non-university classes. Until 1892 women were not admitted to Scottish universities and the LLA was the nearest qualification to a degree which was open to women in the country, although the University of Edinburgh offered certificates recognising achievement in classes organised by the Edinburgh Association for the University Education of Women, and in Glasgow Queen Margaret College was offering a university-equivalent education and awards. To obtain an LLA candidates had to pass examinations at a university-approved centre, which might be in Scotland or outwith the country. Even after 1892, the LLA continued to be popular with women who wanted to study for an arts degree without needing to attend one particular institution for three or four years. Thousands of women received an LLA before it was discontinued in the 1930s. William Angus Knight (1836\u20131916), Professor of Moral Philosophy at St Andrews between 1876 and 1903, was a supporter of female education and the main force behind the university's introduction of the LLA degree. Helen Bannerman, the children's writer, and suffragette Margaret Nevinson both had LLAs, as did the wartime nursing \"heroine\", Violetta Thurstan.\"\n (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLa qualification de Lady Literate in Arts (\u00AB Dame Instruite \u00E8s Arts \u00BB) ou LLA \u00E9tait dispens\u00E9 par l'Universit\u00E9 de St Andrews, en \u00C9cosse, plus d'une dizaine d'ann\u00E9es avant que les femmes soient accept\u00E9es dans les \u00E9tudes sup\u00E9rieures de la m\u00EAme mani\u00E8re que les hommes. Il devint populaire comme une forme de dipl\u00F4me \u00E0 distance pour des femmes \u00E9tudiant par correspondance ou suivant des cours non-universitaires. Jusqu'en 1892, les femmes n'\u00E9taient pas admises dans les universit\u00E9s \u00E9cossaises et le LLA \u00E9tait la qualification la plus proche d'un dipl\u00F4me qu'une femme pouvait obtenir dans le pays, bien que l'Universit\u00E9 d'Edimbourg dispensait des certificats de r\u00E9ussite \u00E0 des cours organis\u00E9s par la Edinburgh Association for the University Education of Women (en) et le Coll\u00E8ge Queen Margaret de Glasgow offrait une \u00E9ducation de niveau universitaire avec des distinctions. Pour obtenir un LLA, les candidates devaient passer des examens dans un centre approuv\u00E9 par l'Universit\u00E9, qui puovait \u00EAtre en \u00C9cosse ou \u00E0 l'ext\u00E9rieur du pays. M\u00EAme apr\u00E8s 1982, le LLA continuait d'\u00EAtre populaire aupr\u00E8s des femmes qui voulaient \u00E9tudier pour un dipl\u00F4me d'art sans avoir \u00E0 suivre les cours d'une institution particuli\u00E8re pour trois ou quatre ans. Des milliers de femmes re\u00E7urent un LLA avant qu'il soit abandonn\u00E9 dans les ann\u00E9es 30. William Angus Knight (en) (1836-1916), professeur de philosophie morale \u00E0 St Andrews entre 1876 et 1903, \u00E9tait un d\u00E9fenseur de l'\u00E9ducation des femmes et un des pionniers derri\u00E8re la cr\u00E9ation du LLA. L'auteur de livre pour enfants Helen Bannerman (en) et la suffragette et \u00E9crivaine r\u00E9aliste Margaret Nevinson ont toutes les deux re\u00E7u un LLA.\u00BB\n (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . ""@fr . "land reform"@en . . "Irish land nationalization"@en . ""@fr . "\"Land reform (also agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning) involves the changing of laws, regulations or customs regarding land ownership. Land reform may consist of a government-initiated or government-backed property redistribution, generally of agricultural land. Land reform can, therefore, refer to transfer of ownership from the more powerful to the less powerful, such as from a relatively small number of wealthy (or noble) owners with extensive land holdings (e.g., plantations, large ranches, or agribusiness plots) to individual ownership by those who work the land. Such transfers of ownership may be with or without compensation; compensation may vary from token amounts to the full value of the land.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Latitudinarianism"@en . . "Latitudinarian"@en . "latudinarian"@en . . "\"Latitudinarian was initially a pejorative term applied to a group of 17th-century English theologians who believed in conforming to official Church of England practices but who felt that matters of doctrine, liturgical practice, and ecclesiastical organization were of relatively little importance. Good examples of the latitudinarian philosophy were found among the Cambridge Platonists and Sir Thomas Browne in his Religio Medici. Additionally, the term has been ascribed to ministers of the Scottish Episcopal Church in Scotland who were educated at the Episcopal sympathizing universities at Aberdeen and St Andrews and that broadly subscribed to their moderate Anglican English counterparts. Today, latitudinarianism should not be confused with ecumenical movements, which seek to draw all Christian churches together, rather than to de-emphasize practical doctrine. The term has taken on a more general meaning, indicating a personal philosophy which includes tolerance of other views, particularly (but not necessarily) on religious matters. In the Roman Catholic Church, latitudinarianism was condemned in the 19th century document Quanta cura; Pope Pius IX felt that, with its emphasis on religious liberty and freedom to discard traditional Christian doctrines and dogmas, this attitude threatened to undermine the church. Latitudinarianism is still criticized within the Catholic Church under the epithet of Cafeteria Catholic. It has been perceived as a disingenuous claim to be Roman Catholic while ignoring, being indifferent towards, or denying Catholic dogma and praxis.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "laundry worker"@en . "laundress"@en . "laundry manager"@en . "washerwoman"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "law degree"@en . . "degree in law"@en . . "\"A law degree is an academic degree conferred for studies in law. Such degrees are generally preparation for legal careers; but while their curricula may be reviewed by legal authority, they do not themselves confer a license. A legal license is granted (typically by examination) and exercised locally; while the law degree can have local, international, and world-wide aspects- e.g., in Britain the Legal Practice Course is required to become a British solicitor or the Bar Professional Training Course (BPTC) to become a barrister.\"\n (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "law enforcement"@en . "chief constable"@en . "mounted police"@en . "police commissioner"@en . "police officer"@en . "sheriff"@en . "town constable"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "high sheriff"@en . "high sheriff of county cork"@en . "high sheriff of hertfordshire"@en . "high sheriff of kent"@en . "high sheriff of yorkshire"@en . "high sherriff of county"@en . "sherif of westmorland"@en . "sheriff depute"@en . "under sheriff of suffolk"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "lawyer"@en . "apprentice attorney"@en . "attorney"@en . "barrister"@en . "chancery barrister"@en . "solicitor"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "patents lawyer"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "leather worker"@en . "leatherworker"@en . "saddler"@en . "tanner"@en . "worker in leather"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "saddler, shoemaker"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Gauche (politique)"@fr . "left-wing"@en . . "anti-conservative"@en . "leftist"@en . "\"Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy and social inequality. It typically involves a concern for those in society whom its adherents perceive as disadvantaged relative to others (prioritarianism), as well as a belief that there are unjustified inequalities that need to be reduced or abolished (by advocating for social justice). The term left wing can also refer to \"the radical, reforming, or socialist section of a political party or system\". The political terms Left and Right were coined during the French Revolution (1789\u20131799), referring to the seating arrangement in the Estates General: those who sat on the left generally opposed the monarchy and supported the revolution, including the creation of a republic and secularization, while those on the right were supportive of the traditional institutions of the Old Regime. Use of the term \"Left\" became more prominent after the restoration of the French monarchy in 1815 when it was applied to the \"Independents\". The word \"wing\" was appended to Left and Right in the late 19th century, usually with disparaging intent, and \"left-wing\" was applied to those who were unorthodox in their religious or political views. The term was later applied to a number of movements, especially republicanism during the French Revolution in the 18th century, followed by socialism, communism, anarchism, and social democracy in the 19th and 20th centuries. Since then, the term left-wing has been applied to a broad range of movements including civil rights movements, feminist movements, anti-war movements, and environmental movements, as well as a wide range of parties. According to author Barry Clark, \"Leftists [...] claim that human development flourishes when individuals engage in cooperative, mutually respectful relations that can thrive only when excessive differences in status, power, and wealth are eliminated.\" \" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABEn politique, l'usage consiste \u00E0 diviser les partis politiques en cat\u00E9gories g\u00E9n\u00E9rales qui formalisent une division bipartisane : la droite et la gauche, auxquelles on peut ajouter le centre. Dans l'ensemble du champ politique, les forces politiques sont triples : droite, gauche et forces r\u00E9volutionnaires (extr\u00EAme-gauche) hors partis. La notion de gauche et celle de droite en politique est une construction progressive entre la fin du XVIIIe si\u00E8cle et le d\u00E9but du XXe si\u00E8cle. La gauche d\u00E9signe la partie gauche de l'h\u00E9micycle d'une assembl\u00E9e parlementaire et les personnes et partis qui y si\u00E8gent habituellement. De ce fait, la notion de gauche (comme celle de droite) ne poss\u00E8de pas un contenu id\u00E9ologique fixe et a priori : par exemple, l'orl\u00E9anisme est \u00E0 gauche du l\u00E9gitimisme, le bourgeois lib\u00E9ral est \u00E0 gauche du bourgeois monarchiste, et ce qui \u00E9tait \u00E0 gauche \u00E0 une \u00E9poque se retrouve souvent \u00E0 droite \u00E0 une autre \u00E9poque, ainsi le bourgeois lib\u00E9ral est aujourd'hui g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement \u00E0 droite, alors qu'il est de gauche du temps de Benjamin Constant. De nos jours, les partis de gauche se rassemblent g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement dans la promotion d'id\u00E9aux progressistes et d'\u00E9galit\u00E9, la critique de l'ordre social et le souci d'une plus grande justice sociale. Elle comprend la social-d\u00E9mocratie, le radicalisme, le socialisme, le communisme et certains courants de l'anarchisme.Le terme n'est pas utilis\u00E9 que pour les partis, on utilise parfois le terme de gauche syndicale ou plus rarement de gauche associative.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "legal work"@en . "clerk of the court"@en . "law clerk"@en . "lawyer's clerk"@en . "legal adviser"@en . "legal advisor"@en . "legal aid worker"@en . "legal assistant"@en . "legal clerk"@en . "legal expert"@en . "legal scholar"@en . "solicitor's clerk"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . "leisure relationship"@en . . ""@en . . . . . "lesbianism"@en . "lesbianisme"@fr . . "lesbian"@en . "Le lesbianisme indique l'attraction sexuelle entre les femmes. Cependant, certaines intellectuelles lesbiennes f\u00E9ministes soulignent l'aspect r\u00E9ducteur d'une telle d\u00E9finition. S'appuyant sur Kathleen Gough, Adrienne Rich interpr\u00E8te l'h\u00E9t\u00E9rosexualit\u00E9 comme obligatoire pour les femmes dans un contexte patriarcal, et \u00E9voque un continuum lesbien, les \u00ABdiverses exp\u00E9riences sp\u00E9cifiques aux femmes\u2014au cours de leur existence ou \u00E0 travers l'Histoire\u2014 et non simplement le fait qu'une femme a eu ou a consciemment d\u00E9sir\u00E9 avoir des exp\u00E9riences sexuelles avec une autre femme\u00BB (Rich, 1983). Dans un contexte h\u00E9t\u00E9ronormatif, le lesbianisme ne rel\u00E8ve donc pas seulement de la sexualit\u00E9 mais implique aussi des questions politiques complexes."@fr . "Lesbianism indicates the sexual attraction of women to other women. Yet, lesbian feminist thinkers underline that this common definition is reductive. Drawing on Kathleen Gough and within an understanding of heterosexuality as compulsory for women within patriarchy, Adrienne Rich describes a lesbian continuum, the \"range\u2014through each woman's life and throughout history\u2014of woman-identified experiences, not simply the fact that a woman has had or consciously desired genital sexual experience with another woman\" (Rich, 1983). In a heteronormative context, lesbianism is not only a question of sexuality but also has complex political implications."@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "lesbian feminism"@en . . "lesbian feminist"@en . . "\"Lesbian feminism is a cultural movement and critical perspective, most influential in the 1970s and early 1980s (primarily in North America and Western Europe), that encourages women to direct their energies toward other women rather than men, and often advocates lesbianism as the logical result of feminism. Some key thinkers and activists are Charlotte Bunch, Rita Mae Brown, Adrienne Rich, Audre Lorde, Marilyn Frye, Mary Daly, Sheila Jeffreys, Barbara Smith, Pat Parker, Margaret Sloan-Hunter, Cheryl Clarke, Gloria Anzaldua, Cherrie Moraga, and Monique Wittig (although the latter is more commonly associated with the emergence of queer theory). Lesbian feminism came together in the early 1970s out of dissatisfaction with second-wave feminism and the gay liberation movement. In the words of lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys, \"Lesbian feminism emerged as a result of two developments: lesbians within the WLM (Women's Liberation Movement) began to create a new, distinctively feminist lesbian politics, and lesbians in the GLF (Gay Liberation Front) left to join up with their sisters\". According to Judy Rebick, a leading Canadian journalist and political activist for feminism, lesbians were and always have been at the heart of the women's movement, while their issues were invisible in the same movement. Lesbian feminism of color emerged as a response to lesbian feminism thought that failed to incorporate the issues of class and race as sources of oppression along with heterosexuality.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "liaison officer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "liaison officer, correspondent to cairo"@en . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Liberal Unionist Party"@en . "Parti lib\u00E9ral unioniste"@fr . . "liberal unionist"@en . . "\"The Liberal Unionist Party was a British political party that was formed in 1886 by a faction that broke away from the Liberal Party. Led by Lord Hartington (later the Duke of Devonshire) and Joseph Chamberlain, the party formed a political alliance with the Conservative Party in opposition to Irish Home Rule. The two parties formed the ten-year-long, coalition Unionist Government 1895\u20131905 but kept separate political funds and their own party organisations until a complete merger was agreed in May 1912.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "Le Liberal Unionist Party est un parti politique britannique qui se s\u00E9para du Parti lib\u00E9ral en 1886. Dirig\u00E9 par Spencer Cavendish (Lord Hartington, et plus tard duc du Devonshire) et Joseph Chamberlain, le parti a form\u00E9 une alliance politique avec le Parti conservateur dans l'opposition \u00E0 l'Home Rule de l'Irlande. Les deux partis ont form\u00E9 un gouvernement de coalition en 1895, mais gard\u00E8rent un fonctionnement s\u00E9par\u00E9s jusqu'\u00E0 une fusion compl\u00E8te en mai 1912.\n * Portail de la politique britannique\" Portail de la politique britannique\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Lib\u00E9ralisme"@fr . "liberalism"@en . . "British Liberalism"@en . "Liberal Party"@en . "liberal"@en . "radical liberal"@en . "ultra liberals"@en . "\"Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Whereas classical liberalism emphasises the role of liberty, social liberalism stresses the importance of equality. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally they support ideas and programmes such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free markets, civil rights, democratic societies, secular governments, gender equality, and international cooperation. Liberalism first became a distinct political movement during the Age of Enlightenment, when it became popular among philosophers and economists in the Western world. Liberalism rejected the prevailing social and political norms of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy, and the Divine Right of Kings. The 17th-century philosopher John Locke is often credited with founding liberalism as a distinct philosophical tradition. Locke argued that each man has a natural right to life, liberty, and property, while adding that governments must not violate these rights based on the social contract. Liberals opposed traditional conservatism and sought to replace absolutism in government with representative democracy and the rule of law. Prominent revolutionaries in the Glorious Revolution, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of what they saw as tyrannical rule. Liberalism started to spread rapidly especially after the French Revolution. The 19th century saw liberal governments established in nations across Europe, South America, and North America. In this period, the dominant ideological opponent of classical liberalism was conservatism, but liberalism later survived major ideological challenges from new opponents, such as fascism and communism. During the 20th century, liberal ideas spread even further as liberal democracies found themselves on the winning side in both world wars. In Europe and North America, the establishment of social liberalism became a key component in the expansion of the welfare state. Today, liberal parties continue to wield power and influence throughout the world.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe lib\u00E9ralisme est une doctrine de philosophie politique qui affirme la libert\u00E9 comme principe politique supr\u00EAme ainsi que son corollaire de responsabilit\u00E9 individuelle, et revendique la limitation du pouvoir du souverain. Le mot lib\u00E9ralisme fait son apparition au d\u00E9but du XIXe si\u00E8cle. Les racines du lib\u00E9ralisme sont plus anciennes. L'opposition \u00E0 l'absolutisme du souverain s'est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e dans l'Europe des Lumi\u00E8res (XVIIIe si\u00E8cle), mais aussi auparavant par la scolastique de l'\u00C9cole de Salamanque (XVIe si\u00E8cle) faisant obligation morale au souverain de respecter les droits fondamentaux de chaque \u00EAtre humain au motif de sa nature de cr\u00E9ature de Dieu, ou plus anciennement par les chartes m\u00E9di\u00E9vales (telles la Magna Carta) introduisant des droits fondamentaux dont le respect est exig\u00E9 du souverain, ou encore par certains pans de la philosophie thomiste, eux-m\u00EAmes pr\u00E9c\u00E9d\u00E9s par le principe de justice naturelle d'Aristote. La date des d\u00E9buts formels du lib\u00E9ralisme ou de ses composantes politiques, \u00E9conomiques ou religieuses diff\u00E8re selon les auteurs. De nombreux auteurs font commencer le lib\u00E9ralisme avec la Lettre sur la tol\u00E9rance de John Locke (1689) qui compl\u00E8te les racines pr\u00E9existantes. Le lib\u00E9ralisme repose sur l'id\u00E9e que chaque \u00EAtre humain poss\u00E8de des droits fondamentaux naturels pr\u00E9c\u00E9dant toute association et qu'aucun pouvoir n'a le droit de violer. En cons\u00E9quence, les lib\u00E9raux veulent limiter les obligations sociales impos\u00E9es par le pouvoir et plus g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement le syst\u00E8me social, telles que la morale, au profit du libre choix et de l'int\u00E9r\u00EAt de chaque individu ind\u00E9pendamment des autres. La question de l'articulation entre \u00ABlib\u00E9ralisme \u00E9conomique\u00BB et \u00ABlib\u00E9ralisme politique\u00BB re\u00E7oit des r\u00E9ponses vari\u00E9es. Le lib\u00E9ralisme pr\u00F4ne la libert\u00E9 d'expression des individus. Dans le domaine \u00E9conomique, il d\u00E9fend notamment l'initiative priv\u00E9e, la libre concurrence et son corollaire l'\u00E9conomie de march\u00E9 ; dans le domaine politique, il accepte des pouvoirs politiques encadr\u00E9s par une loi librement d\u00E9battue, d\u00E9fend un \u00C9tat de droit et des contre-pouvoirs. Au lib\u00E9ralisme classique, fond\u00E9 davantage sur la libert\u00E9 en tant que droit n\u00E9gatif, s'oppose entre autres le lib\u00E9ralisme social fond\u00E9 sur la libert\u00E9 en tant que droit positif (protection exig\u00E9e du souverain contre la mis\u00E8re mat\u00E9rielle ou la pression morale communautaire, quitte \u00E0 accorder au souverain un droit de coercition sociale \u00E0 cette fin). Ainsi le lib\u00E9ralisme peut se manifester de fa\u00E7ons fort diverses, voire oppos\u00E9es. Le \u00ABlib\u00E9ral\u00BB peut \u00EAtre suivant le cas celui qui exige de l'\u00C9tat qu'il brise une tradition qui contraint la libert\u00E9 de l'individu (caste, statuts, discriminations et privil\u00E8ges\u2026), celui qui d\u00E9fend la libert\u00E9 de pratiquer ou non une religion ou une tradition, celui qui demande que l'\u00C9tat intervienne pour redonner une v\u00E9ritable capacit\u00E9 d'action \u00E9conomique (brid\u00E9e par un monopole, la pauvret\u00E9, le manque d'\u00E9ducation, de cr\u00E9dit ou autre), ou encore celui qui s'oppose \u00E0 l'intervention du pouvoir (dans le respect de l'initiative priv\u00E9e, de la libre concurrence, de l'\u00E9galit\u00E9 de traitement\u2026). Les limites \u00E0 fixer \u00E0 l'action de l'\u00C9tat, ainsi que les modalit\u00E9s de l'action publique, notamment aux r\u00F4les respectifs de l'action administrative et de la loi, sont donc sujets \u00E0 d\u00E9bat au sein m\u00EAme du lib\u00E9ralisme. La plupart des lib\u00E9raux consid\u00E8rent que l'action de l'\u00C9tat est n\u00E9cessaire \u00E0 la protection des libert\u00E9s individuelles, dans le cadre de ses fonctions r\u00E9galiennes, et nombre d'entre eux (comme Adam Smith, Raymond Aron, Karl Popper ou Benedetto Croce) acceptent et m\u00EAme recommandent certaines interventions de l'\u00C9tat dans l'\u00E9conomie, notamment en mati\u00E8re de contr\u00F4le et de r\u00E9gulation. \u00C0 l'oppos\u00E9, les libertariens de tendance anarcho-capitaliste refusent \u00E0 l'\u00C9tat toute l\u00E9gitimit\u00E9 dans quelque domaine que ce soit.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Libertarianism"@en . "Libertarianisme"@fr . . "libertarian"@en . "religious libertarian"@en . "\"Libertarianism (Latin: liber, \"free\") is a collection of political philosophies that uphold liberty. Libertarians seek to maximize autonomy and freedom of choice, emphasising political freedom, voluntary association, and the primacy of individual judgment. Libertarians generally share a skepticism of authority; however, they diverge on the scope of their opposition to existing political and economic systems. Various schools of libertarian thought offer a range of views regarding the legitimate functions of state and private power, often calling to restrict or to dissolve coercive social institutions. Some libertarians advocate laissez-faire capitalism and strong private property rights, such as in land, infrastructure, and natural resources. Others, notably libertarian socialists, seek to abolish capitalism and private ownership of the means of production in favor of their common or cooperative ownership and management. An additional line of division is between minarchists and anarchists. While minarchists think that a minimal centralized government is necessary, anarchists propose to completely eliminate the state.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe libertarianisme, aussi appel\u00E9 libertarisme (\u00E0 ne pas confondre avec libertarisme de gauche et Libertaire) est une philosophie politique qui con\u00E7oit la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 juste comme une soci\u00E9t\u00E9 dont les institutions respectent et prot\u00E8gent la libert\u00E9 de chaque individu d'exercer son plein droit de propri\u00E9t\u00E9 sur lui-m\u00EAme et les droits de propri\u00E9t\u00E9 qu'il a l\u00E9gitimement acquis sur des objets ext\u00E9rieurs. Issue du lib\u00E9ralisme elle pr\u00F4ne donc, au sein d'un syst\u00E8me de propri\u00E9t\u00E9 et de march\u00E9 universel, la libert\u00E9 individuelle en tant que droit naturel. La libert\u00E9 est con\u00E7ue par le libertarianisme comme une valeur fondamentale des rapports sociaux, des \u00E9changes \u00E9conomiques et du syst\u00E8me politique. Les libertariens se fondent sur le principe de non-agression qui affirme que nul ne peut prendre l'initiative de la force physique contre un individu, sa personne, sa libert\u00E9 ou sa propri\u00E9t\u00E9. De fait, ses partisans, les libertariens, sont favorables \u00E0 une r\u00E9duction voire \u00E0 la disparition de l'\u00C9tat (anti\u00E9tatisme) en tant que syst\u00E8me fond\u00E9 sur la coercition, au profit d'une coop\u00E9ration libre et volontaire entre les individus, avec un \u00C9tat limit\u00E9 \u00E0 des fonctions r\u00E9galiennes. Robert Nozick (1938-2002), Murray Rothbard (1926-1995) et Charles Murray (1943-) font partie des principaux auteurs nourrissant cette doctrine.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "libertinage"@fr . "libertinism"@en . "libertine"@en . "Le libertinage r\u00E9f\u00E8re \u00E0 un type d'identit\u00E9 sexuelle (souvent pour des hommes) utilis\u00E9 pour d\u00E9crire un sujet adh\u00E9rant aux id\u00E9es et pratiques h\u00E9donistes."@fr . "Libertinism refers to a type of sexual identity (often tied to men) used to describe a subject who subscribes to hedonistic sexual politics."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "librarian"@en . "cataloguer"@en . "county librarian"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "director of the camps library"@en . "keeper of the bodleian library"@en . "royal academy's librarian"@en . "vice president of the london library"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "life scientist"@en . "anatomist"@en . "bacteriologist"@en . "physiologist"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "linguist"@en . "grammarian"@en . "linguistic reader"@en . "linguistic researcher"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . "language known"@en . "ma\u00EEtrise une langue"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "language known of"@en . . . . . . . . "language known (reported)"@en . "ma\u00EEtrise une langue (d\u00E9clar\u00E9)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "language known (reported) of"@en . . . . . . . . "language known (self-reported)"@en . "ma\u00EEtrise une langue (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "language known (self-reported) of"@en . . . . . . "Deprecated, with no current equivalence."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver sans \u00E9quivalence."@fr . . "a une forme litt\u00E9rale"@fr . "has literal form"@en . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "literary agent"@en . "amateur literary agent"@en . "literary advisor"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "literary assistant"@en . "writer's assistant"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "literary conservationist"@en . "literary conservation"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "literary executor"@en . "literary executrix"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "literary forger"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "literary group participant"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "chair of literary society"@en . "dramatic society president"@en . "running writers' group"@en . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "literary influence"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "literary prize adjudicator"@en . "adjudicator of literary award"@en . "chair of literary prize panel"@en . "judge of literary award"@en . "judge of literary prize"@en . "literary adjudicator"@en . "literary awards judge"@en . "literary judge"@en . "literary prize judge"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "judge for literary prize"@en . "judge; literary competition"@en . "literary award judge"@en . "literary competition judge"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "literary scholar"@en . "folklorist"@en . "literary historian"@en . "literary research"@en . "literary researcher"@en . "literary theorist"@en . "philologist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "lithographer"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "litigant"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "lobbyist"@en . "political lobbyist"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "international political lobbyist"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "local government"@en . "alderman"@en . "city councillor"@en . "city counsellor"@en . "council member"@en . "councillor"@en . "local councillor"@en . "local government magnate"@en . "local government official"@en . "local politician"@en . "town corporator"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "assistant director of education in the london county council"@en . "lieutenant of the tower of london"@en . "london county councillor"@en . "member of the bury st edmunds borough council"@en . "radicalist member of the london school board"@en . "recorder of newcastle under lyme"@en . "town corporator or councillor"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "location Of"@en . . . ""@fr . "Things that are or were at this location at some point in time."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "logger"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Lollardy."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance Lollardy."@fr . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . . "Lollards"@en . "Lollards"@fr . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . . "\"Lollardy (Lollardry, Lollardism) was a political and religious movement that existed from the mid-14th century to the English Reformation. It was initially led by John Wycliffe, a prominent theologian who was dismissed from the University of Oxford in 1381 for criticism of the Church, especially in his doctrine on the Eucharist. The Lollards' demands were primarily for reform of Western Christianity.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLes Lollards sont les membres ou sympathisants d'un mouvement de contestation religieuse et sociale apparu en Angleterre au XIVe si\u00E8cle. \u2014 John Ball \u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Lollardy"@en . "Lollardy"@fr . . . "\"Lollardy (Lollardry, Lollardism) was a political and religious movement that existed from the mid-14th century to the English Reformation. It was initially led by John Wycliffe, a prominent theologian who was dismissed from the University of Oxford in 1381 for criticism of the Church, especially in his doctrine on the Eucharist. The Lollards' demands were primarily for reform of Western Christianity.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLes Lollards sont les membres ou sympathisants d'un mouvement de contestation religieuse et sociale apparu en Angleterre au XIVe si\u00E8cle. \u2014 John Ball\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "lord chamberlain"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "lord chancellor"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "faible probabilit\u00E9"@fr . "low certainty"@en . "A predefined value of certainty that represents cases where where an assertion, description, identification, value, or measurement is considered of low quality. Equivalent to the \"medium\" value for certainty or precision of the Text Encoding Initiative."@en . "Une valeur de probabilit\u00E9 pr\u00E9d\u00E9finie utilis\u00E9e dans le cas o\u00F9 un fait est consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme une information de basse qualit\u00E9."@fr . . . . . . "classe moyenne inf\u00E9rieure"@fr . "lower-middle class"@en . "LOWER-MIDDLECLASS"@en . "genteel poverty"@en . . "Cette classe inclut \"les employ\u00E9\u2022e\u2022s, le personnel de bureau, les instituteur\u2022ice\u2022s et les gouvernantes. Il faut toutefois rappeler que certains des instituteur\u2022ice\u2022s entrent dans la cat\u00E9gorie des Professions (Mr. Chips dans le film du m\u00EAme nom (1939)) ainsi que les femmes qui ouvrent et dirigent les \u00E9coles."@fr . "Employees, clerical workers, teachers, governesses. Note, however, that some teachers go into Professions (Mr. Chips from the 1939 film of that name) and women starting schools and then managing them also go into Professions."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "machineWork"@en . "fitter"@en . "mechanician"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "made alteration"@en . . . ""@fr . "Links an change set to a natural person"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "magistrate"@en . "judicial officer"@en . "justice of the peace"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "maid of honour"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . _:genid4 . _:genid4 . _:genid5 . _:genid5 _:genid4 . . . "Deprecated with no current equivalence."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver sans \u00E9quivalence."@fr . . "male"@en . "male"@fr . "true"^^ . _:genid5 . "deprecated"@en . "male"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance man/male."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance homme/m\u00E2le."@fr . . "Male"@en . "M\u00E2le"@fr . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Malthusianism"@en . "Malthusianisme"@fr . . "neo-Malthusianism"@en . "\"Malthusianism is a school of ideas derived from the political/economic thought of the Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, as laid out in his 1798 writings, An Essay on the Principle of Population, which describes how unchecked population growth is exponential while the growth of the food supply was expected to be arithmetical. Malthus believed there were two types of \"checks\" that could then reduce the population, returning it to a more sustainable level. He believed there were \"preventive checks\" such as moral restraints (abstinence, delayed marriage until finances become balanced), and restricting marriage against persons suffering poverty or defects. Malthus believed in \"positive checks\", which lead to 'premature' death: disease, starvation, war, resulting in what is called a Malthusian catastrophe. The catastrophe would return population to a lower, more \"sustainable\", level. The term has been applied in different ways over the last two hundred years, and has been linked to a variety of other political and social movements, but almost always refers to advocates of population control. Neo-Malthusianism generally refers to people with the same basic concerns as Malthus, who advocate population control programs, to ensure resources for current and future populations. In Britain the term Malthusian can also refer more specifically to arguments made in favour of preventive birth control, hence organizations such as the Malthusian League. Neo-Malthusians seem to differ from Malthus's theories mainly in their enthusiasm for contraception. Malthus, a devout Christian, believed that \"self-control\" (abstinence) was preferable to artificial birth control. In some editions of his essay, Malthus did allow that abstinence was unlikely to be effective on a wide scale, thus advocating the use of artificial means of birth control as a solution to population \"pressure\". Modern \"neo-Malthusians\" are generally more concerned than Malthus was, with environmental degradation and catastrophic famine than with poverty. Many critics believe that the basis of Malthusian theory has been fundamentally discredited in the years since the publication of Principle of Population, often citing major advances in agricultural techniques and modern reductions in human fertility. Many modern proponents believe that the basic concept of population growth eventually outstripping resources is still fundamentally valid, and \"positive checks\" are still likely in humanity's future if there is no action to curb population growth. Malthusian terms can carry a pejorative connotation indicating excessive pessimism, misanthropy or inhumanity. Some proponents of Malthusian ideas believe that Malthus's theories have been widely misunderstood and misrepresented; these proponents believe his reputation for pessimism and inhumanity is ill deserved. Malthusian ideas have attracted criticism from a diverse range of differing schools of thought, including Marxists and socialists, libertarians and free market enthusiasts, social conservatives, feminists and human rights advocates.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe malthusianisme est une politique pr\u00F4nant la restriction d\u00E9mographique, inspir\u00E9e par les travaux de l'\u00E9conomiste britannique Thomas Malthus (1766\u20131834). Le terme est utilis\u00E9 pour la premi\u00E8re fois par Pierre-Joseph Proudhon en 1849. \u00C0 l'origine doctrine hostile \u00E0 l'accroissement de la population d'un territoire ou d'un \u00C9tat et pr\u00E9conisant la restriction volontaire de la natalit\u00E9, le mot \u00AB malthusianisme \u00BB d\u00E9signe aussi par extension toute attitude r\u00E9serv\u00E9e devant la vie et le d\u00E9veloppement.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . . "homme"@fr . "man"@en . "male"@en . "\n Indicates identification with or labelling as the gender man, and who is often but not necessarily understood to be sexed male.\n Where terms associated with this label are applied to younger individuals, \u201Cboy\u201D is understood to apply for \u201Cman\u201D.\n "@en . "\n Indique l'identification ou l'assignation au genre masculin, et qui est souvent mais non n\u00E9cessairement de sexe masculin.\n "@fr . . . . . . . . . "homme"@fr . "man"@en . "man"@en . "A subclass of textual label, this discursive label reflects the ambiguity of manhood, masculinity, or maleness as associated with different cultural forms. It provides a means of aggregating and searching multiple instances of \"man\" (e.g. man, cis man/cis male) cultural identities.\n Where associated terms are applied to younger individuals, gendered variants, such as \u201Cboy\u201D for \u201Cman\u201D, are understood to apply.\n "@en . "Une sous-classe d'\u00E9tiquettes textuelles, cette \u00E9tiquette discursive refl\u00E8te l'ambiguit\u00E9 de la masculinit\u00E9, ou de la virilit\u00E9. Elle permet de compiler et de rechercher les multiples instances d'identit\u00E9s culturelles \u00ABmasculines\u00BB (par exemple homme, homme cisgenre)."@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "manager"@en . "factory manager"@en . "factory supervisor"@en . "managed"@en . "office manager"@en . "supervisor"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "shipping company manager"@en . "supervising"@en . "vice president of beauty without cruelty"@en . . . . . . "cadre"@fr . "managerial"@en . "MANAGERIAL"@en . "Cette classe r\u00E9f\u00E8re \u00E0 ceux dont \u00ABla situation sociale est d\u00FBe \u00E0 l'administration d'une structure dans laquelle ils n'investissent pas leurs propres fonds, par exemple les salari\u00E9s du service civique, les banquiers, les administrateurs d'h\u00F4pitaux.\u00BB (Brown, 2006)"@fr . "This class refers to those whose \"station in life comes from the fact that they are running something but not putting their money into it, for instance salaried civil service, bankers, or hospital administrators.\" (Brown, 2006)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "manservant"@en . "butler"@en . "chauffeur"@en . "doorman"@en . "footman"@en . "groom"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "manual labourer"@en . "day labourer"@en . "field labourer"@en . "labourer"@en . "manual worker"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "manufacturer"@en . "co operative manufacturer"@en . "cutler"@en . "lime manufacturer"@en . "manufacturer of machinery"@en . "smallware manufacturing"@en . "tobacco manufacturer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "jet ornament manufacturer"@en . "manufacturer of fancy goods"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Maoism"@en . "Mao\u00EFsme"@fr . . "chinese communism"@en . "\"Mao Zedong Thought (simplified Chinese: \u6BDB\u6CFD\u4E1C\u601D\u60F3; traditional Chinese: \u6BDB\u6FA4\u6771\u601D\u60F3; pinyin: M\u00E1o Z\u00E9d\u014Dng S\u012Bxi\u01CEng), or Maoism, is a political theory derived from the teachings of the Chinese political leader Mao Zedong (1893\u20131976). Its followers, known as Maoists, consider it an anti-Revisionist form of Marxism\u2013Leninism. Developed from the 1950s until the Deng Xiaoping reforms in the 1970s, it was widely applied as the guiding political and military ideology of the Communist Party of China (CPC), and as theory guiding revolutionary movements around the world. The essential difference between Maoism and other forms of Marxism is that Mao claimed that peasants should be the essential revolutionary class in China, because, contrary to their industrial working \"comrades,\" they were more suited to establishing a successful revolution and socialist society in China.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe mao\u00EFsme (en chinois : \u6BDB\u6CFD\u4E1C\u601D\u60F3, pinyin : M\u00E1o Z\u00E9d\u014Dng s\u012Bxi\u01CEng, \u00ABpens\u00E9e Mao-Zedong\u00BB) est un courant du communisme d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 au XXe si\u00E8cle par Mao Zedong, chef du Parti communiste chinois, qui arrive au pouvoir en Chine en 1949, au terme d'une longue guerre civile contre le Guomindang. Comme L\u00E9nine dit avoir adapt\u00E9 les th\u00E9ories de Karl Marx \u00E0 la Russie, Mao d\u00E9clare adapter les th\u00E9ories de Marx et de L\u00E9nine \u00E0 la situation politique et \u00E9conomique de la Chine du XXe si\u00E8cle. Au sortir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Mao affirme vouloir \u00E9manciper la population chinoise \u00E0 la fois de l'imp\u00E9rialisme occidental et du confucianisme. Au moment de la rupture sino-sovi\u00E9tique, Mao se r\u00E9clame d'une lecture \u00ABanti-r\u00E9visionniste\u00BB du marxisme-l\u00E9ninisme et refuse de suivre un processus parall\u00E8le \u00E0 la d\u00E9stalinisation, poussant la Chine encore plus loin sur la voie du quadrillage total de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 par le Parti et du culte de sa personnalit\u00E9. Le mao\u00EFsme, m\u00EAme si la tendance pro-sovi\u00E9tique reste largement majoritaire au sein du communisme mondial, commence alors \u00E0 la concurrencer, et de multiples groupes \u00E0 travers le monde se r\u00E9clament de Mao et de sa vision tiers-mondiste et \u00ABanti-imp\u00E9rialiste\u00BB. L'Albanie d'Enver Hoxha devient m\u00EAme un pays satellite de la Chine. Apr\u00E8s la mort de Mao en 1976, le mao\u00EFsme est, en R\u00E9publique populaire de Chine, progressivement vid\u00E9 de sa substance id\u00E9ologique m\u00EAme si le PCC continue de se r\u00E9clamer officiellement de la \u00ABpens\u00E9e Mao-Zedong\u00BB. En revanche, des groupes mao\u00EFstes, d'importance tr\u00E8s in\u00E9gale, continuent d'exister \u00E0 travers le monde, notamment des groupes arm\u00E9s de l'Inde, du N\u00E9pal et d'Am\u00E9rique latine. En Occident, le mao\u00EFsme intellectuel a fait long feu, ses adeptes (dont le philosophe Jean-Paul Sartre) ayant dans leur immense majorit\u00E9 chang\u00E9 d'opinions apr\u00E8s la mort de Mao ; il est consid\u00E9r\u00E9 par les historiens d'aujourd'hui comme une id\u00E9ologie totalitaire comparable au stalinisme.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "mapping"@en . "cartographer"@en . "topographer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "marriage law reform"@en . "r\u00E9forme du mariage"@fr . "custody rights"@en . "divorce reform activist"@en . "divorce reformer"@en . "marriage law reformer"@en . "marriage reformer"@en . "married women's property supporter"@en . "maternal wage activist"@en . "pro-divorce"@en . . "Advocacy or activism related to the reform of laws related to marriage and divorce, including education, marital rape, wages for housework and childrearing, property law, child custody, and civil rights."@en . "Militantisme ou activisme li\u00E9 aux r\u00E9formes des lois concernant le mariage et le divorce, comprenant l'\u00E9ducation, le viol conjugal, la r\u00E9partition des t\u00E2ches domestiques et de l'\u00E9ducation des enfants, la propri\u00E9t\u00E9, la garde des enfants et les droits civiques."@fr . "married women's control of their own property"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "martyr"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Marxism"@en . "Marxisme"@fr . . "marxist"@en . "\"Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that analyzes class relations and societal conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and a dialectical view of social transformation. It originates from the mid-to-late 19th century works of German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxist methodology originally used a method of economic and sociopolitical inquiry known as historical materialism to analyze and critique the development of capitalism and the role of class struggle in systemic economic change. According to Marxist perspective, class conflict within capitalism arises due to intensifying contradictions between the highly productive mechanized and socialized production performed by the proletariat, and the private ownership and appropriation of the surplus product (profit) by a small minority of the population who are private owners called the bourgeoisie. As the contradiction becomes apparent to the proletariat through the alienation of labor, social unrest between the two antagonistic classes will intensify, until it culminates in social revolution. The eventual long-term outcome of this revolution would be the establishment of socialism \u2013 a socioeconomic system based on social ownership of the means of production, distribution based on one's contribution, and production organized directly for use. As the productive forces and technology continued to advance, Marx hypothesized that socialism would eventually give way to a communist stage of social development, which would be a classless, stateless, humane society erected on common ownership and the principle of \"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs\". Marxism has since developed into different branches and schools of thought, and there is now no single definitive Marxist theory. Different Marxian schools place a greater emphasis on certain aspects of classical Marxism while de-emphasising or rejecting other aspects, and sometimes combine Marxist analysis with non-Marxian concepts; as a result, they might reach contradictory conclusions from each other. Lately, however, there is movement towards the recognition that the main aspect of Marxism is philosophy of dialectical materialism and historicism, which should result to more agreement between different schools. Marxist analyses and methodologies have influenced multiple political ideologies and social movements, and Marxist understandings of history and society have been adopted by some academics in the disciplines of archaeology, anthropology, media studies, political science, theater, history, sociology, art history and theory, cultural studies, education, economics, geography, literary criticism, aesthetics, critical psychology, and philosophy.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe marxisme est un courant de pens\u00E9e politique, sociologique et \u00E9conomique fond\u00E9 sur les id\u00E9es de Karl Marx (et dans une moindre mesure de Friedrich Engels) et de ses continuateurs. Politiquement, le marxisme repose sur la participation au mouvement r\u00E9el de la lutte des classes, afin d'arriver \u00E0 une soci\u00E9t\u00E9 sans classes en tant qu'alternative au capitalisme. En effet, Karl Marx consid\u00E8re que \u00ABl'\u00E9mancipation des travailleurs doit \u00EAtre l'\u0153uvre des travailleurs eux-m\u00EAmes\u00BB.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "mason"@en . "stonemason"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "master or mistress of the revels"@en . "master of the revels"@en . "mistress of the revels"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "master of the revels in ireland"@en . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Master (dipl\u00F4me ou grade universitaire)"@fr . "master's degree"@en . . "MA"@en . "MA (a first degree in Scotland)"@en . "MA degree"@en . "MA in Canadian Literature"@en . "MA in Classics"@en . "MA in English"@en . "MA in English literature"@en . "MA in English."@en . "MA in philosophy and literature"@en . "MA in psychology"@en . "MLitt"@en . "MPhil in Medieval Literature"@en . "MSc"@en . "Master's degree"@en . "Masters Degree"@en . "master's degree in Public Health"@en . . "\"A master's degree (from Latin magister) is a second-cycle academic degree awarded by universities upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice. A master's degree normally requires previous study at the bachelor's level, either as a separate degree or as part of an integrated course. Within the area studied, master's graduates are expected to possess advanced knowledge of a specialized body of theoretical and applied topics; high order skills in analysis, critical evaluation, or professional application; and the ability to solve complex problems and think rigorously and independently.\"\n (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe terme master signifie \u00AB ma\u00EEtre \u00BB en anglais. \u00C0 cause de l'influence de l'anglais dans l'enseignement sup\u00E9rieur, un certain nombre de pays non-anglophones ont introduit dans leur langue le mot master ou master's degree pour renommer des grades ou dipl\u00F4mes pr\u00E9existant ou bien pour nommer de nouveaux dipl\u00F4mes. Ceci s'est fait parfois en conservant le terme \u00AB ma\u00EEtrise \u00BB comme intitul\u00E9 d'autres dipl\u00F4mes. Peuvent donc coexister, comme en France, un dipl\u00F4me d\u00E9nomm\u00E9 \u00AB master \u00BB et un dipl\u00F4me d\u00E9nomm\u00E9 \u00AB ma\u00EEtrise \u00BB. Les grades ou dipl\u00F4mes dont le nom est une traduction de \u00AB ma\u00EEtre \u00BB ou \u00AB ma\u00EEtrise \u00BB sont trait\u00E9s dans l'article ma\u00EEtrise.\u00BB\n (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "mathematics"@en . "amateur mathematician"@en . "mathematical interests"@en . "mathematician"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "matron"@en . "house mother"@en . "housemother"@en . "school matron"@en . "workhouse matron"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "mayor"@en . "lady mayoress"@en . "lord mayor"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "lord mayor of london"@en . "mayor of cork"@en . "mayor of norwich"@en . "mayor of their home town"@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "medical degree"@en . . . "\"A medical degree is a vocational, or even technical, degree awarded for studies in fields associated with medicine and surgery. A study conducted in 2011 that involved more than 1000 medical schools throughout the world indicated on average, 64 university exams, 130 series exams, and 174 assignments are completed over the course of 5.5 years. Students need more than 85% marks in prerequisite courses in order to get enrolled for the aptitude test for these degree programs. They then have to pass the test with 85% to 90% marks, which is high compared with all the other bachelor's degree programs. The World Health Organization has granted international recognition to certain widely offered conventional medical degrees. Degrees recognized internationally by the AVICENNA Directory for medicine/International Medical Education Directory.\"\n (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "medical doctor"@en . "cardiologist"@en . "doctor"@en . "eye and ear specialist"@en . "eye surgeon"@en . "gastric surgeon"@en . "general practitioner"@en . "gynaecologist"@en . "homeopathic doctor"@en . "immunologist"@en . "medical practice"@en . "medical practitioner"@en . "obstetrician"@en . "orthopaedic surgeon"@en . "physician"@en . "royal physician"@en . "surgeon"@en . "surgeon general"@en . "surgery"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "physician, surgeon"@en . . . . . . "medium certainty"@en . "probabilit\u00E9 moyenne"@fr . "A predefined value of certainty that represents cases where where an assertion, description, identification, value, or measurement is considered of medium quality. Equivalent to the \"medium\" value for certainty or precision of the Text Encoding Initiative."@en . "Une valeur de probabilit\u00E9 pr\u00E9d\u00E9finie utilis\u00E9e dans le cas o\u00F9 un fait est consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme une information de qualit\u00E9 moyenne."@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "member of parliament"@en . "mp"@en . . . ""@en . ""@fr . "conservative mp"@en . "labour mp"@en . "liberal member of parliament"@en . "liberal mp"@en . "member of parliament and politician"@en . "member of parliament for nottingham"@en . "members of parliament"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "mental health professional"@en . "asylum director"@en . "child psychologist"@en . "freudian"@en . "freudian psychoanalyst"@en . "mental health worker"@en . "psychiatist"@en . "psychiatrist"@en . "psychologist"@en . "psychotherapist"@en . "pyschoanalyst"@en . "therapist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "mentor"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "mercer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "merchant"@en . "arms dealer"@en . "art dealer"@en . "book dealer"@en . "cattle dealer"@en . "china merchant"@en . "cloth merchant"@en . "coal merchant"@en . "corn dealer"@en . "corn merchant"@en . "cosmetics merchant"@en . "cotton merchant"@en . "dealer"@en . "dealer in stamps"@en . "hardware merchant"@en . "importer"@en . "international exporter"@en . "leather merchant"@en . "linen merchant"@en . "merchant adventurer"@en . "merchant in furs"@en . "merchant's apprentice"@en . "potato merchant"@en . "shipping agent"@en . "silk merchant"@en . "sugar merchant"@en . "timber merchant"@en . "tradesman"@en . "wine merchant"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "exported textiles to the west indies"@en . "merchant in liverpool"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "merchant taylor"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "metal work"@en . "brass worker"@en . "iron manufacturer"@en . "metal manufacturer"@en . "sheet metal worker"@en . "silver manufacturer"@en . "steel worker"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "metallurgy"@en . "assayer"@en . "metallurgist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "meteorologist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "Methodism"@en . "\u00C9glise m\u00E9thodiste"@fr . "Methodist Church"@en . "Methodist New Connection"@en . . "\"Or United Methodists, an English Nonconformist community formed in 1907 by the union of the Methodist New Connexion (1797), the Bible Christians (1815), and the United Methodist Free Churches (1857). The act of parliament which enabled this amalgamation received the royal assent on the 26th of July 1907, and authorized the union \"to deal with real and personal property belonging to the said three churches or denominations, to provide for the vesting of the said property in trust for the United Church so formed and for the assimilation of the trusts thereof, and for other purposes.\" The union was completed on the 16th of September 1907 in Wesley's Chapel, City Road, London.\" (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911)"@en . "Issu d'un schisme avec l'\u00C9glise anglicane, le m\u00E9thodisme est un courant du protestantisme regroupant de nombreuses \u00C9glises d'orientations diverses, mais trouvant leur inspiration dans la pr\u00E9dication de John Wesley au XVIIIe si\u00E8cle. Aujourd'hui, 80 millions de personnes se revendiquent m\u00E9thodistes. Historiquement, le m\u00E9thodisme est l'initiateur et le grand propagateur du R\u00E9veil qui va se propager \u00E0 travers le monde, touchant des millions de personnes et revitalisant profond\u00E9ment le protestantisme."@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Methodist Episcopalian"@en . . "African Methodist Episcopal"@en . "African Methodist Episcopal Church"@en . . "\"The Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC) was the first Methodist denomination founded in the United States. In the early 19th century, it was the largest Protestant denomination in the U.S. The Methodist Episcopal Church existed from 1784 until 1939, when it merged with the Methodist Episcopal Church, South and the Methodist Protestant Church to form the Methodist Church. In 1968, the Methodist Church merged with the Evangelical United Brethren Church to form the present-day United Methodist Church.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . . "cadet\u00B7te"@fr . "middle"@en . "Indicates that the subject is the middle child in the family."@en . "Indique que la personne n'est ni l'enfant le plus jeune ni le plus \u00E2g\u00E9 de la famille."@fr . . . . . . "classe moyenne"@fr . "middle class"@en . . "bourgeois"@en . "middle"@en . "middle classes"@en . "middle ranks"@en . "middle-class"@en . "middling ranks"@en . "middling sort"@en . "urban middle class"@en . "\"The middle class is a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy. In Weberian socio-economic terms, the middle class is the broad group of people in contemporary society who fall socio-economically between the working class and upper class. The common measures of what constitutes middle class vary significantly among cultures. A sizable and healthy middle-class can be viewed as a characteristic of a healthy society.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLa classe sociale dite \u00AB classe moyenne \u00BB rassemble un ensemble de populations h\u00E9t\u00E9rog\u00E8nes. Sur une \u00E9chelle bas\u00E9e principalement sur le niveau de vie, la classe moyenne se situe \u00AB au-dessus \u00BB des classes pauvres (ou classe ouvri\u00E8re) et \u00AB en dessous \u00BB des classes ais\u00E9es (on parle aussi de classe sup\u00E9rieure ou \u00E9lite, principalement le patronat et les cadres sup\u00E9rieurs). La question de sa d\u00E9finition exacte reste d\u00E9licate et explique que l'on parle aussi des \u00AB classes moyennes \u00BB au pluriel avec une classe moyenne inf\u00E9rieure et une classe moyenne sup\u00E9rieure. Les crit\u00E8res majeurs de d\u00E9finition \u00E9tant le niveau de vie, autrement dit les revenus mais cela peut \u00E9galement s'\u00E9largir au patrimoine, et l'appartenance ressentie \u00E0 un statut social, il est patent que la notion varie suivant les pays et dans le temps.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "midwife"@en . "midwifery organizer"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "emigrated from"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates that a person migrated from this place."@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "immigrated to"@en . . . . ""@fr . "Indicates that a person immigrated to this place."@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "migration"@en . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "militarism"@en . "militarisme"@fr . . "militarist"@en . "\"Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests; examples of militarist states include North Korea, Nazi Germany, United States of America and Soviet Russia. It may also imply the glorification of the military and of the ideals of a professional military class and the \"predominance of the armed forces in the administration or policy of the state\" (see also: stratocracy and military junta). Militarism has been a significant element of the imperialist or expansionist ideologies of several nations throughout history. Prominent examples include the Ancient Assyrian Empire, the Greek city state of Sparta, the Roman Empire, the Aztec nation, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Habsburg/Habsburg-Lorraine Monarchies, the British Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Empire of Japan, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (which would later become part of the Soviet Union), the Italian Empire during the reign of Benito Mussolini, Nazi Germany, Israel, United States of America, and the French empire under Napoleon. After World War II, militarism appeared in many of the post-colonial nations of Asia (i.e. North Korea, Pakistan, Burma and Thailand) and Africa (i.e. Liberia, Nigeria and Uganda).\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe militarisme est une id\u00E9ologie politique, ou du moins un courant de pens\u00E9e, qui pr\u00F4ne la primaut\u00E9 de la force militaire dans les relations inter\u00E9tatiques et dans l'organisation intra\u00E9tatique. Il a connu de nombreuses incarnations au cours de l'Histoire. Ses tenants affirment que l'arm\u00E9e est le meilleur instrument au service de la nation.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "military"@en . "artillery gunner"@en . "artillery officer"@en . "captain of militia"@en . "colonel"@en . "deputy lieutenant"@en . "lieutenant"@en . "lieutenant general"@en . "major general"@en . "military communications"@en . "military driver"@en . "military escort"@en . "military leadership"@en . "military officer"@en . "militia captain"@en . "para military officer"@en . "quartermaster"@en . "soldier"@en . "war hero"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "aide de camp"@en . "air raid defence provider"@en . "air raid shelter marshal"@en . "camouflage worker"@en . "captain (later admiral)"@en . "commander of a highland regiment"@en . "half pay officer"@en . "non commissioned officer"@en . "recruiting officer"@en . "second lieutenant"@en . "solider"@en . "territorial soldier"@en . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "millenarianism"@en . "mill\u00E9narisme, ou chiliasme"@fr . . "milleniarian"@en . "\"Millenarianism (also millenarism), from Latin m\u012Bll\u0113n\u0101rius \"containing a thousand\", is the belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming major transformation of society, after which all things will be changed. Millenarianism is a concept or theme that exists in many cultures and religions.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe mill\u00E9narisme, ou chiliasme (ou encore, mais de fa\u00E7on erron\u00E9e, chialisme), est une doctrine religieuse qui soutient l'id\u00E9e d'un r\u00E8gne terrestre du Messie, apr\u00E8s que celui-ci aura chass\u00E9 l'Ant\u00E9christ et pr\u00E9alablement au Jugement dernier.Cette pens\u00E9e est pr\u00E9sente dans certains courants du juda\u00EFsme, dans l'Apocalypse de Jean, dans les \u00E9crits des P\u00E8res apostoliques et dans l'islam sunnite et chiite.Toujours par extension, le mot peut servir \u00E0 d\u00E9signer dans le langage courant des types de pens\u00E9e non plus religieuses mais politiques.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "miller"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "milliner"@en . "milliner's apprentice"@en . "milliner's assistant"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "miner"@en . "coalminer"@en . "colliery manager"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "mining"@en . "mine agent"@en . "mine work"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "mining entrepreneur"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "miscarriage"@en . "miscarried"@en . ""@fr . "Related to a miscarriage of a pregnancy."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "miser"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "misquotation"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "misquoted by"@en . . . . . . . . . "misquotes"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates when an author or a text lifts words or phrases incorrectly from another's writing."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "missionary work"@en . "missionaries"@en . "missionary"@en . "missionary administrator"@en . "missionary supporter"@en . "missionary worker"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "founded a church missionary society auxiliary"@en . "supporter of missionary activity"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "mistress"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "mixed-race"@en . "m\u00E9tis"@fr . . "coloured (mixed-race)"@en . "mixed"@en . "mixed white and black (or, in her own word, colored)"@en . "mixed-blood"@en . "racially mixed"@en . "red mulatto"@en . . "\n \"Multiracial is defined as made up of or relating to people of many races. Many terms exist for people of various multiracial backgrounds. While some of the terms used in the past are considered insulting and offensive, there are many socially acceptable modern terms that multiracial people identify with. These include mixed-race, biracial, multiracial, m\u00E9tis, mestizo, pardo and mixed. Individuals of multiracial backgrounds make up a significant portion of the population in many parts of the world. In North America, studies have found that the multiracial population is continuing to grow. Because of a decline in racial discrimination, multiracial people no longer feel the need to hide their heritage. In many countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, mixed-race people make up the majority of the population. Other areas where multiracial people make up a sizable portion of the population are the United Kingdom, the Middle East, parts of Africa and Asia, New Zealand, and Fiji.\" (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@en . "\n \u00ABLe terme m\u00E9tis (du mot latin mixt\u012Bcius ou mixtus qui signifie \u00ABm\u00E9lang\u00E9\u00BB/\u00ABm\u00EAl\u00E9\u00BB) est employ\u00E9, dans le langage courant, pour d\u00E9signer des personnes n\u00E9es de parents aux origines g\u00E9ographiques ou aux ph\u00E9notypes diff\u00E9rents. Le m\u00E9tissage humain est appel\u00E9 cr\u00E9olisation aux Antilles, \u00E0 La R\u00E9union, \u00E0 l'\u00EEle Maurice, en Guyane ou au Br\u00E9sil. Le m\u00E9tissage peut \u00EAtre aussi entendu comme un processus culturel (linguistique, artistique\u2026). La pertinence analytique de la notion est contest\u00E9e par des chercheurs en sciences sociales car elle supposerait qu'il existe des \u00ABentit\u00E9s pures\u00BB, ou des races, distinctes au sein de l'esp\u00E8ce humaine.\u00ABAu Canada,\u00BBM\u00E9tis (avec majuscule) d\u00E9signe un peuple autochtone habitant principalement le centre du pays, descendant des femmes cries, ojibw\u00E9s, saulteaux et de colons pour la plupart fran\u00E7ais.\u00BB (Wikipedia, 2017)\n "@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "model"@en . "artist's model"@en . "artists' model"@en . "fashion model"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Mohawk"@en . "Mohawks"@fr . . "\"The Mohawk people (who identify as Kanien'keh\u00E1:ka) are the most easterly tribe of the Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois Confederacy. The name means \"People of the Flint Place.\" They are an Iroquoian-speaking indigenous people of North America. The Mohawk were historically based in the Mohawk Valley in present-day upstate New York west of the Hudson River; their territory ranged north to the St. Lawrence River, southern Quebec and eastern Ontario; south to greater New Jersey and into Pennsylvania; eastward to the Green Mountains of Vermont; and westward to the border with the Iroquoian Oneida Nation's traditional homeland territory. As one of the five original members of the Iroquois League, the Mohawk were known as the Keepers of the Eastern Door. For hundreds of years, they guarded the Iroquois\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes Kanien'keh\u00E1:ka, autrefois d\u00E9nomm\u00E9s Agniers en fran\u00E7ais mais aujourd'hui plus connus sous le nom anglais de Mohawks, sont l'une des Six-Nations iroquoises, lesquelles sont, d\u2019ouest en est : les Tuscaroras, les S\u00E9n\u00E9cas (Tsonnontouans), les Cayugas (Goyogoins), les Onondagas (Onontagu\u00E9s), les Oneidas (Onn\u00E9iouts) et les Mohawks (Agniers).\u00BB"@fr . . . . . . "Mohawk"@en . "mohawk"@fr . . "Indicates a subject's identification with or labelling as Mohawk as a national identity."@en . "Indique qu'un sujet s'identifie \u00E0 ou s'est vu assigner une identit\u00E9 nationale mohawk."@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "monarch"@en . "king"@en . "queen"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Monarchisme"@fr . "monarchism"@en . . "constitutional monarchist"@en . "monarchist"@en . "royalist"@en . . "\"Monarchism is the advocacy of a monarch or monarchical rule. A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government, independent of any specific monarch; one who espouses a particular monarch is a royalist. Conversely, the opposition to monarchical rule is sometimes referred to as republicanism. Depending on the country, a monarchist may advocate for the rule of the person who sits on the throne, a pretender, or someone who would otherwise occupy the throne but has been deposed.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe monarchisme est une doctrine politique qui pr\u00F4ne la monarchie, c'est-\u00E0-dire une forme de gouvernement dans laquelle une seule personne fonde l'autorit\u00E9 de l'\u00C9tat. Le mode de d\u00E9signation du monarque n'est pas n\u00E9cessairement h\u00E9r\u00E9ditaire : il peut dans de rares cas \u00EAtre \u00E9lu, comme les empereurs du Saint-Empire romain germanique, les doges de la R\u00E9publique de Venise ou (encore actuellement) les Papes de l'\u00C9glise catholique romaine. Cependant, les mots monarque et monarchisme sont presque toujours utilis\u00E9s \u00E0 la place de ceux de roi et royalisme, en particulier dans les textes de ceux qui critiquaient la royaut\u00E9 sous l'Ancien R\u00E9gime. On parle aussi, avec le pr\u00E9sidentialisme, de monarchie r\u00E9publicaine.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . "active royalists"@en . "loyalty to the Crown"@en . "royalist politician"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "monism"@en . "monisme"@fr . . "Monist"@en . . "\"Monism is the view that attributes oneness or singleness (Greek:\u03BC\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF\u03C2) to a concept (e.g., existence). Substance monism is the philosophical view that a variety of existing things can be explained in terms of a single reality or substance. Another definition states that all existing things go back to a source that is distinct from them (e.g., in Neoplatonism everything is derived from The One). This is often termed priority monism, and is the view that only one thing is ontologically basic or prior to everything else. Another distinction is the difference between substance and existence monism, or stuff monism and thing monism. Substance monism posits that only one kind of stuff (e.g., matter or mind) exists, although many things may be made out of this stuff. Existence monism posits that, strictly speaking, there exists only a single thing (e.g., the universe), which can only be artificially and arbitrarily divided into many things.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe monisme est une conception m\u00E9taphysique. C'est une doctrine d\u00E9fendant la th\u00E8se selon laquelle tout ce qui existe \u2013 l'univers, le cosmos, le monde \u2013 est essentiellement un tout unique, donc notamment constitu\u00E9 d'une seule substance. Le monisme s'oppose \u00E0 toutes les philosophies dualistes, qui s\u00E9parent monde mat\u00E9riel ou physique et monde psychique ou spirituel. Ainsi, le monisme s'oppose au dualisme platonicien ou cart\u00E9sien.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Fr\u00E8res moraves"@fr . "Moravian"@en . . "\"The Moravian Church (Latin: Unitas Fratrum, meaning Unity of the Brethren; Czech: Jednota bratrsk\u00E1 or Morav\u0161t\u00ED brat\u0159i), in German known as Herrnhuter Br\u00FCdergemeine (meaning Brethren's Congregation from Herrnhut, the place of the church's renewal in the 18th century), is one of the oldest Protestant denominations in the world, with its heritage dating back to the Bohemian Reformation in the fifteenth century. The name by which the Church is commonly known comes from the original exiles who fled to Saxony in 1722 from Moravia to escape religious persecution, but its heritage began in 1457 in Bohemia and its crown lands (Moravia and Silesia), then an autonomous kingdom within the Holy Roman Empire (today the Czech Republic). The modern Unitas Fratrum, with about 750,000 members worldwide, continues to draw on traditions established during the eighteenth century. The Moravians continue their long tradition of missionary work, for example in the Caribbean. This is reflected in their broad global distribution. The Church places a high value on ecumenism, personal piety, missions and music. The Church\u2019s emblem is the Lamb of God (Agnus Dei) with the flag of victory, surrounded by the Latin inscription: Vicit agnus noster, eum sequamur (English: \"Our Lamb has conquered, let us follow Him\").\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes Fr\u00E8res moraves sont une branche du protestantisme issue de Moravie, apparent\u00E9e aux Fr\u00E8res Tch\u00E8ques et rassembl\u00E9e aujourd'hui dans la communion Unitas Fratrum.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "mother"@en . . . . . . . "mother of"@en . "m\u00E8re de"@fr . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "mountaineering"@en . "climbing"@en . "mountain climber"@en . "mountaineer"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "climber or mountaineer"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Multiculturalisme"@fr . "multiculturalism"@en . . "multiculturalist"@en . "\"Multiculturalism describes the existence, acceptance, and/or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single jurisdiction, usually considered in terms of the culture associated with an aboriginal ethnic group and foreigner ethnic groups. This can happen when a jurisdiction is created or expanded by amalgamating areas with two or more different cultures (e.g. French Canada and English Canada) or through immigration from different jurisdictions around the world (e.g. Australia, Canada, United States, United Kingdom, and many other countries). Multicultural ideologies and policies vary widely, ranging from the advocacy of equal respect to the various cultures in a society, to a policy of promoting the maintenance of cultural diversity, to policies in which people of various ethnic and religious groups are addressed by the authorities as defined by the group to which they belong. Multiculturalism that promotes maintaining the distinctiveness of multiple cultures is often contrasted to other settlement policies such as social integration, cultural assimilation, and racial segregation. Multiculturalism has been described as a \"salad bowl\" and \"cultural mosaic\". Two different and seemingly inconsistent strategies have developed through different government policies and strategies. The first focuses on interaction and communication between different cultures; this approach is also often known as interculturalism. The second centers on diversity and cultural uniqueness which can sometimes result in intercultural competition over jobs among other things and may lead to ethnic conflict. Cultural isolation can protect the uniqueness of the local culture of a nation or area and also contribute to global cultural diversity. A common aspect of many policies following the second approach is that they avoid presenting any specific ethnic, religious, or cultural community values as central.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "Le multiculturalisme est un terme sujet \u00E0 diverses interpr\u00E9tations. Il peut simplement d\u00E9signer la coexistence de diff\u00E9rentes cultures (ethniques, religieuses, etc.) au sein d'un m\u00EAme ensemble (pays, par exemple). Il peut aussi d\u00E9signer diff\u00E9rentes politiques volontaristes :\n * anti-discriminatoires, visant \u00E0 assurer un statut social \u00E9gal aux membres des diverses cultures ;\n * communautaires, permettant l'existence de statuts (l\u00E9gaux, administratifs\u2026) sp\u00E9cifiques aux membres de telle ou telle communaut\u00E9 culturelle ;\n * identitaires, visant \u00E0 favoriser l'expression des particularit\u00E9s des diverses cultures ;\n * et aujourd'hui le multiculturalisme se\" centre sur le th\u00E8me religieux (pluralisme). Multiculturalisme s'oppose \u00E0 interculturalisme. Dans une soci\u00E9t\u00E9 interculturelle les immigr\u00E9s ou leurs descendants participent \u00E0 l'ensemble des activit\u00E9s de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 d'accueil. Une int\u00E9gration culturelle r\u00E9ussie n\u00E9cessite l'abandon d'une partie de la culture d'origine qui ne serait pas compatible avec les valeurs de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 d'accueil.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "multiracialism"@en . "multiracialisme"@fr . . "multi-racialist"@en . "\"Multiracialism is a concept or ideology that promotes a society composed of various races, while accepting and respecting different cultural backgrounds. It is a society that consists of a diverse mix of people, whether it be relative to their ethnicity, language, culture, religion, or traditions.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "munitions worker"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "music"@en . "amateur pianist"@en . "celloist"@en . "choirmaster"@en . "choirmistress"@en . "church choirmaster"@en . "composer"@en . "concert pianist"@en . "cornet"@en . "jazz musician"@en . "musician"@en . "organist"@en . "pianist"@en . "piano tuner"@en . "violinist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "cathedral chorister"@en . "musician, composer"@en . "playing the piano"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "musicologist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "mysticism"@en . "mystique"@fr . . "Eastern mysticism"@en . "mystic"@en . "\"Mysticism is popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning. It may also refer to the attainment of insight in ultimate or hidden truths, and to human transformation supported by various practices and experiences. The term \"mysticism\" has Ancient Greek origins with various historically determined meanings. Derived from the Greek word \u03BC\u03C5\u03C9, meaning \"to conceal\", mysticism referred to the biblical liturgical, spiritual, and contemplative dimensions of early and medieval Christianity. During the early modern period, the definition of mysticism grew to include a broad range of beliefs and ideologies related to \"extraordinary experiences and states of mind\". In modern times, \"mysticism\" has acquired a limited definition, with broad applications, as meaning the aim at the \"union with the Absolute, the Infinite, or God\". This limited definition has been applied to a wide range of religious traditions and practices, valuing \"mystical experience\" as a key element of mysticism. Since the 1960s scholars have debated the merits of perennial and constructionist approaches in the scientific research of \"mystical experiences\". The perennial position is now \"largely dismissed by scholars,\" most scholars using a contextual approach, which takes the cultural and historical context into consideration. Broadly defined, mysticism can be found in all religious traditions, from indigenous religions and folk religions like shamanism, to organised religions like the Abrahamic faiths and Indian religions, and modern spirituality, New Age and New Religious Movements.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLa mystique ou le mysticisme est ce qui a trait aux myst\u00E8res, aux choses cach\u00E9es ou secr\u00E8tes. Le terme rel\u00E8ve principalement du domaine religieux, et sert \u00E0 qualifier ou \u00E0 d\u00E9signer des exp\u00E9riences spirituelles de l'ordre du contact ou de la communication avec une r\u00E9alit\u00E9 transcendante non discernable par le sens commun. \u00AB Mystique \u00BB vient de l'adjectif grec \u03BC\u03C5\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC\u03C2 (mustikos). C'est un mot de la m\u00EAme famille que le verbe \u03BC\u03C5\u03AD\u03C9 (mu\u00E9\u00F4) qui signifie \u00AB initier, enseigner \u00BB, et que le nom \u03BC\u03C5\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF\u03BD (must\u00E9rion) qui a donn\u00E9 \u00AB myst\u00E8re \u00BB. Bien qu'il remonte \u00E0 l'Antiquit\u00E9, le terme mystique n'est employ\u00E9 comme substantif, c'est-\u00E0-dire comme nom pour d\u00E9signer \u00AB la mystique \u00BB, que depuis le XVIIe si\u00E8cle. Avant cela, il n'existe que comme adjectif : est mystique ce qui rel\u00E8ve de la connaissance du myst\u00E8re ou d'un myst\u00E8re. La notion de mystique a \u00E9t\u00E9 d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e dans le christianisme en rapport avec une conception biblique et plus particuli\u00E8rement paulinienne du myst\u00E8re selon laquelle ce dernier s'identifie avec la r\u00E9v\u00E9lation de Dieu en J\u00E9sus-Christ. Avec le sens que l'adjectif mystique re\u00E7oit de cette conception du myst\u00E8re, c'est le christianisme dans son ensemble qui peut \u00EAtre consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme mystique. Le christianisme appara\u00EEt dans un contexte gr\u00E9co-romain marqu\u00E9 par la pr\u00E9sence de nombreux cultes \u00E0 myst\u00E8res dont la dimension initiatique trouve des \u00E9chos dans l'initiation chr\u00E9tienne par les sacrements (myst\u00E9rion en grec) et dans la cat\u00E9ch\u00E8se \u00AB mystagogiques \u00BB des premiers temps du christianisme. Par ailleurs, la th\u00E9ologie des P\u00E8res de l'\u00C9glise rel\u00E8ve largement des options de la philosophie n\u00E9oplatonicienne dans laquelle la connaissance de Dieu est apophatique. Le trait\u00E9 De la th\u00E9ologie mystique r\u00E9dig\u00E9 en grec au VIe si\u00E8cle par le pseudo-Denys l'Ar\u00E9opagite s'inscrit dans cette tradition. \u00C0 partir du XIIe si\u00E8cle, il a une influence consid\u00E9rable sur les auteurs latins. Au XVe si\u00E8cle, des d\u00E9bats sur ce trait\u00E9 donnent lieu \u00E0 une \u00AB th\u00E9orie de La th\u00E9ologie mystique \u00BB notamment de la part de Jean de Gerson. Au XVIIe si\u00E8cle Jean-Joseph Surin envisage la mystique comme une science, fournissant des consid\u00E9rations qui comptent parmi les premi\u00E8res sur ce qui s'appelle depuis \u00AB la mystique \u00BB. La mystique a commenc\u00E9 \u00E0 \u00EAtre objet de d\u00E9fiance et de rejet dans le christianisme d\u00E8s qu'elle y a \u00E9t\u00E9 identifi\u00E9e comme une forme particuli\u00E8re de l'exp\u00E9rience religieuse[pas clair]. La r\u00E9flexion sur la mystique s'est poursuivie du XVIIe au XXe si\u00E8cle en d\u00E9bordant largement son tropisme chr\u00E9tien. Consid\u00E9r\u00E9e non plus seulement comme une th\u00E9ologie au sein du christianisme, elle est pens\u00E9e comme un ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne universel. Depuis la fin du XIXe si\u00E8cle, dans l'\u00E9tude compar\u00E9e des religions, la mystique se d\u00E9finit \u00E0 partir de courants identifi\u00E9s comme tels sur la base de comparaisons avec la mystique dans le monde chr\u00E9tien : il peut d\u00E8s lors \u00EAtre question de mystique pour le brahmanisme de l'Inde, la kabbale dans le juda\u00EFsme, le soufisme en islam, le tao\u00EFsme en Chine, etc. Les tentatives de d\u00E9crire et \u00E9ventuellement d'expliquer ce ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne sont nombreuses dans la premi\u00E8re moiti\u00E9 du XXe si\u00E8cle, o\u00F9 la mystique est objet de diff\u00E9rentes th\u00E9ories en anthropologie, en psychologie, en sociologie et en philosophie. Dans la seconde moiti\u00E9 du XXe si\u00E8cle, de nombreuses \u0153uvres d'auteurs chr\u00E9tiens du XIIe au XVIe si\u00E8cle sont traduites, publi\u00E9es et \u00E9tudi\u00E9es : les mystiques rh\u00E9nans, Saint Jean de la Croix, Sainte Th\u00E9r\u00E8se d'Avila, etc., ce par quoi l'int\u00E9r\u00EAt pour \u00AB la mystique \u00BB s'est \u00E9largi \u00E0 l'\u00E9tude de la tradition intellectuelle et religieuse qui l'a pr\u00E9c\u00E9d\u00E9e. \u00C0 partir des ann\u00E9es 1920 a commenc\u00E9 \u00E0 se poser la question de savoir si la mystique pouvait \u00EAtre ath\u00E9e. Jean-Claude Bologne, qui se d\u00E9finit comme ath\u00E9e, affirme avoir eu des exp\u00E9riences mystiques. Pour Michel Hulin, des exp\u00E9riences mystiques peuvent se produire hors de tout cadre religieux d\u00E9fini. Dans La mystique sauvage, il analyse les exp\u00E9riences mystiques non comme un aspect du ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne religieux mais pour elles-m\u00EAmes, sans limiter le sujet en fonction des d\u00E9coupages cat\u00E9goriels fond\u00E9s sur l'une ou l'autre conception de la religion, ni \u00E0 ce qui rel\u00E8ve des religions habituellement reconnues ou identifi\u00E9es comme telles. La mystique rel\u00E8ve pour lui d'\u00E9tats modifi\u00E9s de conscience \u00AB \u00E0 la faveur desquels le sujet \u00E9prouve l'impression de s'\u00E9veiller \u00E0 une r\u00E9alit\u00E9 plus haute, de percer le voile des apparences, de vivre par anticipation quelque chose comme un salut \u00BB. Des \u00E9tudes ont \u00E9t\u00E9 faites en neurosciences depuis les ann\u00E9es 1950 pour tenter d'expliquer le ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne de l'exp\u00E9rience mystique.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "name"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "name of"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "name part of"@en . . . . . . . "h\u00E9ritage national"@fr . "national heritage"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "national heritage of"@en . . . . . . . . "h\u00E9ritage national (d\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "national heritage (reported)"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "national heritage (reported) of"@en . . . . . . . . "h\u00E9ritage national (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "national heritage (self-reported)"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "national heritage (self-reported) of"@en . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Nationalisme"@fr . "nationalism"@en . . "\"Nationalism is a shared group feeling in the significance of a geographical and sometimes demographic region seeking independence for its culture or ethnicity that holds that group together. This can be expressed as a belief or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with or becoming attached to one's nation. Nationalism involves national identity, by contrast with the related concept of patriotism, which involves the social conditioning and personal behaviours that support a state's decisions and actions. From a political or sociological perspective, there are two main perspectives on the origins and basis of nationalism. One is the primordialist perspective that describes nationalism as a reflection of the ancient and perceived evolutionary tendency of humans to organize into distinct groupings based on an affinity of birth. The other is the modernist perspective that describes nationalism as a recent phenomenon that requires the structural conditions of modern society in order to exist. An alternative perspective to both of these lineages comes out of engaged theory, and argues that while the form of nationalism is modern, the content and subjective reach of nationalism depends upon \"primordial\" sentiments. There are various definitions for what constitutes a nation, however, which leads to several different strands of nationalism. It can be a belief that citizenship in a state should be limited to one ethnic, cultural, religious, or identity group, or that multinationality in a single state should necessarily comprise the right to express and exercise national identity even by minorities.The adoption of national identity in terms of historical development has commonly been the result of a response by influential groups unsatisfied with traditional identities due to inconsistency between their defined social order and the experience of that social order by its members, resulting in a situation of anomie that nationalists seek to resolve. This anomie results in a society or societies reinterpreting identity, retaining elements that are deemed acceptable and removing elements deemed unacceptable, in order to create a unified community. This development may be the result of internal structural issues or the result of resentment by an existing group or groups towards other communities, especially foreign powers that are or are deemed to be controlling them. National flags, national anthems and other symbols of national identity are commonly considered highly important symbols of the national community.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe nationalisme est un principe politique, n\u00E9 \u00E0 la fin du XVIIIe si\u00E8cle, tendant \u00E0 l\u00E9gitimer l'existence d'un \u00C9tat-nation pour chaque peuple (initialement par opposition \u00E0 la royaut\u00E9, r\u00E9gime politique qui en France sera ensuite nomm\u00E9 Ancien R\u00E9gime). Ce principe politique s'est progressivement impos\u00E9 en Europe au cours du XIXe si\u00E8cle et au d\u00E9but du XXe si\u00E8cle. Les historiens ne pr\u00E9sentent pas ce nationalisme, en g\u00E9n\u00E9ral, comme une id\u00E9ologie, car il est peu et mal argument\u00E9 ou justifi\u00E9 par des intellectuels. Depuis son av\u00E8nement il est en revanche facilement pr\u00E9sent\u00E9 comme une \u00E9vidence dans la vie politique et sociale. Ce terme d\u00E9signe aussi des mouvements politiques d\u00E9clarant vouloir exalter une nation sous toutes ses formes (\u00C9tat, culture, religion, traditions, pr\u00E9f\u00E9rence nationale pour l'emploi...), par opposition aux autres nations et populations. Cette deuxi\u00E8me variante du mouvement s'est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e \u00E0 partir de la fin du XIXe si\u00E8cle, vers 1870 : chauvine et x\u00E9nophobe, elle trouvait alors ses militants principalement dans la petite bourgeoisie. Le nationalisme appara\u00EEt aussi, \u00E0 partir du milieu du XIXe si\u00E8cle, comme un sentiment national plus ou moins r\u00E9pandu et exalt\u00E9 au sein de la population d'un pays, et s'invitant (surtout au XXe si\u00E8cle) au sein de multiples doctrines ou id\u00E9ologies politiques, allant du communisme (par exemple le concept de Patriotisme anti-imp\u00E9rialiste de Mao Zedong) et du fascisme (concept de Totalitarisme anticapitaliste de Benito Mussolini) jusqu'aux d\u00E9mocraties parlementaires, en passant par la Troisi\u00E8me Internationale l\u00E9niniste. Ainsi il a souvent servi de justification aux \u00E9purations ethniques du XXe si\u00E8cle, peut-\u00EAtre parce que le sentiment national est devenu \u00ABpuissamment mobilisateur\u00BB, comme l'avaient compris d\u00E8s le printemps des peuples de 1848 certains conseillers de dynasties europ\u00E9ennes. On distingue en g\u00E9n\u00E9ral trois formes principales de nationalisme, le nationalisme ethnique, ou ethnonationalisme, qui est la forme de nationalisme dans lequel la \u00ABnation\u00BB est d\u00E9fini en termes d'appartenance ethnique (\u00ABbiologique\u00BB), le nationalisme civique, le plus souvent inspir\u00E9 par des notions issues du droit du sol et le nationalisme culturel, position interm\u00E9diaire entres les deux autres formes et dans lequel la nation est d\u00E9finie par une culture commune.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . . "national identity"@en . "nationalit\u00E9"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "national identity of"@en . . . . . . . . "national identity (reported)"@en . "nationalit\u00E9 (d\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "national identity (reported) of"@en . . . . . . . . "national identity (self-reported)"@en . "nationalit\u00E9 (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "national identity (self-reported) of"@en . . . . . . . . "langue native"@fr . "natively known language"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "natively known language of"@en . . . . . . . . "langue native (d\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "natively known language (reported)"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "natively known language (reported) of"@en . . . . . . . . "langue native (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "natively known language (self-reported)"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "natively known language (self-reported) of"@en . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Natural Religion"@en . . "\"Natural religion most frequently means the \"religion of nature\", in which God, the soul, spirits, and all objects of the supernatural are considered as part of nature and not separate from it. Conversely, it is also used in philosophy, specifically Roman Catholic philosophy, to describe some aspects of religion that are knowable apart from divine revelation (see Deism). Most authors consider natural religion as not only the foundation of monotheistic religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam but also distinct from them. Natural religion is found universally among all peoples, often in such forms of shamanism and animism. They are still practiced in many parts of the world. The religions of Native American societies for example are considered natural religions.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "naturalist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "naval rating"@en . "admiral"@en . "first lord of the admiralty"@en . "home guard officer"@en . "lieutenant royal marines"@en . "merchant navy captain"@en . "naval administrator"@en . "naval architect"@en . "naval captain"@en . "naval censor"@en . "naval chaplain"@en . "naval engineer"@en . "naval officer"@en . "naval official"@en . "naval surgeon"@en . "navy commissioner"@en . "navy officer"@en . "rear admiral"@en . "vice admiral"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "assistant naval surgeon"@en . "commander in chief of the portuguese navy"@en . "united states navy"@en . "us naval commander"@en . "us navy"@en . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Nazism"@en . "Nazisme"@fr . . "nazi"@en . "pro-nazi"@en . "\"National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), more commonly known as Nazism (/\u02C8n\u0251\u02D0ts\u026Az\u0259m, \u02C8n\u00E6-/), is the ideology and practice associated with the 20th-century German Nazi Party and Nazi state, as well as other far-right groups. Usually characterized as a form of fascism that incorporates scientific racism and antisemitism, Nazism developed out of the influences of Pan-Germanism, the V\u00F6lkisch German nationalist movement and the anti-communist Freikorps paramilitary groups that emerged during the Weimar Republic after German defeat in World War I. Nazism subscribed to theories of racial hierarchy and Social Darwinism, identifying Germans as part of what Nazis regarded as an Aryan or Nordic master race. It aimed to overcome social divisions and create a homogeneous society, unified on the basis of \"racial purity\" (Volksgemeinschaft). The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans living in historically German territory, as well as gain additional lands for German expansion under the doctrine of Lebensraum, while excluding those deemed either to be community aliens or belonging to an \"inferior\" race. The term \"National Socialism\" arose out of attempts to create a nationalist redefinition of \"socialism\", as an alternative to both international socialism and free market capitalism. Nazism rejected the Marxist concept of class struggle, opposed cosmopolitan internationalism, and sought to convince all parts of a new German society to subordinate their personal interests to the \"common good\" and to accept the priority of political interests in economic organisation. The Nazi Party was founded as the Pan-German nationalist and antisemitic German Workers' Party on 5 January 1919. By the early 1920s, Adolf Hitler assumed control of the organisation and renamed it the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP) to broaden its appeal. The National Socialist Program, adopted in 1920, called for a united Greater Germany that would deny citizenship to Jews or those of Jewish descent, while also supporting land reform and the nationalization of some industries. In Mein Kampf, written in 1924, Hitler outlined the antisemitism and anti-communism at the heart of his political philosophy, as well as his disdain for parliamentary democracy and his belief in Germany's right to territorial expansion. In 1933, with the support of traditional conservative nationalists, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany and the Nazis gradually established a one-party state, under which Jews, political opponents and other \"undesirable\" elements were marginalized, with several millions eventually imprisoned and killed. Hitler purged the party's more socially and economically radical factions in the mid-1934 Night of the Long Knives and, after the death of President Hindenburg, political power was concentrated in his hands, as F\u00FChrer or \"leader\". Following the Holocaust and German defeat in World War II, only a few fringe racist groups, usually referred to as neo-Nazis, still describe themselves as following National Socialism.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe national-socialisme (en allemand : Nationalsozialismus), plus couramment d\u00E9sign\u00E9 en fran\u00E7ais sous l'abr\u00E9viation nazisme, est l'id\u00E9ologie politique du Parti national-socialiste des travailleurs allemands (NSDAP), parti politique d'extr\u00EAme droite fond\u00E9 en Allemagne en 1920 et dirig\u00E9 par Adolf Hitler. Cette id\u00E9ologie th\u00E9orise une hi\u00E9rarchie au sein d'une esp\u00E8ce humaine divis\u00E9e en \u00ABraces\u00BB, au sommet de laquelle elle place la \u00ABrace aryenne\u00BB. Le nazisme est le seul type de fascisme incorporant \u00E0 la fois racisme biologique et antis\u00E9mitisme. Par extension, le terme nazisme d\u00E9signe le r\u00E9gime politique inspir\u00E9 de cette id\u00E9ologie, dictature totalitaire et expansionniste dirig\u00E9e par Adolf Hitler de 1933 \u00E0 1945 et connue sous les noms de Troisi\u00E8me Reich et d'Allemagne nazie. En tant que sujet de science politique, les d\u00E9finitions du nazisme varient selon les historiens. En particulier, reste ouverte la question de savoir si le nazisme ne fut que l'une des formes du fascisme ou, parce qu'ayant fait du racisme une doctrine d'\u00C9tat, le nazisme doit \u00EAtre consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme un ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne historique unique. En effet, l'antis\u00E9mitisme officiel du r\u00E9gime nazi, d\u00E8s 1933, l'\u00E9limination des personnes handicap\u00E9es et la pers\u00E9cution des opposants politiques, des Juifs, des homosexuels, des Roms, etc., se concr\u00E9tis\u00E8rent par la mise en place, d\u00E8s 1933, des premiers camps de concentration en Allemagne. Cette politique ne fit que s'amplifier du d\u00E9but de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, qui vit la cr\u00E9ation des camps d'extermination nazis, jusqu'\u00E0 la d\u00E9faite militaire du nazisme en 1945. Ainsi pr\u00E8s de six millions de personnes, dont une majorit\u00E9 de Juifs, p\u00E9rirent dans les camps de concentration et d'extermination nazi ou par la Shoah par balles (voir Shoah). Le r\u00E9gime nazi, cens\u00E9 \u00ABdurer mille ans\u00BB, en dura douze et laissa l'Allemagne en ruine.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "needlework"@en . "embroiderer"@en . "knitting"@en . "needlewoman"@en . "needlework artist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "N\u00E9o-conservatisme"@fr . "neo-conservatism"@en . . "neo-Conservative"@en . . "\"Neoconservatism (commonly shortened to neocon) is a political movement born in the United States during the 1960s among conservative leaning Democrats who became disenchanted with the party's foreign policy. Many of its adherents became politically famous during the Republican presidential administrations of the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. Neoconservatives peaked in influence during the administration of George W. Bush, when they played a major role in promoting and planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Prominent neoconservatives in the George W. Bush administration included Paul Wolfowitz, John Bolton, Elliott Abrams, Richard Perle, and Paul Bremer. Senior officials Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, while not identifying as neoconservatives, listened closely to neoconservative advisers regarding foreign policy, especially the defense of Israel and the promotion of democracy in the Middle East. The term \"neoconservative\" refers to those who made the ideological journey from the anti-Stalinist Left to the camp of American conservatism. Neoconservatives typically advocate the promotion of democracy and promotion of American national interest in international affairs, including by means of military force, and are known for espousing disdain for communism and for political radicalism. The movement had its intellectual roots in the Jewish monthly review magazine Commentary, published by the American Jewish Committee. They spoke out against the New Left and in that way helped define the movement. C. Bradley Thompson, a professor at Clemson University, claims that most influential neoconservatives refer explicitly to the theoretical ideas in the philosophy of Leo Strauss (1899\u20131973),though in doing so they may draw upon meaning that Strauss himself did not endorse.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe n\u00E9o-conservatisme ou n\u00E9oconservatisme est un courant de pens\u00E9e politique d'origine am\u00E9ricaine apparu \u00E0 la fin du XXe si\u00E8cle. Il s'agit d'une conception qui a \u00E9merg\u00E9 aux \u00C9tats-Unis par opposition au relativisme culturel et \u00E0 la contre-culture de la Nouvelle gauche (\u00ABNew Left\u00BB) des ann\u00E9es 1960. Cette philosophie a influenc\u00E9 les politiques men\u00E9es par George W. Bush, signifiant un r\u00E9alignement de la politique am\u00E9ricaine, et le passage de quelques lib\u00E9raux sociaux \u00E0 la droite du spectre politique, d'o\u00F9 le terme qui fait r\u00E9f\u00E9rence aux \u00ABnouveaux\u00BB conservateurs. \u00C0 l'origine, le terme n\u00E9o-conservateur \u00E9tait utilis\u00E9 pour critiquer les sociaux-lib\u00E9raux qui sont pass\u00E9s du c\u00F4t\u00E9 du Parti r\u00E9publicain. Michael Harrington, un social-d\u00E9mocrate, a forg\u00E9 l'usage du mot n\u00E9o-conservateur en 1973 dans Dissent, un magazine sur les politiques de protection sociale. Selon E. J. Dionne, le n\u00E9o-conservatisme est n\u00E9 sur le principe que le social-lib\u00E9ralisme a \u00E9chou\u00E9. Le premier th\u00E9oricien n\u00E9o-conservateur \u00E0 avoir adopt\u00E9 ce mot et qui est consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme le fondateur de cette id\u00E9ologie est Irving Kristol et p\u00E8re de William Kristol, fondateur du think-tank \u00ABn\u00E9o-conservateur\u00BB Project for the New American Century. Irving Kristol a \u00E9t\u00E9 un militant trotskyste actif pendant sa jeunesse et a expos\u00E9 ses vues n\u00E9oconservatrices en 1979 dans l'article Confessions of a True, Self-Confessed 'Neoconservative'. Les id\u00E9es de Kristol sont influentes depuis les ann\u00E9es 1950 quand il a cofond\u00E9 et \u00E9dit\u00E9 le magazine Encounter. Un autre id\u00E9ologue de ce mouvement \u00E9tait Norman Podhoretz, \u00E9diteur au magazine Commentary de 1960 \u00E0 1995. En 1982, Podhoretz se d\u00E9signait d\u00E9j\u00E0 comme un n\u00E9o-conservateur dans un article du New York Times Magazine intitul\u00E9 The Neoconservative Anguish over Reagan's Foreign Policy. La doctrine Reagan \u00E9tait consid\u00E9r\u00E9e comme anticommuniste et en opposition avec l'influence mondiale de l'URSS. Elle \u00E9tait au centre de la politique \u00E9trang\u00E8re am\u00E9ricaine jusqu'\u00E0 la fin de la Guerre froide, un peu avant que Clinton ne devienne pr\u00E9sident. L'influence n\u00E9o-conservatrice sur la politique \u00E9trang\u00E8re am\u00E9ricaine sera un peu plus tard au premier plan de la doctrine Bush. Les journaux n\u00E9o-conservateurs pr\u00E9\u00E9minents sont Commentary et The Weekly Standard. Il existe aussi des cercles de r\u00E9flexion n\u00E9o-conservateurs sur la politique \u00E9trang\u00E8re dont notamment American Enterprise Institute (AEI), le The Heritage Foundation, JINSA (Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs) et enfin Project for the New American Century (PNAC).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Neo-thomism"@en . "n\u00E9othomisme"@fr . . . "\"Neo-Scholasticism (also known as neo-scholastic Thomism or neo-Thomism because of the great influence of the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas on the movement), is a revival and development of medieval scholasticism in Roman Catholic theology and philosophy which began in the second half of the 19th century.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00AB\u00ABCourant de pens\u00E9e philosophico-th\u00E9ologique de type thomiste, d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 \u00E0 partir XIXe si\u00E8cle pour r\u00E9pondre aux objections pos\u00E9es au christianisme catholique par la modernit\u00E9.\u00BB(DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "nephew"@en . . . . . . . "nephew of"@en . "neveu de"@fr . . . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "d\u00E9fenseur du New Deal"@fr . "new dealer"@en . . "D\u00E9fenseurs de la politique du New Deal. Voir New Deal \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . "Supporter of New Deal policies. See New Deal - Wikipedia"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "New Thought"@en . "Nouvelle Pens\u00E9e"@fr . . "\"The New Thought movement is a philosophical movement which developed in the United States in the 19th century, following the teachings of Phineas Quimby. There are numerous smaller groups, most of which are incorporated in the International New Thought Alliance. The concept of New Thought (sometimes known as \"Higher Thought\") promotes the ideas that Infinite Intelligence, or God, is everywhere, spirit is the totality of real things, true human selfhood is divine, divine thought is a force for good, sickness originates in the mind, and \"right thinking\" has a healing effect. Although New Thought is neither monolithic nor doctrinaire, in general, modern-day adherents of New Thought believe that God or Infinite Intelligence is \"supreme, universal, and everlasting\", that divinity dwells within each person, that all people are spiritual beings, that \"the highest spiritual principle [is] loving one another unconditionally... and teaching and healing one another\", and that \"our mental states are carried forward into manifestation and become our experience in daily living\". The New Thought movement originated in the early 19th century, and survives to the current day in the form of a loosely allied group of religious denominations, authors, philosophers, and individuals who share a set of beliefs concerning metaphysics, positive thinking, the law of attraction, healing, life force, creative visualization, and personal power. The teachings of Christian Science are similar to and partially based on Quimby's teachings, as its founder, Mary Baker Eddy, was a student of Quimby's.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLa Nouvelle Pens\u00E9e (New Thought), parfois \u00E9galement appel\u00E9e Penser Nouveau, est un courant de pens\u00E9e philosophique et religieux qui s'est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 dans la seconde moiti\u00E9 du XIXe si\u00E8cle aux \u00C9tats-Unis et existe encore de nos jours. Ce courant, \u00E0 ne pas confondre avec le New Age, couvre un ensemble d'organisations, de philosophes et de th\u00E9ologiens partageant une s\u00E9rie de croyances m\u00E9taphysiques.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "New Unionism"@en . . "New Trade Unionism"@en . "\"New Unionism is a term which has been used twice in the history of the labour movement, both times involving moves to broaden the trade union agenda. Ben Tillett was a prominent leader of the London Dock strike of 1889. He formed the Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Labourers' Union in 1889, which had support from skilled workers. Its 30,000 members won an advance in wages and working conditions.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "niece"@en . . . . . . . "niece of"@en . "ni\u00E8ce de"@fr . . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Nihilisme"@fr . "nihilism"@en . . "nihilist"@en . "\"Nihilism is a philosophical doctrine that suggests the lack of belief in one or more reputedly meaningful aspects of life. Most commonly, nihilism is presented in the form of existential nihilism, which argues that life is without objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value. Moral nihilists assert that morality does not inherently exist, and that any established moral values are abstractly contrived. Nihilism can also take epistemological, ontological, or metaphysical forms, meaning respectively that, in some aspect, knowledge is not possible, or that reality does not actually exist. The term is sometimes used in association with anomie to explain the general mood of despair at a perceived pointlessness of existence that one may develop upon realising there are no necessary norms, rules, or laws. Movements such as Futurism and deconstruction, among others, have been identified by commentators as \"nihilistic\". Nihilism is also a characteristic that has been ascribed to time periods: for example, Jean Baudrillard and others have called postmodernity a nihilistic epoch, and some Christian theologians and figures of religious authority have asserted that postmodernity and many aspects of modernity represent a rejection of theism, and that such rejection of their theistic doctrine entails nihilism.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe nihilisme (du latin nihil, \u00ABrien\u00BB) est une doctrine ou attitude, fond\u00E9e sur la n\u00E9gation de toutes valeurs, croyances ou r\u00E9alit\u00E9s substantielles. Souvent associ\u00E9 au pessimisme ou au scepticisme radical, le nihilisme nie ou \u00E9met des doutes, quant aux causalit\u00E9s, intentionnalit\u00E9s et normativit\u00E9s de l'existence. Cette notion est applicable \u00E0 diff\u00E9rents domaines : politique, litt\u00E9raire, religieux et philosophique. Un mouvement r\u00E9volutionnaire nihiliste et anarchiste apparut en Russie dans la seconde moiti\u00E9 du XIXe si\u00E8cle. Il rejetait l'autorit\u00E9 de l'\u00C9tat, de l'\u00C9glise orthodoxe et de la famille et revendiquait une organisation de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 bas\u00E9e sur le rationalisme et le mat\u00E9rialisme. Il aboutit vers 1870 au terrorisme radical.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "nobility"@en . "noblesse"@fr . "NOBILITY"@en . "royal"@en . "royal descent"@en . "royal, but not expected to become queen"@en . "royalty"@en . "Ce groupe r\u00E9f\u00E8re aux \u00ABpersonnes qui poss\u00E8dent un titre, ou dont un membre de la famille proche poss\u00E8de un titre (telle que Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Lord Byron, ou Nancy Mitford)\u00BB."@fr . "This group refers to \"those holding a title or of close family relation to someone holding a title (such as Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Lord Byron, or Nancy Mitford)\". (Brown, 2006)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "non-erotic relationship"@en . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "mouvement du clerg\u00E9 r\u00E9fractaire"@fr . "nonjurors movement"@en . . "Non-jurors"@en . "nonjurors"@en . . "\"The nonjuring schism was a split in the Anglican churches of England, Scotland and Ireland in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution of 1688, over whether William III and Mary II could legally be recognised as sovereigns. The word \"nonjuring\" means \"not swearing [an oath]\", from the Latin word iuro or juro meaning \"to swear an oath\". Many of the Anglican clergy felt legally bound by their previous oaths of allegiance to James II and, though they could accept William as regent, they could not accept him as king. It was not necessarily a split on matters of religious doctrine, but more of a political issue and a matter of conscience, though most of the nonjurors were high church Anglicans. Thus, latitudinarian Anglicans were handed control of the Church of England, while Presbyterians took control of the Church of Scotland. The nonjurors thus were nominally Jacobite, although they generally did not actively support the Jacobite rebellions in 1715 or 1745.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Norman"@en . "Normand"@fr . . "\"The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse (\"Norman\" comes from \"Norseman\") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agreed to swear fealty to King Charles III of West Francia. Through generations of assimilation and mixing with the native Frankish and Gallo-Roman populations, their descendants would gradually adopt the Carolingian-based cultures of West Francia, ultimately resulting in their own assimilation into the Romance society. The distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the Normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, and it continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries. The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of the Frankish land they settled, their dialect becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French, an important literary language. The Duchy of Normandy, which they formed by treaty with the French crown, was a great fief of medieval France, and under Richard I of Normandy was forged into a cohesive and formidable principality in feudal tenure. The Normans are noted both for their culture, such as their unique Romanesque architecture and musical traditions, and for their significant military accomplishments and innovations. Norman adventurers founded the Kingdom of Sicily under Roger II after conquering southern Italy from the Saracens and Byzantines, and an expedition on behalf of their duke, William the Conqueror, led to the Norman conquest of England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Norman cultural and military influence spread from these new European centres to the Crusader states of the Near East, where their prince Bohemond I founded the Principality of Antioch in the Levant, to Scotland and Wales in Great Britain, to Ireland, and to the coasts of north Africa and the Canary Islands. The legacy of the Normans persists today through the regional languages and dialects of France, England, and Sicily, as well as the various cultural, judicial and political arrangements they introduced in their conquered territories.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes Normands sont actuellement les habitants de la Normandie, mais le terme d\u00E9signe aussi historiquement les habitants du duch\u00E9 de Normandie. Autrefois, le mot de Normands \u00E9tait employ\u00E9 pour qualifier les Vikings. C'est pourquoi son \u00E9tymologie s'explique par le francique ou le scandinave et signifie litt\u00E9ralement \u00AB Hommes du nord \u00BB\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "numismatist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "nun"@en . "prioress"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "nursing"@en . "carer"@en . "nurse"@en . "nursing aide"@en . "nursing organizer"@en . "nursing supervisor"@en . "vad"@en . "vad worker"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "fn helped found the east london nursing society."@en . "in 1877 she nursed george odger, the first parliamentary labour candidate, during his fatal illness."@en . "nurses"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Obeah"@en . "Obeah"@fr . . "\"Obeah (sometimes spelled Obi, Obea, or Obia) is a term used in the West Indies to refer to folk magic, sorcery, and religious practices developed among West African slaves, specifically of Igbo origin. All s Obeah is similar to other Afro-American religions including Palo, Vodou, Santer\u00EDa, and Hoodoo. Obeah is practiced in Jamaica, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and other Caribbean nations. Obeah is associated with both benign and malignant magic, charms, luck, and with mysticism in general. In some Caribbean nations, Obeah refers to folk religions of the African diaspora. In some cases, aspects of these folk religions have survived through syncretism with Christian symbolism and practice introduced by European colonials and slave owners. Casual observation may conclude that Christian symbolism is incorporated into Obeah worship, but in fact may represent clandestine worship and religious protest. During slavery, Obeah was directed against the European slave masters. However, with the end of slavery, Obeah became considered taboo, and the term has pejorative associations.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABObeah (ou appel\u00E9 \u00E9galement Obi) est un mot d'origine africaine d\u00E9signant la magie occulte. Le ma\u00EEtre spirituel de la religion Obeah est appel\u00E9 \u00AB l'homme Obeah \u00BB, il est consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme un soigneur ou un conseiller (informateur). Il est celui qui aide les personnes poss\u00E9d\u00E9es par les esprits ou qui ne trouvent pas de rem\u00E8de \u00E0 leur maladie. C'est un esprit qui se manifeste \u00E9galement sous l'apparence d'une femme. Il peut vivre dans certaines eaux selon la tradition des descendants d'esclaves notamment \u00E0 la Martinique. Ceux qui savent l'invoquer en lui offrant du lait, du sucre, du sel, de l'eau piment\u00E9e et bien d'autres potions peuvent obtenir des gu\u00E9rissons miraculeuses peu importe la maladie. Son action est quasiment instantan\u00E9e selon ce que rapportent les pratiquants de son culte. Toutefois, il est extr\u00EAmement rare de trouver des initi\u00E9s connaissant aujourd'hui ces lieux et on trouve encore moins d'adeptes capables de l'appeler du fond de la mer car un non renvoi dans les r\u00E8gles peut-\u00EAtre fatal pour l'op\u00E9rant. Il a \u00E9t\u00E9 rapport\u00E9 dans les \u00E9crits de Peter Swontey en 1876 qu'on trouvait g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement dans les mers o\u00F9 il r\u00E9sidait des cr\u00E9ateurs semblables \u00E0 des \"l\u00E9zards\" d'une allure tr\u00E8s particuli\u00E8re. Il est dit que celui qui les p\u00E9chait risquait sa vie et la r\u00E9cup\u00E9ration des maladies enfouies. Tout cela fait en tout cas partie du folklore des \u00EEles et ne saurait constituer une quelconque religion. * Portail des religions et croyances Portail des religions et croyances\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "occultism"@en . "occultism/theosophism"@en . "occultisme"@fr . "Occultist"@en . "Tarot card believer"@en . "Theosophist"@en . "Theosophy"@en . "astrologer"@en . "character reader"@en . "fortune teller"@en . "magician"@en . "medium"@en . "spiritualism"@en . "spiritualist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "\"Any religious or philosophic ideology based on mystical insight into the nature of God and/or divine truth. This insight is attained only through direct experience of the divine. The term is sometimes used to specifically refer to the principles of the Theosophical Society founded in New York in 1875 by Madame Blavatsky and H. S. Olcott which incorporated aspects of Buddhism and Brahmanism.\" (Getty, 2017)"@en . "L'occultisme d\u00E9signe l'ensemble des arts et sciences occultes (alchimie, astrologie, magie, divination, m\u00E9decine occulte) touchant aux secrets de la nature, \u00E0 ce qui est non visible. L'expression \u00AB sciences occultes \u00BB remonterait au titre d'un livre d'Eus\u00E8be de Salverte, en 1829 (Des sciences occultes). Le mot \u00AB occultisme \u00BB en fran\u00E7ais ferait son apparition en 1842. D\u00E8s 1884 l'occultiste Jos\u00E9phin P\u00E9ladan entend par \u00AB occultisme \u00BB : \u00AB l'ensemble des sciences occultes \u00BB. En anglais, occultism date de 1881. Le n\u00E9o-occultisme traite avec Papus des \u00AB facult\u00E9s occultes de l'Homme \u00BB et des \u00AB forces invisibles de la Nature \u00BB."@fr . "mediumship"@en . "member of the council of the society for psychical research"@en . "vice president of the college of psychic studies"@en . . . . . . . . "occupation"@en . . . . . . . "occupation income"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "occupation income of"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "occupation of"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "occupation relationship"@en . . . . . . "enfant unique"@fr . "only child"@en . "Indicates that the subject is the only child in the family."@en . "Indique que la personne est l'unique enfant de la famille."@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "opposition (politique)"@fr . "opposition politics"@en . . "Opposition"@en . "\"In politics, the opposition comprises one or more political parties or other organized groups that are opposed to the government (or, in American English, the administration), party or group in political control of a city, region, state or country. It is the party that goes against another party. The degree of opposition varies according to political conditions - for example, across authoritarian and liberal systems where opposition may be repressed or welcomed.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABEn politique, l'opposition d\u00E9signe l'ensemble des mouvements qui contestent les d\u00E9cisions des d\u00E9tenteurs du pouvoir. Dans un r\u00E9gime repr\u00E9sentatif, l'opposition parlementaire est l'ensemble des partis qui ne forment pas la majorit\u00E9 parlementaire. Dans le syst\u00E8me anglo-saxon, en particulier dans le syst\u00E8me de Westminster, l\u2019opposition officielle est constitu\u00E9e par le premier parti d\u2019opposition au parlement. * Portail de la politique Portail de la politique\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "optician"@en . "ophthalmic optician"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "orderly"@en . "hospital ward orderly"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "Les membres du projet Orlando"@fr . "Members of the Orlando Project"@en . "La collective de tous les auteurs du Projet Orlando."@fr . "The collective of all persons having written entries for The Orlando Project."@en . . "Les membres du projet Orlando"@fr . "Members of the Orlando Project."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "orphanage work"@en . "orphanage manager"@en . "orphanage principal"@en . "orphanage worker"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Pacifisme"@fr . "pacifism"@en . . "pacifist"@en . "pacifist supporter"@en . "peace campaigner"@en . "peace movement"@en . "socialist pacifist"@en . "\"Pacifism is opposition to war, militarism, or violence. The word pacifism was coined by the French peace campaigner \u00C9mile Arnaud (1864\u20131921) and adopted by other peace activists at the tenth Universal Peace Congress in Glasgow in 1901. A related term is ahimsa (to do no harm), which is a core philosophy in Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism. While modern connotations are recent, having been explicated since the 19th century, ancient references abound. In Christianity, Jesus Christ's injunction to \"love your enemies\" and asking for forgiveness for his crucifiers \"for they know not what they do\" have been interpreted as calling for pacifism. In modern times, interest was revived by Leo Tolstoy in his late works, particularly in The Kingdom of God Is Within You. Mohandas Gandhi (1869\u20131948) propounded the practice of steadfast nonviolent opposition which he called \"satyagraha\", instrumental in its role in the Indian Independence Movement. Its effectiveness served as inspiration to Martin Luther King Jr., James Lawson, James Bevel, Thich Nhat Hanh and many others in the Civil Rights Movement. Pacifism was widely associated with the much publicized image of Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989 with the \"Tank Man\", where one protester stood in nonviolent opposition to a column of tanks.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe pacifisme poss\u00E8de deux acceptions possibles incluant l'action des partisans de la paix, ou une doctrine de la non-violence. Bien que reli\u00E9s, les deux concepts se distinguent du point de vue de la th\u00E9orie et de la pratique. Le pacifisme est la doctrine et l'action des partisans de la paix ou du r\u00E9tablissement de la paix. Les socialistes d'avant 1914 (Jean Jaur\u00E8s), les Zimmerwaldiens durant la Premi\u00E8re Guerre mondiale, les opposants aux guerres coloniales ou les partisans de la paix professent un pacifisme qui n'est pas toujours assimilable \u00E0 la non-violence. La vision du pacifisme associ\u00E9 \u00E0 une personne refusant le recours \u00E0 toutes formes de violence est par contre beaucoup plus r\u00E9pandue. La doctrine de la non-violence voit de nombreux courants philosophiques bannir le recours \u00E0 toute forme de violence en vertu d'un pacifisme radical. Vision port\u00E9e par de nombreux mouvements et courants de pens\u00E9e \u00E0 vocation g\u00E9n\u00E9rale (courants de pens\u00E9e humaniste, plusieurs tendances inspir\u00E9es de l'hindouisme, courants chr\u00E9tiens, etc.).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "pacifist"@en . "conscientious objector"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "worker for pacifism and the league of nations union"@en . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Paganism."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance Paganisme."@fr . . "Pagan"@en . "pa\u00EFen (ou payen)"@fr . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . . "\"Paganism is a term that developed among the Christian community of southern Europe during late antiquity to describe religions other than their own, Judaism, or Islam\u2013the three Abrahamic religions. Throughout Christendom, it continued to be used, typically in a derogatory sense. In the 19th century, it was re-adopted as a self-descriptor by members of various artistic groups inspired by the ancient world. In the 20th century, it came to be applied as a self-description by practitioners of contemporary pagan, or neo-pagan, religious movements. There has been much scholarly argument as to the origin of the term paganism. Paganism has also been understood by some[who?] to include any non-Abrahamic religions, but this is generally[who?] seen as insulting by adherents of those religions. While paganism is often considered to exclude monotheism and to express a worldview that is pantheistic, polytheistic, or animistic, there are some monotheistic pagans. Once monotheistic religions, such as Christianity and Islam, started to become more prominent (in processes known as Christianization and Islamization), names to encompass polytheistic worshipers started to develop; some of these include Hellene, pagan, and heathen, and at times these names were used as slurs. Modern knowledge of old pagan religions comes from several sources, including: anthropological field research records, the evidence of archaeological artifacts, and the historical accounts of ancient writers regarding cultures known to the classical world. Before the rise of monotheistic religions, most people practiced some type of polytheism. Many of these religions started to die out, and eventually they became extinct. In some cases, elements of polytheistic belief systems continued to exist in folklore. Paganism would later be studied during the Renaissance and Romantic era. Forms of these religions, influenced by various historical pagan beliefs of pre-modern Europe, exist today and are known as contemporary or modern paganism, also referred to as Neo-paganism.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABPaganisme est un terme g\u00E9n\u00E9rique employ\u00E9 depuis le VIe si\u00E8cle par des chr\u00E9tiens pour d\u00E9signer la religion de ceux qui ne sont ni chr\u00E9tiens, ni juifs, ni musulmans. Il remonte au latin paganus (pa\u00EFen). Au VIe si\u00E8cle, ce mot pouvait servir \u00E0 d\u00E9signer les habitants des campagnes par opposition \u00E0 ceux des villes ou bien les civils par opposition aux militaires. D'abord employ\u00E9 comme sobriquet populaire par des chr\u00E9tiens pour d\u00E9signer ceux qui ne sont pas baptis\u00E9s, le terme a ensuite \u00E9t\u00E9 adopt\u00E9 dans la litt\u00E9rature chr\u00E9tienne. M\u00EAme s'il y d\u00E9signe toujours ceux qui ne sont pas chr\u00E9tiens, son acception y est cependant ambigu\u00EB. Il est parfois employ\u00E9 de fa\u00E7on p\u00E9jorative pour d\u00E9signer ceux qui sont tenus pour \u00EAtre des ignorants, parfois de fa\u00E7on neutre pour d\u00E9signer les philosophes grecs, parfois encore pour d\u00E9signer des chr\u00E9tiens jug\u00E9s mal convertis ou ti\u00E8des dans leur foi. \u00C0 partir de 370, des lois imp\u00E9riales regroup\u00E9es au Ve si\u00E8cle dans le code th\u00E9odosien emploient le terme paganus pour d\u00E9signer ceux qui pratiquent la magie, ceux qui sont consid\u00E9r\u00E9s comme superstitieux ou dans l'erreur. Le terme a depuis conserv\u00E9 une connotation p\u00E9jorative. De nombreux P\u00E8res de l'\u00C9glise ayant \u00E9crit \u00ABcontre les pa\u00EFens\u00BB, le paganisme a eu une premi\u00E8re existence sous forme de fiction litt\u00E9raire, comme s'il s'agissait de la religion de ceux qui ne sont pas chr\u00E9tiens. Le paganisme tel qu'il a \u00E9t\u00E9 expos\u00E9 par les P\u00E8res de l'\u00C9glise n'\u00E9tait cependant pas \u00E0 proprement parler une religion, il s'agit plut\u00F4t de l'ensemble sans homog\u00E9n\u00E9it\u00E9 des positions philosophiques et des croyances rejet\u00E9es par les P\u00E8res de l'\u00C9glise. Le paganisme est ainsi, dans l'antiquit\u00E9 tardive, une attitude combattue par des chr\u00E9tiens puis par les autorit\u00E9s, mais elle n'est revendiqu\u00E9e par personne. C'est surtout \u00E0 l'\u00E9poque moderne, avec l'essor de l'histoire des religions que le paganisme commence \u00E0 \u00EAtre per\u00E7u et \u00E9tudi\u00E9 comme une religion parmi d'autres. Le paganisme peut aujourd'hui \u00EAtre revendiqu\u00E9 sous forme de n\u00E9o-paganisme, ou bien comme une position philosophique tel que l'a fait Marc Aug\u00E9 dans Le g\u00E9nie du paganisme. Le mot paganus n'a pas son correspondant chez les \u00E9crivains chr\u00E9tiens de langue grecque qui utilisent le terme moins p\u00E9joratif de \u00ABnations\u00BB ou \u00ABreligions nationales\u00BB (ethniko\u00EF) (d\u00E9calque de l'h\u00E9breu).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Paganism"@en . "Paganisme"@fr . . "pagan (Greek)"@en . "\"Paganism is a term that developed among the Christian community of southern Europe during late antiquity to describe religions other than their own, Judaism, or Islam\u2013the three Abrahamic religions. Throughout Christendom, it continued to be used, typically in a derogatory sense. In the 19th century, it was re-adopted as a self-descriptor by members of various artistic groups inspired by the ancient world. In the 20th century, it came to be applied as a self-description by practitioners of contemporary pagan, or neo-pagan, religious movements. There has been much scholarly argument as to the origin of the term paganism. Paganism has also been understood by some to include any non-Abrahamic religions, but this is generally[who?] seen as insulting by adherents of those religions. While paganism is often considered to exclude monotheism and to express a worldview that is pantheistic, polytheistic, or animistic, there are some monotheistic pagans. Once monotheistic religions, such as Christianity and Islam, started to become more prominent (in processes known as Christianization and Islamization), names to encompass polytheistic worshipers started to develop; some of these include Hellene, pagan, and heathen, and at times these names were used as slurs. Modern knowledge of old pagan religions comes from several sources, including: anthropological field research records, the evidence of archaeological artifacts, and the historical accounts of ancient writers regarding cultures known to the classical world. Before the rise of monotheistic religions, most people practiced some type of polytheism. Many of these religions started to die out, and eventually they became extinct. In some cases, elements of polytheistic belief systems continued to exist in folklore. Paganism would later be studied during the Renaissance and Romantic era. Forms of these religions, influenced by various historical pagan beliefs of pre-modern Europe, exist today and are known as contemporary or modern paganism, also referred to as Neo-paganism.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABPaganisme est un terme g\u00E9n\u00E9rique employ\u00E9 depuis le VIe si\u00E8cle par des chr\u00E9tiens pour d\u00E9signer la religion de ceux qui ne sont ni chr\u00E9tiens, ni juifs, ni musulmans. Il remonte au latin paganus (pa\u00EFen). Au VIe si\u00E8cle, ce mot pouvait servir \u00E0 d\u00E9signer les habitants des campagnes par opposition \u00E0 ceux des villes ou bien les civils par opposition aux militaires. D'abord employ\u00E9 comme sobriquet populaire par des chr\u00E9tiens pour d\u00E9signer ceux qui ne sont pas baptis\u00E9s, le terme a ensuite \u00E9t\u00E9 adopt\u00E9 dans la litt\u00E9rature chr\u00E9tienne. M\u00EAme s'il y d\u00E9signe toujours ceux qui ne sont pas chr\u00E9tiens, son acception y est cependant ambigu\u00EB. Il est parfois employ\u00E9 de fa\u00E7on p\u00E9jorative pour d\u00E9signer ceux qui sont tenus pour \u00EAtre des ignorants, parfois de fa\u00E7on neutre pour d\u00E9signer les philosophes grecs, parfois encore pour d\u00E9signer des chr\u00E9tiens jug\u00E9s mal convertis ou ti\u00E8des dans leur foi. \u00C0 partir de 370, des lois imp\u00E9riales regroup\u00E9es au Ve si\u00E8cle dans le code th\u00E9odosien emploient le terme paganus pour d\u00E9signer ceux qui pratiquent la magie, ceux qui sont consid\u00E9r\u00E9s comme superstitieux ou dans l'erreur. Le terme a depuis conserv\u00E9 une connotation p\u00E9jorative. De nombreux P\u00E8res de l'\u00C9glise ayant \u00E9crit \u00ABcontre les pa\u00EFens\u00BB, le paganisme a eu une premi\u00E8re existence sous forme de fiction litt\u00E9raire, comme s'il s'agissait de la religion de ceux qui ne sont pas chr\u00E9tiens. Le paganisme tel qu'il a \u00E9t\u00E9 expos\u00E9 par les P\u00E8res de l'\u00C9glise n'\u00E9tait cependant pas \u00E0 proprement parler une religion, il s'agit plut\u00F4t de l'ensemble sans homog\u00E9n\u00E9it\u00E9 des positions philosophiques et des croyances rejet\u00E9es par les P\u00E8res de l'\u00C9glise. Le paganisme est ainsi, dans l'antiquit\u00E9 tardive, une attitude combattue par des chr\u00E9tiens puis par les autorit\u00E9s, mais elle n'est revendiqu\u00E9e par personne. C'est surtout \u00E0 l'\u00E9poque moderne, avec l'essor de l'histoire des religions que le paganisme commence \u00E0 \u00EAtre per\u00E7u et \u00E9tudi\u00E9 comme une religion parmi d'autres. Le paganisme peut aujourd'hui \u00EAtre revendiqu\u00E9 sous forme de n\u00E9o-paganisme, ou bien comme une position philosophique tel que l'a fait Marc Aug\u00E9 dans Le g\u00E9nie du paganisme. Le mot paganus n'a pas son correspondant chez les \u00E9crivains chr\u00E9tiens de langue grecque qui utilisent le terme moins p\u00E9joratif de \u00ABnations\u00BB ou \u00ABreligions nationales\u00BB (ethniko\u00EF) (d\u00E9calque de l'h\u00E9breu).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "paid occupation"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "paid occupation of"@en . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "pantheism"@en . "panth\u00E9isme"@fr . . "\"Pantheism is the belief that all of reality is identical with divinity, or that everything composes an all-encompassing, immanent god. Pantheists thus do not believe in a distinct personal or anthropomorphic god. In the West, pantheism was formalized as a separate theology and philosophy based on the work of the 17th-century philosopher Baruch Spinoza (also known as Benedict Spinoza), whose book Ethics was an answer to Descartes' famous dualist theory that the body and spirit are separate. Although the term pantheism was not coined until after his death, Spinoza is regarded as its most celebrated advocate. His work, Ethics was the major source from which Western pantheism spread. Pantheistic concepts may date back thousands of years, and some religions in the East continue to contain pantheistic elements.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe panth\u00E9isme est une doctrine philosophique selon laquelle Dieu est tout. Elle se distingue du monoth\u00E9isme en consid\u00E9rant que Dieu n'est pas un \u00EAtre personnel distinct du monde, mais qu'il est l'int\u00E9gralit\u00E9 du monde, cette conception est appel\u00E9e l'immanence par opposition au principe de transcendance du Dieu cr\u00E9ateur monoth\u00E9iste. Ce mot vient du grec ancien pan (\u03C0\u1F70\u03BD) : \u00ABtout\u00BB et theos (\u03B8\u03B5\u03CC\u03C2) (\u00ABdieu\u00BB). Il appara\u00EEt pour la premi\u00E8re fois en 1720 dans le Pantheisticon de John Toland, ou plus t\u00F4t chez Joseph Raphson, en 1697 quand il oppose les panth\u00E9istes aux ath\u00E9es et aux mat\u00E9rialistes et les d\u00E9finit comme des penseurs qui affirment qu'il existe une seule substance qui est mat\u00E9rielle et intelligente et qui a tout cr\u00E9\u00E9 de sa propre substance . Dans la philosophie occidentale, et notamment depuis Spinoza, le sens qui est donn\u00E9 \u00E0 ce mot tout est en g\u00E9n\u00E9ral identique \u00E0 celui associ\u00E9 \u00E0 la Nature, au sens le plus g\u00E9n\u00E9ral de ce terme, autrement dit, de \u00ABtout ce qui existe\u00BB. Le panth\u00E9isme est un naturalisme de la divinit\u00E9 de la Nature. Le naturalisme, au sens propre, peut \u00EAtre d\u00E9fini comme une doctrine ath\u00E9e qui ne reconna\u00EEt d'autres principes que les lois ou forces de la Nature. Le panth\u00E9isme s'identifie ainsi, sous ce rapport, \u00E0 un naturalisme d\u00E9iste d\u00E9terministe en cela qu'il est li\u00E9 au concept de n\u00E9cessit\u00E9. Il ne doit pas \u00EAtre confondu avec le panenth\u00E9isme nomm\u00E9 \u00ABacosmique\u00BB par Hegel (tout est en Dieu) qui est quant une doctrine issue du panth\u00E9isme. Il entretient certains rapports avec les courants monistes qui tentent de r\u00E9soudre les deux termes d'une dualit\u00E9 en faisant sortir l'un des deux termes de cette dualit\u00E9 de l'un des deux termes en opposition.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "parent"@en . . . . . . . "parent de"@fr . "parent of"@en . . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "parish work"@en . "parish worker"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "management of her husband's parish"@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "parlementarisme"@fr . "parliamentarianism"@en . . "parliamentarian"@en . "pro-parliamentarian"@en . "Advocacy for parliamentary systems in government. See: Parliamentary system - Wikipedia"@en . "Plaidoyer pour les syst\u00E8mes gouvernementaux parlementaires. Voir R\u00E9gime parlementaire \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "parliamentary reform"@en . "r\u00E9forme parlementaire"@fr . . . . "parliamentary reformer"@en . "pro-reform"@en . "D\u00E9fense de la r\u00E9forme parlementaire au Royaume-Uni. Voir Representation of the People Act 1918 \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia et Reform Act 1832 \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . "Support for reform of the parliamentary system of the United Kingdom. See Reform Bills - Wikipedia; Category:Representation of the People Acts - Wikipedia; Electoral reform - Wikipedia"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "parodied by"@en . . . . . . . . . "parodies"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates a parodic mode of intertextuality. See genre:parody"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "parody"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Parsi"@en . "Parsi"@fr . . "\"Parsi /\u02C8p\u0251\u02D0rsi\u02D0/ (or Parsee) is one of two Zoroastrian communities (the other being Iranis) primarily located in South Asia. According to the Qissa-i Sanjan, Parsis migrated from Greater Iran to Gujarat and Sindh between the 8th and 10th century CE to avoid the persecution of Zoroastrians following the Muslim conquest of Persia. The word \u067E\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06CC\u0627\u0646, pronounced \"Parsian\", i.e. \"Parsi\" in the Persian language literally means Persian. Persian is the official language of modern Iran, which was formerly known as Persia, and the Persian language's endonym is Farsi, an arabization of the word Parsi.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes P\u0101rsis, Parsis ou Parses (de P\u0101rashika, peuple de Perse, actuel Iran ; gujar\u0101t\u012B : \u0AAA\u0ABE\u0AB0\u0AB8\u0AC0) sont les adeptes du parsisme, confession d\u00E9riv\u00E9e du zoroastrisme. Ils constituent l'une des deux communaut\u00E9s zoroastriennes (l'autre \u00E9tant celle des Iranis) ayant quitt\u00E9 le monde iranien pour s'installer principalement en Inde. \u00C0 la suite de la conqu\u00EAte de la Perse par les musulmans qui venaient de subjuguer la Palestine, la Syrie et l'Irak, une partie de la population s'enfuit vers l'est et s'installa en Inde.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . "Deprecated, with no current equivalence."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver sans \u00E9quivalence."@fr . . . ""@fr . "participant of"@en . . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . ""@fr . "The event that the Person is associated with."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "partner"@en . . . . . . . . "conjoint de"@fr . "partner of"@en . . . . . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "paternalism"@en . "paternalisme"@fr . . "paternalist"@en . "\"Paternalism is behavior by an organization or state that limits some person or group's liberty or autonomy for what is presumed to be that person's or group's own good. Paternalism can also imply that the behavior is against or regardless of the will of a person, or also that the behavior expresses an attitude of superiority. The word paternalism is from the Latin pater \u201Cfather\u201D via the adjective paternus \u201Cfatherly\u201D; paternalism should be though distinguished from patriarchy. Some, such as John Stuart Mill, think paternalism to be appropriate towards children: \"It is, perhaps, hardly necessary to say that this doctrine is meant to apply only to human beings in the maturity of their faculties. We are not speaking of children, or of young persons below the age which the law may fix as that of manhood or womanhood.\" Paternalism towards adults is sometimes thought to treat them as if they were children.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe paternalisme est une doctrine politique qui d\u00E9finit comme moralement souhaitable qu'un agent priv\u00E9 ou public puisse d\u00E9cider \u00E0 la place d'un autre pour son bien propre. Cette doctrine s'oppose au lib\u00E9ralisme. Par exemple, quand l\u2019\u00C9tat ou un employeur (comme IBM) interdisait aux agents de fumer ou de boire sur les lieux de travail bien qu'aucune loi n'existe encore sur le sujet, il menait une politique paternaliste. Le point de vue lib\u00E9ral serait qu'on ne doit pas chercher \u00E0 faire le bien d'un individu contre son gr\u00E9, mais le lib\u00E9ralisme va rarement jusqu'\u00E0 r\u00E9clamer la mise en vente libre des drogues dures, ce qui indique quelques nuances. Le nom de paternalisme d\u00E9signe cette tendance \u00E0 se conduire comme un p\u00E8re envers des personnes m\u00EAme majeures, sur lesquelles on exerce ou souhaite exercer une autorit\u00E9. Cette attitude peut \u00EAtre volontaire, comme involontaire et inconsciente. Le terme est utilis\u00E9 dans des domaines comme l'\u00E9conomie, la morale ou la politique. On parle alors de paternalisme \u00E9conomique, moral, politique, social etc. L'attitude paternaliste peut \u00EAtre per\u00E7ue comme infantilisant ceux qu'elle vise, en particulier pour les personnes n'ayant pas int\u00E9rioris\u00E9 les notions d'auto-discipline, ni d'autorit\u00E9. \u00C0 l'inverse, le fait de consid\u00E9rer celles-ci a priori comme infantiles induira, volontairement ou non, une tendance paternaliste envers elles.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "patriot"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "irish patriot, nationalist,"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Patriotisme"@fr . "patriotism"@en . . "patriot"@en . "patriotic"@en . "\"Patriotism is an emotional attachment to a nation which an individual recognizes as their homeland. This attachment, also known as national feeling or national pride, can be viewed in terms of different features relating to one's own nation, including ethnic, cultural, political, or historical aspects. It encompasses a set of concepts closely related to those of nationalism. An excess of patriotism in the defense of a nation is called chauvinism; another related term is jingoism. The English term patriot is first attested in the Elizabethan era, via Middle French from Late Latin (6th century) patriota, meaning \"countryman\", ultimately from Greek \u03C0\u03B1\u03C4\u03C1\u03B9\u03CE\u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 (patri\u014Dt\u0113s), meaning \"from the same country\", from \u03C0\u03B1\u03C4\u03C1\u03AF\u03C2 (patris), meaning \"fatherland\". The abstract noun patriotism appears in the early 18th century.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe patriotisme d\u00E9signe le d\u00E9vouement d'un individu envers son pays qu'il reconnait comme \u00E9tant sa patrie.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "patron"@en . "literary patron"@en . "patron of actors"@en . "patron of literature"@en . "patron of science"@en . "patron of the arts"@en . "theatre patron"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "charity patron"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "pawnbroker"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Pentecostalism"@en . "Pentec\u00F4tisme"@fr . . "Pentecostal Evangelists"@en . . "\"Pentecostalism or Classical Pentecostalism is a renewal movement within Protestant Christianity that places special emphasis on a direct personal experience of God through the baptism with the Holy Spirit. The term Pentecostal is derived from Pentecost, the Greek name for the Jewish Feast of Weeks. For Christians, this event commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the followers of Jesus Christ, as described in the second chapter of the Book of Acts. Like other forms of evangelical Protestantism, Pentecostalism adheres to the inerrancy of scripture and the necessity of accepting Christ as personal Lord and Savior. It is distinguished by belief in the baptism in the Holy Spirit that enables a Christian to live a Spirit-filled and empowered life. This empowerment includes the use of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues and divine healing\u2014two other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism. Because of their commitment to biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous, Pentecostals tend to see their movement as reflecting the same kind of spiritual power and teachings that were found in the Apostolic Age of the early church. For this reason, some Pentecostals also use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel to describe their movement. Pentecostalism emerged in the early 20th century among radical adherents of the Holiness movement who were energized by revivalism and expectation for the imminent Second Coming of Christ. Believing that they were living in the end times, they expected God to spiritually renew the Christian Church thereby bringing to pass the restoration of spiritual gifts and the evangelization of the world. In 1900, Charles Parham, an American evangelist and faith healer, began teaching that speaking in tongues was the Bible evidence of Spirit baptism. The three-year-long Azusa Street Revival, founded and led by William J. Seymour in Los Angeles, California, resulted in the spread of Pentecostalism throughout the United States and the rest of the world as visitors carried the Pentecostal experience back to their home churches or felt called to the mission field. While virtually all Pentecostal denominations trace their origins to Azusa Street, the movement has experienced a variety of divisions and controversies. An early dispute centered on challenges to the doctrine of the Trinity. As a result, the Pentecostal Movement is divided between trinitarian and non-trinitarian branches. Comprising over 700 denominations and a large number of independent churches, there is no central authority governing Pentecostalism; however, many denominations are affiliated with the Pentecostal World Fellowship. There are over 279 million Pentecostals worldwide, and the movement is growing in many parts of the world, especially the global South. Since the 1960s, Pentecostalism has increasingly gained acceptance from other Christian traditions, and Pentecostal beliefs concerning Spirit baptism and spiritual gifts have been embraced by non-Pentecostal Christians in Protestant and Catholic churches through the Charismatic Movement. Together, Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity numbers over 500 million adherents.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe pentec\u00F4tisme, appel\u00E9 aussi mouvement de Pentec\u00F4te, est un courant chr\u00E9tien \u00E9vang\u00E9lique issu d'un r\u00E9veil d\u00E9marr\u00E9 par les pasteurs am\u00E9ricains Charles Fox Parham et William Joseph Seymour aux USA en 1906. Ce mouvement se caract\u00E9rise par l'importance donn\u00E9e \u00E0 la Bible, \u00E0 la nouvelle naissance, au bapt\u00EAme du Saint-Esprit, aux dons du Saint-Esprit, au bapt\u00EAme adulte en tant que t\u00E9moignage volontaire, un esprit missionnaire, un engagement moral de vie ainsi que par l\u2019autonomie locale des \u00E9glises, la s\u00E9paration de l\u2019\u00C9glise et de l\u2019\u00C9tat. Selon les chiffres du Pew Research Center, en 2011, le mouvement recense 279 millions de croyants. Le pentec\u00F4tisme est similaire au mouvement charismatique, mais s\u2019est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 plus t\u00F4t (du moins aux \u00C9tats-Unis) et s\u2019est s\u00E9par\u00E9 du courant principal de l\u2019\u00C9glise. Les chr\u00E9tiens charismatiques, du moins dans les premiers temps de leurs mouvements, tendaient \u00E0 rester dans leurs d\u00E9nominations respectives.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "performer"@en . "acted"@en . "acting"@en . "actor"@en . "actors"@en . "actress"@en . "cabaret star"@en . "comedienne"@en . "entertainer"@en . "impersonator"@en . "mime"@en . "perform"@en . "stage performer"@en . "understudy"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "persona de"@fr . "persona of"@en . . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . "Deprecated, with no current equivalence."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver sans \u00E9quivalence."@fr . . "personal property"@en . "propri\u00E9t\u00E9 personnelle"@fr . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . "A property that is ascribed to a person."@en . "Une propri\u00E9t\u00E9 qui est attribu\u00E9e \u00E0 une personne."@fr . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance personal property self-reported."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance propri\u00E9t\u00E9 personnelle autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e."@fr . . "personal property (self-reported)"@en . "propri\u00E9t\u00E9 de la personne (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . . . "Deprecated, with no current equivalence."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver sans \u00E9quivalence."@fr . . "personal property self-reported"@en . "propri\u00E9t\u00E9 personnelle autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e"@fr . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . "This is a personal property that is self-reported."@en . "Une propri\u00E9t\u00E9 personnelle autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "pharmacist"@en . "apothecary"@en . "dispensary assistant"@en . "dispenser"@en . "druggist"@en . "pill dispenser"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "apothecary, druggist"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "philanthropic visitor"@en . "benevolent visitor"@en . "charitable visiting"@en . "charitable visitor"@en . "charity visitor"@en . "colonial health visitor"@en . "district visitor"@en . "domestic visitor"@en . "health visitor"@en . "hospital visitor"@en . "military visitor"@en . "parish visitor"@en . "poor visitor"@en . "prison visitor"@en . "school visitor"@en . "sick visitor"@en . "slum visitor"@en . "social visitor"@en . "visiting pensioners and war widows"@en . "visiting prisons and orphanages"@en . "visiting the poor"@en . "visitor of the poor"@en . "workhouse visitor"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "visited the prisoners"@en . "visiting imprisoned catholics"@en . "visitor of the poor"@en . "workhouse superintendent"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "philanthropist"@en . "active philanthropist"@en . "benefactor"@en . "benefactor of school"@en . "church donor"@en . "donor to university"@en . "educational philanthropist"@en . "patron of charities"@en . "philanthopic activity"@en . "philanthropic educationalist"@en . "philanthropy"@en . "private benefactor"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "patron, philanthropist"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "philosopher"@en . "academic philosopher"@en . "amateur philosopher"@en . "philosophy"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Philosophical Radicals"@en . . "Philosophic Radicals"@en . "\"The Philosophical Radicals was a philosophically-minded group of English political radicals in the nineteenth century inspired by Jeremy Bentham (1748\u20131832) and James Mill (1773\u20131836). Individuals within this group included Francis Place (1771\u20131854), George Grote (1794\u20131871), Joseph Parkes (1796\u20131865), John Arthur Roebuck (1802\u20131879), Charles Buller (1806\u20131848), John Stuart Mill (1806\u20131873), Edward John Trelawny (1792\u20131881), and William Molesworth (1810\u20131855). Several became Radical members of Parliament, and the group as a whole attempted to use the Westminster Review to exert influence on public opinion. They rejected any philosophical or legal naturalism and furthered Jeremy Bentham's utilitarian philosophy. Utilitarianism as a moral philosophy argues that maximizing happiness should be the moral standard by which our actions should be measured. It thereby stands in contrast to the rationalistic ethics of Immanuel Kant as well as to the convictions of idealism, amongst others.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "photography"@en . "photographer"@en . "photographer's assistant"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "physiognomist"@en . "phrenologist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "physiognomy parlour"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "pilot"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "plumber"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Assembl\u00E9es de Fr\u00E8res"@fr . "Fr\u00E8res de Schwarzenau"@fr . "Plymouth Brethren"@en . . . . "\"The Plymouth Brethren are a conservative, low church, nonconformist, Evangelical Christian movement whose history can be traced to Dublin, Ireland in the late 1820s, originating from Anglicanism. Among other beliefs, the group emphasises sola scriptura, the belief that the Bible is the supreme authority for church doctrine and practice over and above \"the [mere] tradition of men\" (Mark 7:8). Brethren generally see themselves not as a denomination but as a network, or even as a collection of overlapping networks, of like-minded independent churches. (The Brethren would generally prefer that their gatherings be referred to as \"assemblies\" rather than \"churches\" but, in the interests of simplicity, this article uses both terms interchangeably.) The movement refused for many years to take any denominational name to itself, a stance that some still maintain. The title \"The Brethren,\" however, is one that many of their number are comfortable with, in that the Bible designates all believers as \"brethren\". (\"[O]ne is your Master, even Christ; and all ye are brethren.\" Matthew 23:8)\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe courant des Assembl\u00E9es de Fr\u00E8res ou Plymouth Brethren ou encore Fr\u00E8res de Plymouth constitue l'une des branches du protestantisme \u00E9vang\u00E9lique. Ce mouvement est n\u00E9 \u00E0 Dublin et en Grande-Bretagne vers 1830 et a connu une importante scission en 1848 qui a abouti \u00E0 distinguer un courant \u00ABouvert\u00BB d'une part, les \u00ABOpen Brethren\u00BB, et un courant \u00ABexclusif\u00BB d'autre part, appel\u00E9 aussi \u00ABdarbyste\u00BB. La branche la plus \u00AB\u00E9troite\u00BB a suivi John Nelson Darby et la branche plus ouverte des leaders comme George M\u00FCller et Henry Craik. Ces deux courants se sont d\u00E9velopp\u00E9s dans le monde et notamment en France pour faire partie des cinq principales d\u00E9nominations \u00E9vang\u00E9liques sur quarante-trois significatives.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "poet laureate"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Polish nationalism"@en . "nationalisme polonais"@fr . . "polish nationalist"@en . . "\"Polish nationalism is the nationalism that asserts that Poles are a Polish nation, and promotes the cultural unity of Poles. Norman Davies, in the context of Polish nationalism, defined nationalism in general as \"a doctrine ... to create a nation by arousing people's awareness of their nationality, and to mobilize their feelings into a vehicle for political action\". The old Polish protonationalism of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth based on the Polish-Lithuanian identity was multi-ethnic and multi-religious. The nationalist ideology developed soon after the Partitions was initially free of \"ethnic nationalism\" of any kind. It was a Romantic movement for the restoration of the Polish sovereign state. Polish Romantic nationalism was described by Maurycy Mochnacki as \"the essence of the nation\" no longer defined by borders but by ideas, feelings, and thoughts resulting from the past. The birth of modern nationalism under foreign rule coincided with the November Uprising of 1830 and the subsequent Spring of Nations. However, the defeat suffered by the Poles also broke the Polish revolutionary spirit. Many intellectuals turned to social Darwinism of Herbert Spencer, blaming the Romantic philosophy for the loss of their property, mass destruction, and ultimately the loss of the nation. With the advent of Positivism between 1860 and 1890 Polish nationalism became an elitist cause. Because the partitioning powers could not have identified themselves with the Polish nation, therefore the ideology became more restrictive in terms of ethnicity and religion.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . . . . "political affiliation"@en . "une appartenance politique"@fr . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "political affiliation of"@en . . . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "political affiliation (reported)"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "political affiliation (reported) of"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "political affiliation (self-reported)"@en . "une appartenance politique (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "political affiliation (self-reported) of"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "politicalHost"@en . "political host"@en . "political hostess"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "official hostess at the government house"@en . . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "political involvement in"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "political membership in"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . . . "political relationship"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "political science"@en . "political scientist"@en . "political theorist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "political speaker"@en . "speaker (parliamentary)"@en . "speaker of the house of commons"@en . "speaker of the house of lords"@en . "speaker of the legislature"@en . . . ""@en . ""@fr . "speaker of the senate of northern ireland"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "politics"@en . "closet politician"@en . "election observer"@en . "left wing politics"@en . "parliamentary candidate"@en . "patriot politician"@en . "political advisor"@en . "political agent"@en . "political campaigner"@en . "political canvasser"@en . "political conspirator"@en . "political officer"@en . "political organizer"@en . "political organizing"@en . "political party delegate"@en . "political party worker"@en . "political secretary"@en . "politician"@en . "public health campaigner"@en . "republican"@en . "whig leader"@en . "whig party supporter"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "advocate of catholic emancipation in the irish parliament"@en . "american loyalist"@en . "chief adviser on arab affairs"@en . "conservative backer of empire"@en . "politicians"@en . "president of the british women's temperance league"@en . "president of the progressive league"@en . "supporter of the ministry"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "pollster"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "d\u00E9fense des pauvres"@fr . "poor advocacy"@en . "advocate for the poor"@en . . "Advocacy for the poor."@en . "Militantisme en faveur des pauvres."@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "poor law reform"@en . "r\u00E9forme de la Poor Law"@fr . . "Poor Law reform"@en . . "\"From the reign of Elizabeth I until the passage of the Poor Law Amendment Act in 1834 relief of the poor in England was administered on the basis of a Poor Law enacted in 1601. From the start of the nineteenth century the basic concept of providing poor relief was criticised as misguided by leading political economists and in southern agricultural counties the burden of poor-rates was felt to be excessive (especially where poor-rates were used to supplement low wages (the \"allowance\" or Speenhamland system)). Opposition to the Elizabethan Poor Law led to a Royal Commission on poor relief, which recommended that poor relief could not in the short term be abolished; however it should be curtailed, and administered on such terms that none but the desperate would claim it. Relief should only be administered in workhouses, whose inhabitants were to be confined, \"classified\" (men, women, boys, girls) and segregated. The Poor Law Amendment Act allowed these changes to be implemented by a Poor Law Commission largely unaccountable to Parliament. The Act was passed by large majorities in Parliament, but the regime it was intended to bring about was denounced by its critics as (variously) un-Christian, un-English, unconstitutional, and impracticable for the great manufacturing districts of Northern England. The Act itself did not introduce the regime, but introduced a framework by which it might easily be brought in. Opposition to the New Poor Law strictly speaking was resistance to the introduction of the New Poor Law administrative framework; this was chiefly encountered in the industrial North in 1837\u20139 and overcome after a few riots by a judicious mixture of legal threats and deployment of the military. Opposition to the New Poor Law in the looser sense of resistance to (and criticism of) key features of the regime recommended by the Royal Commission persisted and eventually became orthodoxy: for example outdoor relief was never abolished in much of the industrial North. When a prominent West Riding opponent of the New Poor Law died in 1858, the Huddersfield Chronicle wrote \" ...the controversy closed and English common sense has settled down on the poor-law question somewhat nearer to the views of Oastler and Pitkethly than those of their opponents.\"\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "pornographer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "possibly erotic relationship"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "post-secondary school"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "postal worker"@en . "assistant postmistress"@en . "letter carrier"@en . "letter sorter"@en . "post office clerk"@en . "post office worker"@en . "postmaster"@en . "postmaster general"@en . "postmistress"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "junior assistant to the postmistress"@en . . . . . . "postgraduate degree"@en . "Agr\u00E9gation"@en . "DSc"@en . "Postgraduate Diploma in Writing for the Stage"@en . "post-graduate degree in theatre"@en . "postgraduate degree in teaching"@en . "Postgraduate degree."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "pottery"@en . "pottery manufacturer"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "precision of"@en . . . ""@fr . "Links a level of precision to a source"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "preferred by"@en . ""@fr . "Indicates the authority or institution by which the name form is preferred."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "preferred name"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "prequel"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus."@en . . "Prebyteriaan"@nl . "Presbiterianismo"@es . "Presbytarianisme"@fr . "Presbyterianism"@en . "Presbyterianisme"@nl . "chang lao tsung"@zh-latn-wadegile . "zhang lao zong"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-notone . "zh\u01CEng l\u01CEo z\u014Dng"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-hanyu . "\u9577\u8001\u5236"@zh-hant . "\u9577\u8001\u5B97"@zh-hant . "\u9577\u8001\u6559\u6703"@zh-hant . . "Free Church of Scotland"@en . "Presbyterian Church"@en . . "\"Een van de belangrijkste protestantse groeperingen die voortkwamen uit de 16de-eeuwse Reformatie. In het algemeen hebben moderne presbyteriaanse kerken hun oorsprong in de calvinistische kerken op de Britse eilanden, waarvan de Europese tegenhangers bekend zijn geworden onder de meer algemene naam 'gereformeerden'. De term 'presbyteriaans' verwijst ook naar een collegiaal type kerkbestuur onder leiding van pastors en leken die ouderlingen of presbyters worden genoemd. Strikt genomen maken alle presbyteriaanse kerken deel uit van de gereformeerde of calvinistische traditie, maar zijn niet alle gereformeerde kerken presbyteriaans in hun bestuursvorm.\" (Getty, 2017)"@nl . "\"One of the main Protestant groups that arose out of the 16th-century Reformation. Generally speaking, modern Presbyterian churches trace their origins to the Calvinist churches of the British Isles, the European counterparts of which came to be known by the more inclusive name of Reformed. The term presbyterian also denotes a collegiate type of church government led by pastors and lay leaders called elders or presbyters. Strictly speaking, all Presbyterian churches are a part of the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition, although not all Reformed churches are presbyterian in their form of government.\" (Getty, 2017)"@en . "\"Uno de los principales grupos protestantes que surgi\u00F3 de la Reforma del siglo XVI. Hablando en general, las Iglesias Presbiterianas modernas se\u00F1alan sus or\u00EDgenes en las iglesias calvinistas de las Islas Brit\u00E1nicas, la contraparte Europea la que fue conocida por el nombre m\u00E1s global de \"Reformada\". El t\u00E9rmino presbiterianismo tambi\u00E9n denota un tipo colegiado de gobierno de iglesia liderado por el pastor y lideres laicos llamados ancianos o presbiteros. Estrictamente hablando, todas las iglesias presbiterianas son parte de la Iglesia .El t\u00E9rmino presbiterianismo tambi\u00E9n denota un tipo colegiado de gobierno de iglesia liderado por el pastor y lideres laicos llamados ancianos o presbiteros. Estrictamente hablando, todas las iglesias presbiterianas son parte de la Reforma o Calvinismo, tradici\u00F3n, aunque no todas las iglesias Reformadas son presbiterianas en su gubernamentalidad.\" (Getty, 2017)"@es . "\"\u81EA\u5341\u516D\u4E16\u7D00\u5B97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u8208\u8D77\u7684\u4E3B\u8981\u65B0\u6559\u5718\u9AD4\u7684\u4E00\u6D3E\u3002\u4E00\u822C\u8AAA\u4F86\uFF0C\u73FE\u4EE3\u7684\u9577\u8001\u6559\u6703\u53EF\u8FFD\u6EAF\u81F3\u4E0D\u5217\u985B\u7FA4\u5CF6\u7684\u5580\u723E\u6587(Calvinis)\u6559\u6D3E\uFF0C\u5176\u5728\u6B50\u6D32\u7684\u5C0D\u61C9\u6559\u6D3E\u5247\u88AB\u7A31\u70BA\u8F03\u5177\u6DB5\u84CB\u6027\u7684\u6B78\u6B63\u6D3E(Reformed)\u3002\u9577\u8001\u6559\u6703\u4E00\u8A5E\uFF0C\u4EA6\u8868\u793A\u5176\u7BA1\u7406\u65B9\u5F0F\u5982\u540C\u5927\u5B78\uFF0C\u7531\u7A31\u4F5C\u9577\u8001\u6216\u6559\u58EB\u7684\u7267\u5E2B\u53CA\u4FE1\u5F92\u9818\u5C0E\u3002\u56B4\u683C\u4F86\u8AAA\uFF0C\u6240\u6709\u9577\u8001\u6559\u6703\u7686\u70BA\u6B78\u6B63\u6D3E\u6216\u5580\u723E\u6587\u6559\u6D3E\u50B3\u7D71\u7684\u4E00\u90E8\u5206\uFF0C\u4F46\u4E26\u975E\u6240\u6709\u6B78\u6B63\u6559\u6703\u7684\u7BA1\u7406\u65B9\u5F0F\u7686\u5982\u540C\u9577\u8001\u6559\u6703\u4E00\u822C\u3002\" (Getty, 2017)"@zh-hant . "\u00ABLe presbyt\u00E9rianisme est une forme du protestantisme li\u00E9e \u00E0 l'\u00C9cosse.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "primary school"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "printing"@en . . "printer"@en . "printing press manager"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "in printing"@en . "printing and bookselling businesses"@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "prison reform"@en . "r\u00E9forme p\u00E9nitentiaire"@fr . . . "\"Prison reform is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons, establish a more effective penal system, or implement alternatives to incarceration.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "prisoner"@en . "political prisoner"@en . "prisoner of war"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "was imprisoned"@en . . . . . . "pro-American"@en . "pro-am\u00E9ricain"@fr . "A pro-American or \"Americanophile\" stance favours the policies, actions, or culture of the United States of America."@en . "Le proam\u00E9ricanisme ou posture \"am\u00E9ricanophile\" d\u00E9fend la politique, les actions ou la culture des \u00C9tats-Unis d'Am\u00E9rique."@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "pro-Boer War"@en . "pro-guerre des Boers"@fr . . . "pro-Boer"@en . "D\u00E9fenseurs de la premi\u00E8re ou de la seconde guerre des Boers. Voir Premi\u00E8re guerre des Boers \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia et Seconde guerre des Boers \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . "Support of the First or Second Boer War. See First Boer War - Wikipedia; Second Boer War - Wikipedia"@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "pro-Catholicism"@en . "procatholicisme"@fr . . "catholic"@en . "non-compounder"@en . "pro-Catholic"@en . "roman catholic"@en . "Favouring the political re-establishment of Catholicism as a component of the state or the extension of civil rights to Catholics. See Category:Catholicism-related controversies - Wikipedia"@en . "Lutte en faveur de la r\u00E9int\u00E9gration du catholicisme au sein de l'\u00C9tat ou de l'extension des droits civiques des catholiques. Voir Cat\u00E9gorie:Controverse en religion \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Mouvement pro-choix"@fr . "pro-choice"@en . . "\"Abortion-rights movements advocate for legal access to induced abortion services. The issue of induced abortion remains divisive in public life, with recurring arguments to liberalize or to restrict access to legal abortion services. Abortion-rights supporters themselves are frequently divided as to the types of abortion services that should be available and to the circumstances, for example different periods in the pregnancy such as late term abortions, in which access may be restricted.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABquot; Pour l'article homonyme, voir ProChoix. Le mouvement pro-choix (en anglais pro-choice, c'est-\u00E0-dire \u00ABpour le choix\u00BB) d\u00E9signe en Am\u00E9rique du Nord l'ensemble des mouvements qui d\u00E9fendent l'id\u00E9e politique et \u00E9thique que les femmes devraient avoir le contr\u00F4le de leur grossesse et de leur fertilit\u00E9. S'y ajoutent notamment la libert\u00E9 sexuelle, le droit au recours \u00E0 l'avortement l\u00E9gal et encadr\u00E9, et le libre choix de la contraception. On l'oppose dans ce contexte aux mouvements pro-vie, pour lesquels la libert\u00E9 des femmes ne peut pas \u00EAtre utilis\u00E9e comme argument pour contester le droit \u00E0 la vie de l'embryon. Par extension, on utilise pro-choix pour \u00E9voquer tous les mouvements de d\u00E9fense des libert\u00E9s individuelles, telles que la libert\u00E9 de culte et l'euthanasie. Ce terme provient d'une justification des actes en fonction de leurs modalit\u00E9s d'ex\u00E9cution (choisi/impos\u00E9).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "europhile"@fr . "pro-European"@en . . "Europeanist"@en . "D\u00E9fense de l'existence, des lois et de l'influence de l'Union Europ\u00E9enne. Voir Europhilie \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . "Supportive of the existence, policies, or influence of the European Union. See Pro-Europeanism - Wikipedia"@en . . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "pro-esclavagisme"@fr . "pro-slavery"@en . . . "\"Proslavery is an ideology that perceives slavery as a positive good.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "producer"@en . "produced"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "produced and appeared"@en . "producing"@en . . . . . . "professional"@en . "professionelle"@fr . "PROFESSIONAL"@en . "professional class"@en . "professional classes"@en . "Doctors, lawyers, guild members, and those of high calling such as members of the clergy (Church of England) belong to this class. It implies social respect and intellectual requirements. Examples are Ann Hunter, who was married to a surgeon, and Virginia Woolf, daughter of an intellectual. (Brown, 2006)"@en . "Les docteur/res, avocat/es, membres de guilde, et les hautes appellations comme les membres du clerg\u00E9 (\u00C9glise d'Angleterre) appartiennent \u00E0 cette classe. Ces professions sont respect\u00E9es socialement et requi\u00E8rent des qualit\u00E9s intellectuelles. Ann Hunter, mari\u00E9e \u00E0 un chirurgien, et Virginia Woolf, fille d'intellectuel, en sont des exemples."@fr . . "Overlaps with the upper-middle class class."@en . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "professional degree"@en . . "Doctor of Divinity degree"@en . "Doctor of Medicine"@en . "MB medical degree"@en . "MD"@en . "MD degree"@en . "Master Mariner's Certificate"@en . "\"A professional degree, sometimes known as a first professional degree, is a degree that prepares someone to work in a particular profession, often meeting the academic requirements for licensure or accreditation. Professional degrees may be either graduate or undergraduate entry, depending on the profession concerned and the country, and may be classified as bachelor's, master's or doctoral degrees. For a variety of reasons, professional degrees may bear the name of a different level of qualification from their classification on qualifications frameworks, e.g. some UK professional degrees are named bachelor's but are at master's level, while some Australian and Canadian professional degrees have the name \"doctor\" but are classified as master's or bachelor's degrees.\"\n (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "professor"@en . "assistant lecturer"@en . "emeritus professor"@en . "law lecturer"@en . "lecturer"@en . "lecturer in modern languages"@en . "professor of archaeology"@en . "professor of divinity"@en . "professor of english"@en . "professor of english language and literature"@en . "professor of entomology"@en . "professor of fine arts"@en . "professor of pathology"@en . "professor of poetry"@en . "professor of political economy"@en . "professor of psychology"@en . "professor of singing"@en . "university professor"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "an active lecturer"@en . "british council lecturer"@en . "chichele professor of modern history"@en . "lecture"@en . "lucasian professor of mathematics"@en . "professor of poetry at oxford"@en . "regius professor of divinity"@en . "taught at oxford, then at cambridge"@en . "university teacher of english"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "profile"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "profile of"@en . . . . . . "promiscuity"@en . "promiscuit\u00E9"@fr . "promiscuous"@en . "La promiscuit\u00E9 indique l'activit\u00E9 sexuelle avec des partenaires multiples de fa\u00E7on d\u00E9complex\u00E9e et indiff\u00E9renci\u00E9e, en opposition aux pratiques sexuelles socialement accept\u00E9es. La promiscuit\u00E9 est diff\u00E9remment interpr\u00E9t\u00E9e pour les femmes et les hommes dans la plupart des contextes historiques et culturelles, \u00E9tant \u00E9troitement li\u00E9e au contr\u00F4le de la sexualit\u00E9 f\u00E9minine et de la reproduction. Elle inclut le libertinage, une forme de sexualit\u00E9 h\u00E9doniste fr\u00E9quemment attribu\u00E9e \u00E0 ou adopt\u00E9e par des hommes."@fr . "Promiscuity indicates sex with multiple partners in a casual or indiscriminate fashion and in opposition to socially sanctioned sexual behaviour. Promiscuity is differently constructed for women and men in most historical and cultural contexts, being closely connected to the control of female sexuality and reproduction. It includes libertinism, a form of hedonistic sexual politics frequently ascribed to or adopted by men."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "propagandist"@en . "war propagandist"@en . . . ""@en . ""@fr . "to spread pro british propaganda"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "land agent"@en . "estate agent"@en . "estate management"@en . "estate manager"@en . "land steward"@en . "plantation manager"@en . "property agent"@en . "rent collector"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "managing the estates"@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "property law reform"@en . "r\u00E9forme des droits \u00E0 la propri\u00E9t\u00E9"@fr . . "illegitimacy reformer"@en . "land reform"@en . "land reformer"@en . "property reform"@en . "D\u00E9fense des r\u00E9formes l\u00E9gislatives sur les biens fonciers et immobiliers. Voir Droit des biens en France \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . "Support for reform of the laws regarding real or personal property. See Property law - Wikipedia"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "property owner"@en . "hereditary land owner"@en . "landlady"@en . "landlord"@en . "landowner"@en . "plantation owner"@en . "shipbuilding owner"@en . "shipyard owner"@en . "squire"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "emergency landlady"@en . "landlady/proprietor"@en . "owned land of his own"@en . "sugar estate owner"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "prophet"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "prospector"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Protestant rule"@en . "gouvernement protestant"@fr . . "protestant"@en . "protestantism"@en . "D\u00E9fenseur du gouvernement protestant au Royaume-Uni. Voir R\u00E9forme anglaise \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . "Support for protestant rule in the United Kingdom. See English Reformation - Wikipedia"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus."@en . . "Protestantism"@en . "hsin chiao"@zh-latn-wadegile . "protestant"@nl . "protestantisme"@fr . "protestantisme"@nl . "protestantismo"@es . "xin jiao"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-notone . "x\u012Bn ji\u0101o"@zh-latn-pinyin-x-hanyu . "\u6297\u7F85\u5B97"@zh-hant . "\u65B0\u6559"@zh-hant . . "Labadists"@en . "provincial English Protestantism"@en . . "\"De algemene term voor typen christelijk geloof die zijn ontstaan tijdens de Reformatie. Hoewel de vroegste vormen van protestantisme werden beoefend door de volgelingen van Luther, Calvijn en Zwingli, wordt de term tegenwoordig gebruikt voor de meeste overtuigingen die niet rooms-katholiek of orthodox zijn. Protestanten willen dichter bij de geloofsstijl van de vroege kerk staan, die volgens hen in de katholieke praktijk overschaduwd is geraakt. De term is afkomstig van het woord 'protestari', wat niet alleen 'protesteren' betekent, maar ook 'belijden'. Enkele algemene kenmerken van het protestantisme zijn: rechtvaardiging door het geloof alleen, de berusting van alle gezag bij de Bijbel en de leer dat alle gelovigen zelf hun zonden aan God kunnen belijden, waarbij het aanhoren van de biecht niet alleen aan priesters is voorbehouden.\" (Getty, 2017)"@nl . "\"El t\u00E9rmino general para tipos de fe cristiana originadas a partir de la Reforma. Aunque las formas tempranas del protestantismo fueron aquellas que obedec\u00EDan a Lutero, Calvino y Zwinglio, el t\u00E9rmino ahora incluye la mayor\u00EDa de las denominaciones no Romanas o no Ortodoxas. El caracter com\u00FAn de los protestantes incluye la justificaci\u00F3n de la fe por la fe, la autoridad de la sagrada escritura y el sacerdocio de todos los fieles, por el que cada creyente puede oir la confesi\u00F3n de los pecados, no siendo exclusivo del clero. protestantes quieren estar cerca al estilo de fe de la primera Iglesia el cual sienten ha sido opacado en las pr\u00E1cticas cat\u00F3licas. El t\u00E9rmino deriva desde la palabra \"protestari\" que significa no s\u00F3lo protestar sino que reconocer o confesar. Caracter\u00EDstica com\u00FAn.\" (Getty, 2017)"@es . "\"The general term for types of Christian faith originating from the Reformation. Although the early forms of Protestantism were those who followed Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli, the term now includes most non-Roman Catholic or non-Orthodox denominations. Protestants want to be closer to the style of faith of the early Church which they feel has been obscured in Catholic practices. The term derives from the word 'protestari' which means not only to protest but to avow or confess. Common characteristics of Protestantism include the justification by faith alone, the authority of scripture, and the priesthood of all believers, in which not only the clergy are able to hear the confession of sin.\" (Getty, 2017)"@en . "\"\u6CDB\u7A31\u6E90\u81EA\u5B97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5404\u5F0F\u57FA\u7763\u4FE1\u4EF0\u3002\u96D6\u7136\u65E9\u671F\u7684\u65B0\u6559\u5F62\u5F0F\u662F\u6307\u9075\u5FAA\u8DEF\u5FB7(Luther)\u3001\u5580\u723E\u6587(Calvin)\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u8328\u6EAB\u5229(Zwingli)\u7684\u6D3E\u5225\uFF0C\u4F46\u73FE\u5728\u65B0\u6559\u9019\u500B\u8A5E\u5F59\u5305\u542B\u4E86\u5927\u90E8\u5206\u975E\u7F85\u99AC\u5929\u4E3B\u6559\u6216\u975E\u6B63\u6559\u7684\u6D3E\u5225\u3002\u65B0\u6559\u5F92\u5E0C\u671B\u80FD\u66F4\u63A5\u8FD1\u65E9\u671F\u6559\u6703\u4FE1\u4EF0\uFF0C\u8A8D\u70BA\u5929\u4E3B\u6559\u5C07\u4E4B\u8B8A\u5F97\u6666\u6F80\u96E3\u89E3\u3002\u672C\u8A5E\u5F59\u884D\u751F\u81EA\"protestari\"\uFF0C\u4E0D\u50C5\u610F\u6307\u6297\u8B70\uFF0C\u66F4\u8981\u5766\u767D\u6216\u61FA\u6094\u3002\u65B0\u6559\u7684\u5E38\u898B\u7279\u8272\u5305\u62EC\u56E0\u7D14\u4FE1\u800C\u7A31\u7FA9\u3001\u7D93\u5178\u7684\u6B0A\u5A01\u6027\u3001\u4FE1\u5F92\u7686\u7267\u5E2B\uFF0C\u6240\u4EE5\u4E0D\u662F\u53EA\u6709\u7267\u5E2B\u624D\u80FD\u807D\u53D6\u8A8D\u7F6A\u61FA\u6094\u3002\" (Getty, 2017)"@zh-hant . "\u00ABLe protestantisme est l'une des principales branches du christianisme avec le catholicisme et l'orthodoxie. Entendu largement, le protestantisme est l'ensemble des groupements \u00ABissus, directement ou non, de la R\u00E9forme et qui rejettent l'autorit\u00E9 du pape\u00BB. Selon cette perspective, le protestantisme englobe des mouvements vari\u00E9s allant des luth\u00E9riens passant par les \u00E9vang\u00E9liques, jusqu'aux quakers.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Proto-Zionism"@en . . "proto-Zionist"@en . "\"Proto-Zionism (or Forerunner of Zionism; Hebrew: \u05DE\u05B0\u05D1\u05B7\u05E9\u05B0\u05E8\u05B5\u05D9 \u05D4\u05E6\u05D9\u05D5\u05E0\u05D5\u05EA, pronounced: Mevasrei ha-Tzionut) is a term attributed to the ideas of a group of men deeply affected by the idea of modern nationalism spread in Europe in the 19th century as they sought to establish a Jewish homeland in Israel. The central activity of these men was between the years 1860 to 1874, before the Zionist movement established practical (1881) and political Zionism (1896). It is for this reason that they are called precursors of Zionism. But while the 17th century raised the overall idea of \"restoring the Jews to Israel naturally by settlement and political action\" by Jews and non Jews, ideas therein in terms of an ultimate goal were missing. These ideas also did not unite people to action and relied on the national project and the State (the Jewish nation). Therefore, the figures behind these ideas are not considered as Heralds of Zionism. This group of men considered as proto-Zionists includes Rabbi Judah Bibas (1789-1852), Rabbi Judah ben Solomon Hai Alkalai (1798\u20131878), Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer (1795\u20131874), and philosopher Moses Hess (1812\u20131875).\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "public reader"@en . "dramatic readings"@en . "performance reader"@en . "poetry reader"@en . "poetry reading"@en . "poetry readings"@en . "poetry recital"@en . "reader"@en . "reader in public"@en . "reader of poetry"@en . "recitalist"@en . "recitateur"@en . "reciter"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "gave readings"@en . "public reading"@en . "reader aloud"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "public speaker"@en . "orator"@en . "political speaker"@en . "public lecturer"@en . "public speaking"@en . "speaking tour"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "renowned orator"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "publishing"@en . . "assistant in publishing"@en . "journal assistant"@en . "magazine director"@en . "publisher"@en . "publisher's reader"@en . "reader of manuscripts"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "director of time and tide"@en . "member of the editorial advisory committee"@en . "publisher and bookseller"@en . "publisherapos;s reader"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Pendjabis"@fr . "Punjabi"@en . . "\"The Punjabis (Punjabi: \u067E\u0646\u062C\u0627\u0628\u06CC, \u0A2A\u0A70\u0A1C\u0A3E\u0A2C\u0A40, \u092A\u0902\u091C\u093E\u092C\u0940), or Punjabi people, are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group originating from the Punjab region, found in Pakistan and northern India. Punjab literally means the land of five waters (Persian: panj (\"five\") \u0101b (\"waters\"). The name of the region was introduced by the Turko-Persian conquerors of India and more formally popularised during the Mughal Empire. Punjab is often referred to as the breadbasket in both Pakistan and India. The coalescence of the various tribes, castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab into a broader common \"Punjabi\" identity initiated from the onset of the 18th century CE. Prior to that the sense and perception of a common \"Punjabi\" ethno-cultural identity and community did not exist, even though the majority of the various communities of the Punjab had long shared linguistic, cultural and racial commonalities. Traditionally, Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion, and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region, or associate with its population, and those who consider the Punjabi language their mother tongue. Integration and assimilation are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections. More or less all Punjabis share the same cultural background. Historically, the Punjabi people were a heterogeneous group and were subdivided into a number of clans called biradari (literally meaning \"brotherhood\") or tribes, with each person bound to a clan. However, Punjabi identity also included those who did not belong to any of the historical tribes. With the passage of time tribal structures are coming to an end and are being replaced with a more cohesive and holistic society, as community building and group cohesiveness form the new pillars of Punjabi society.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "Les Pendjabis (en pendjabi : \u067E\u0646\u062C\u0627\u0628\u06CC / \u0A2A\u0A70\u0A1C\u0A3E\u0A2C\u0A40) sont un groupe ethnolinguistique associ\u00E9 \u00E0 la r\u00E9gion du Pendjab, parlant le pendjabi, une langue indo-aryenne. Pendjab signifie litt\u00E9ralement \u00AB terre des cinq eaux \u00BB (du persan : panj (\u00AB cinq \u00BB), \u0101b (\u00AB eaux \u00BB)). Cette r\u00E9gion a \u00E9t\u00E9 mentionn\u00E9e chez les Grecs sous le nom de Pentapotamie20, qui fut traduit plus tard en persan par les conqu\u00E9rants turco-persans21 de l'Asie du Sud et qui seront plus connus durant l'Empire moghol. Le Pendjab est souvent qualifi\u00E9 de grenier \u00E0 bl\u00E9 du Pakistan et de l'Inde. La coalescence de diverses tribus, castes et des habitants du Pendjab en une identit\u00E9 pendjabie plus large a commenc\u00E9 au d\u00E9but du xviiie si\u00E8cle. Avant cela, le sentiment et l'id\u00E9e d'une identit\u00E9 et d'une communaut\u00E9 ethnoculturelles pendjabies n'existaient pas, m\u00EAme si une majorit\u00E9 des communaut\u00E9s du Pendjab partageaient depuis longtemps des points communs linguistiques, culturels et ethniques. Traditionnellement, l'identit\u00E9 pendjabie est principalement linguistique, g\u00E9ographique et culturelle. Son identit\u00E9 est ind\u00E9pendante de l'origine historique ou de la r\u00E9gion, et d\u00E9signe ceux qui r\u00E9sident dans la r\u00E9gion du Pendjab, ou se sentent associ\u00E9s avec ses habitants, et ceux qui consid\u00E8rent le pendjabi comme leur langue maternelle. L'int\u00E9gration et l'assimilation sont des \u00E9l\u00E9ments importants de la culture pendjabie, puisque l'identit\u00E9 pendjabie n'est pas bas\u00E9e uniquement sur des liens tribaux. Tous les Pendjabis partagent plus ou moins un m\u00EAme socle culturel.(DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Puritanism"@en . "puritanisme"@fr . . . "\"The Puritans were a group of English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to \"purify\" the Church of England from its \"Catholic\" practices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe mot puritanisme a deux acceptions:\n* l'une ancienne d\u00E9signant un courant religieux du calvinisme qui d\u00E9sirait \u00AB purifier \u00BB l'\u00C9glise d'Angleterre du catholicisme \u00E0 partir de 1559 et en Nouvelle-Angleterre \u00E0 partir de 1630. Selon Alexis de Tocqueville, il s'agit tout autant d'une th\u00E9orie politique que d'une doctrine religieuse.\n* dans l'autre assertion moderne, plus g\u00E9n\u00E9rale, le mot puritanisme d\u00E9signe une pudeur excessive, un refus des plaisirs, antonyme de l'h\u00E9donisme.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Quakerism"@en . "quaker"@fr . . "Friends, Society of"@en . "Society of Friends"@en . . "\"Het Religieus Genootschap der Vrienden, beter bekend als quakers, verouderd Nederlands kwakers, vormt een groep ondogmatische gelovigen, die zijn wortels vindt in de christelijke traditie. Het leven en de overgeleverde uitspraken van Jezus vormen een belangrijke inspiratiebron.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@nl . "\"Quakers (or Friends) are members of a group of religious Christian movements which is known as the Religious Society of Friends in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and parts of North America; and known as the Friends Church in Africa, Asia, South America and parts of the US. The movements were originally, and are still predominantly based on Christianity. Members of the movements profess the priesthood of all believers, a doctrine derived from the First Epistle of Peter. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity. To differing extents, the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends/Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures. In 2007, there were approximately 359,000 adult Quakers.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLa Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 religieuse des Amis est un mouvement religieux fond\u00E9 en Angleterre au XVIIe si\u00E8cle par des dissidents de l'\u00C9glise anglicane. Les membres de ce mouvement sont commun\u00E9ment connus sous le nom de quakers () mais ils se nomment entre eux \u00ABAmis\u00BB et \u00ABAmies\u00BB. Le mouvement est souvent nomm\u00E9 simplement Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 des Amis et le surnom de \u00ABquaker\u00BB appara\u00EEt le plus souvent dans la d\u00E9nomination officielle, sous la forme Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 religieuse des Amis (quakers). Les historiens s'accordent \u00E0 d\u00E9signer George Fox comme le principal fondateur ou le plus important meneur des d\u00E9buts du mouvement. Depuis sa cr\u00E9ation en Angleterre, le mouvement s'est d'abord r\u00E9pandu dans les pays de colonisation anglo-saxonne. Au XXe si\u00E8cle, des missionnaires quakers ont propag\u00E9 leur religion en Am\u00E9rique latine et en Afrique. Aujourd'hui, les quakers d\u00E9clarent \u00EAtre au nombre d'environ 350 000 dans le monde. La Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 des Amis se diff\u00E9rencie de la plupart des autres groupes issus du christianisme par l'absence de credo et de toute structure hi\u00E9rarchique. Pour les quakers, la croyance religieuse appartient \u00E0 la sph\u00E8re personnelle et chacun est libre de ses convictions. Le concept de \u00ABlumi\u00E8re int\u00E9rieure\u00BB (inner light) est cependant partag\u00E9 par la plupart d'entre eux, quelle que soit la signification donn\u00E9e \u00E0 ces mots. De nombreux quakers reconnaissent le christianisme mais ne ressentent pas leur foi comme entrant dans les cat\u00E9gories chr\u00E9tiennes traditionnelles. On trouve aujourd'hui dans la Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 des Amis des pratiques tr\u00E8s diverses, y compris un large courant \u00E9vang\u00E9lique.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Quakerism."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance quaker."@fr . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . . "Quaker"@en . "quaker"@fr . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . . . "\"Het Religieus Genootschap der Vrienden, beter bekend als quakers, verouderd Nederlands kwakers, vormt een groep ondogmatische gelovigen, die zijn wortels vindt in de christelijke traditie. Het leven en de overgeleverde uitspraken van Jezus vormen een belangrijke inspiratiebron.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@nl . "\"Quakers (or Friends) are members of a group of religious Christian movements which is known as the Religious Society of Friends in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and parts of North America; and known as the Friends Church in Africa, Asia, South America and parts of the US. The movements were originally, and are still predominantly based on Christianity. Members of the movements profess the priesthood of all believers, a doctrine derived from the First Epistle of Peter. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity. To differing extents, the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends/Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures. In 2007, there were approximately 359,000 adult Quakers.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLa Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 religieuse des Amis est un mouvement religieux fond\u00E9 en Angleterre au XVIIe si\u00E8cle par des dissidents de l'\u00C9glise anglicane. Les membres de ce mouvement sont commun\u00E9ment connus sous le nom de quakers () mais ils se nomment entre eux \u00ABAmis\u00BB et \u00ABAmies\u00BB. Le mouvement est souvent nomm\u00E9 simplement Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 des Amis et le surnom de \u00ABquaker\u00BB appara\u00EEt le plus souvent dans la d\u00E9nomination officielle, sous la forme Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 religieuse des Amis (quakers). Les historiens s'accordent \u00E0 d\u00E9signer George Fox comme le principal fondateur ou le plus important meneur des d\u00E9buts du mouvement. Depuis sa cr\u00E9ation en Angleterre, le mouvement s'est d'abord r\u00E9pandu dans les pays de colonisation anglo-saxonne. Au XXe si\u00E8cle, des missionnaires quakers ont propag\u00E9 leur religion en Am\u00E9rique latine et en Afrique. Aujourd'hui, les quakers d\u00E9clarent \u00EAtre au nombre d'environ 350 000 dans le monde. La Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 des Amis se diff\u00E9rencie de la plupart des autres groupes issus du christianisme par l'absence de credo et de toute structure hi\u00E9rarchique. Pour les quakers, la croyance religieuse appartient \u00E0 la sph\u00E8re personnelle et chacun est libre de ses convictions. Le concept de \u00ABlumi\u00E8re int\u00E9rieure\u00BB (inner light) est cependant partag\u00E9 par la plupart d'entre eux, quelle que soit la signification donn\u00E9e \u00E0 ces mots. De nombreux quakers reconnaissent le christianisme mais ne ressentent pas leur foi comme entrant dans les cat\u00E9gories chr\u00E9tiennes traditionnelles. On trouve aujourd'hui dans la Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 des Amis des pratiques tr\u00E8s diverses, y compris un large courant \u00E9vang\u00E9lique.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "queer identity"@en . ""@fr . "A subclass of textual label, this discursive label reflects the ambiguity of queerness associated with different cultural forms. It provides a means of aggregating and searching multiple instances of \"Queer\" (e.g. genderqueer) cultural identities."@en . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "quotation"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "quoted by"@en . . . . . . . . . "quotes"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates when an author or a text lifts words or phrases directly from another's writing."@en . . . . . . "est de race our couleur"@fr . "race or colour identity"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "race or colour identity of"@en . . . . . . . . "race or colour identity (reported)"@en . "race ou couleur (d\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "race or colour identity (reported) of"@en . . . . . . . . "race or colour identity (self-reported)"@en . "race ou couleur (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "race or colour identity (self-reported) of"@en . . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "racial equality"@en . "\u00E9quit\u00E9 raciale"@fr . . "activist for racial equality"@en . "race equality"@en . "racial equality activist"@en . "racial integration"@en . "racial integrationist"@en . "\"Racial equality is an equal regard to all races. It can refer to a belief in biological equality of all human races, and it can also refer to social equality for people of different races. Racial equality is a stated goal of most current political movements. The divergence of any particular society from a state of racial equality is often contested by members of that society of different races. In today's society, there is more diversity and more integration among races. However, attaining equality has been difficult for African Americans, Asians, and Latinos, especially in schools.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Racisme"@fr . "racism"@en . . "racist"@en . "\"Racism is a product of the complex interaction in a given society of a race-based worldview with prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. Racism can be present in social actions, practices, or political systems (e.g., apartheid) that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices. The ideology underlying racist practices often includes the idea that humans can be subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as inferior or superior. Racist ideology can become manifest in many aspects of social life. Associated social actions may include xenophobia, otherness, segregation, hierarchical ranking, supremacism, and related social phenomena. While race and ethnicity are considered to be separate in contemporary social science, the two terms have a long history of equivalence in popular usage and older social science literature. \"Ethnicity\" is often used in a sense close to one traditionally attributed to \"race\": the division of human groups based on qualities assumed to be essential or innate to the group (e.g. shared ancestry or shared behavior). Racism and racial discrimination are often used to describe discrimination on an ethnic or cultural basis, independent of whether these differences are described as racial. According to a United Nations convention, there is no distinction between the terms \"racial\" and \"ethnic\" discrimination. The UN convention further concludes that superiority based on racial differentiation is scientifically false, morally condemnable, socially unjust and dangerous, and there is no justification for racial discrimination, anywhere, in theory or in practice. Today, the use of the term \"racism\" does not easily fall under a single definition. It is usually found in, but usage is not limited to, law, the social and behavioral sciences, humanities, and popular culture.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe racisme est une id\u00E9ologie qui, partant du postulat de l'existence de races au sein de l'esp\u00E8ce humaine, consid\u00E8re que certaines cat\u00E9gories de personnes sont intrins\u00E8quement sup\u00E9rieures \u00E0 d'autres. Cette id\u00E9ologie peut entra\u00EEner une attitude d'hostilit\u00E9 ou de sympathie syst\u00E9matique \u00E0 l'\u00E9gard d'une cat\u00E9gorie d\u00E9termin\u00E9e de personnes. Cette hostilit\u00E9 envers une autre appartenance culturelle et ethnique se traduit par des formes de x\u00E9nophobie ou d'ethnocentrisme. Certaines formes d'expression du racisme, comme les injures racistes, la diffamation raciale, la discrimination, sont consid\u00E9r\u00E9es comme des d\u00E9lits dans un certain nombre de pays. Les id\u00E9ologies racistes ont servi de fondement \u00E0 des doctrines politiques conduisant \u00E0 pratiquer des discriminations raciales, des s\u00E9gr\u00E9gations ethniques et \u00E0 commettre des injustices et des violences, allant jusqu'au g\u00E9nocide. Le Petit Larousse d\u00E9finit aussi le racisme comme \u00ABune attitude d'hostilit\u00E9 r\u00E9p\u00E9t\u00E9e voire syst\u00E9matique \u00E0 l'\u00E9gard d'une cat\u00E9gorie d\u00E9termin\u00E9e de personnes\u00BB.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "radicalism"@en . "radicalisme"@fr . . "political radical"@en . "radical"@en . "radical dissident"@en . "working class radical"@en . . "\"The term political radicalism (or simply, in political science, radicalism) denotes political principles focused on altering social structures through revolutionary means and changing value systems in fundamental ways. Derived from the Latin radix (root), the denotation of radical has changed since its eighteenth-century coinage to comprehend the entire political spectrum\u2014yet retains the \"change at the root\" connotation fundamental to revolutionary societal change. Historically, radicalism has referred exclusively to the radical left (under the single category of far-left politics) and rarely incorporating far-right politics, though these may have revolutionary elements; the prominent exception is in the United States where some consider radicalism to include both political extremes of the radical left and the radical right. In traditional labels of the spectrum of political thought, the opposite of radical on the \"right\" of the political spectrum is termed reactionary. The nineteenth-century Cyclopaedia of Political Science (1881, 1889) reports that \"radicalism is characterized less by its principles than by the manner of their application\". Conservatives often used the term radical pejoratively, whereas contemporary left radicals used the term conservative derogatorily; thus contemporary denotations of radical, radicalism, and political radicalism comprehend far left (hard left, radical left), and far right (hard right, radical right). The Encyclop\u00E6dia Britannica records the first political usage of radical as ascribed to the British Whig Party parliamentarian Charles James Fox, who, in 1797, proposed a \"radical reform\" of the electoral system, franchise to provide universal manhood suffrage, thereby, idiomatically establishing radical to denote supporters of the reformation of the British Parliament. Throughout the nineteenth century, the term was combined with political notions and doctrines, thus working class radicalism, middle class-, philosophic-, democratic- bourgeois-, Tory-, and plebeian radicalism. In the event, politically influential radical leaders give rise to their own trend of political radicalism, e.g. Spencean radicalism and Carlilean radicalism. Philosophically, the French political scientist Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712\u201378), is the principal theoretician proposing political radicalism as feasible in republican political philosophy, viz the French Revolution (1789\u201399), and other modern revolutions\u2014the antithesis to the liberalism of John Locke.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "radio industry"@en . "educational radio producer"@en . "educational radio programmer"@en . "radio announcer"@en . "radio broadcaster"@en . "radio performer"@en . "radio producer"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "recorded programmes assistant"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "radio operator"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "railway work"@en . "railway clerk"@en . "railway guard"@en . "railway promoter"@en . "railway worker"@en . "station master"@en . "stationmaster"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "worked for the nigerian railway"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "range includes"@en . . ""@fr . "Specifies a particular class type that is acceptable to use for a relation's range."@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Dissenting Christianity."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance Dissidence anglaise."@fr . . ""@fr . "Rational Dissenter"@en . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . . ""@fr . "\"An 18th-century, group much closer to the Anglicanism of their day than other Dissenting sects; however, they believed that state religions impinged on the freedom of conscience. They were fiercely opposed to the hierarchical structure of the Established Church and the financial ties between it and the government.\"(DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Rationalisme"@fr . "rationalism"@en . . "rationalist"@en . "\"In epistemology, rationalism is the view that \"regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge\" or \"any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification\". More formally, rationalism is defined as a methodology or a theory \"in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive\". In an old controversy, rationalism was opposed to empiricism, where the rationalists believed that reality has an intrinsically logical structure. Because of this, the rationalists argued that certain truths exist and that the intellect can directly grasp these truths. That is to say, rationalists asserted that certain rational principles exist in logic, mathematics, ethics, and metaphysics that are so fundamentally true that denying them causes one to fall into contradiction. The rationalists had such a high confidence in reason that empirical proof and physical evidence were regarded as unnecessary to ascertain certain truths \u2013 in other words, \"there are significant ways in which our concepts and knowledge are gained independently of sense experience\". Different degrees of emphasis on this method or theory lead to a range of rationalist standpoints, from the moderate position \"that reason has precedence over other ways of acquiring knowledge\" to the more extreme position that reason is \"the unique path to knowledge\". Given a pre-modern understanding of reason, rationalism is identical to philosophy, the Socratic life of inquiry, or the zetetic (skeptical) clear interpretation of authority (open to the underlying or essential cause of things as they appear to our sense of certainty). In recent decades, Leo Strauss sought to revive \"Classical Political Rationalism\" as a discipline that understands the task of reasoning, not as foundational, but as maieutic. In politics, Rationalism, since the Enlightenment, historically emphasised a \"politics of reason\" centered upon rational choice, utilitarianism, secularism, and irreligion \u2013 the latter aspect's antitheism later ameliorated by utilitarian adoption of pluralistic rationalist methods practicable regardless of religious or irreligious ideology. In this regard, the philosopher John Cottingham noted how rationalism, a methodology, became socially conflated with atheism, a worldview: In the past, particularly in the 17th and 18th centuries, the term 'rationalist' was often used to refer to free thinkers of an anti-clerical and anti-religious outlook, and for a time the word acquired a distinctly pejorative force (thus in 1670 Sanderson spoke disparagingly of \"a mere rationalist, that is to say in plain English an atheist of the late edition...\"). The use of the label \"rationalist\" to characterize a world outlook which has no place for the supernatural is becoming less popular today; terms like \"humanist\" or \"materialist\" seem largely to have taken its place. But the old usage still survives.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe rationalisme est la doctrine qui pose la raison discursive comme seule source possible de toute connaissance r\u00E9elle. Autrement dit, le r\u00E9el ne serait connaissable qu'en vertu d'une explication par la raison d\u00E9terminante, suffisante et n\u00E9cessaire. Ainsi, le rationalisme s'entend de toute doctrine qui attribue \u00E0 la seule raison humaine la capacit\u00E9 de conna\u00EEtre et d'\u00E9tablir la v\u00E9rit\u00E9. Dans son acception classique, il s'agit de postuler que le raisonnement consiste \u00E0 d\u00E9terminer que certains effets r\u00E9sultent de certaines causes, uniquement \u00E0 partir de principes logiques ; \u00E0 la mani\u00E8re dont les th\u00E9or\u00E8mes math\u00E9matiques r\u00E9sultent des hypoth\u00E8ses admises au d\u00E9part. De plus, et en particulier, les principes logiques eux-m\u00EAmes utilis\u00E9s dans le raisonnement ont \u00E9t\u00E9 connus par d\u00E9duction.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "reading"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "poetry lover"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "rebel"@en . "freedom fighter"@en . "revolutionary"@en . "saboteur"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "reformist or revolutionary"@en . . . . . . . . "reception relationship"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "red cross"@en . "red cross aide"@en . "red cross representative"@en . "red cross worker"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "reformer"@en . "agricultural reformer"@en . "army reformer"@en . "divorce law reformer"@en . "educational reformer"@en . "health care reformer"@en . "housing reformer"@en . "land improver"@en . "language reformer"@en . "law reformer"@en . "liturgical reformer"@en . "medical reformer"@en . "penal reformer"@en . "political reformer"@en . "prison reformer"@en . "publishing reformer"@en . "religious reformer"@en . "sanitary reformer"@en . "sex reformer"@en . "social reformer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "refugee"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "refugee work"@en . "refugee worker"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "regional government"@en . "county councillor"@en . "deputy lord lieutenant"@en . "deputy recorder of northamptonshire"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "assistant secretary for education in northamptonshire"@en . "deputy lieutenant of dunbartonshire"@en . "director general of the tapu land registry"@en . "governor of massachusetts"@en . "high sheriff for county antrim"@en . "lord president of the council of the marches of wales"@en . "magistrate for the county of middlesex"@en . "secretary for education in oxfordshire"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "reincarnation"@en . "r\u00E9incarnation"@fr . . "believer in reincarnation"@en . "reincarnationist"@en . . "\"Reincarnation is the philosophical or religious concept that an aspect of a living being starts a new life in a different physical body or form after each biological death. It is also called rebirth or transmigration, and is a part of the Sa\u1E43s\u0101ra doctrine of cyclic existence. It is a central tenet of all major Indian religions, namely Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism. The idea of reincarnation is found in many ancient cultures, and a belief in rebirth was held by such historic figures as Pythagoras, Plato, and Socrates. It is also a common belief of various ancient and modern religions such as Spiritism, Theosophy, and Eckankar and is found as well in many tribal societies around the world, in places such as Australia, East Asia, Siberia, and South America. Although the majority of sects within the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam do not believe that individuals reincarnate, particular groups within these religions do refer to reincarnation; these groups include the mainstream historical and contemporary followers of Kabbalah, the Cathars, Alawites, the Druze, and the Rosicrucians. The historical relations between these sects and the beliefs about reincarnation that were characteristic of Neoplatonism, Orphism, Hermeticism, Manicheanism, and Gnosticism of the Roman era as well as the Indian religions have been the subject of recent scholarly research. In recent decades, many Europeans and North Americans have developed an interest in reincarnation. Contemporary films, books, and popular songs frequently mention reincarnation.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLa r\u00E9incarnation (retour dans la chair) d\u00E9signe un processus de survivance apr\u00E8s la mort par lequel un certain principe immat\u00E9riel et individuel (\u00AB \u00E2me \u00BB, \u00AB substance vitale \u00BB, \u00AB conscience individuelle \u00BB, \u00AB \u00E9nergie \u00BB, voire \u00AB esprit \u00BB) accomplirait des passages de vies successives dans diff\u00E9rents corps (humains, animaux ou v\u00E9g\u00E9taux, selon les th\u00E9ories). \u00C0 la mort du corps physique, l'\u00AB \u00E2me \u00BB quitte ce dernier pour habiter, apr\u00E8s une nouvelle naissance, un autre corps. Elle a \u00E9t\u00E9 assimil\u00E9e \u00E0 travers la litt\u00E9rature \u00E0 la transmigration des \u00E2mes, aux concepts de m\u00E9tempsycose, de m\u00E9tensomatose, de paling\u00E9n\u00E9sie ainsi qu'\u00E0 l'\u00C9ternel retour. On la retrouve dans diverses religions et philosophies depuis l'antiquit\u00E9, sans qu'elle ne rencontre, dans aucune d'elles, une unanimit\u00E9 th\u00E9ologique ou dogmatique. D\u00E8s la fin du XIXe si\u00E8cle, la r\u00E9incarnation a \u00E9t\u00E9 popularis\u00E9e en Occident par divers courants \u00E9sot\u00E9riques et spirites. Le psychiatre canadien Ian Stevenson est \u00AB internationalement connu \u00BB pour avoir tent\u00E9 de prouver scientifiquement la r\u00E9incarnation, bien que les r\u00E9sultats de ses recherches soient contest\u00E9s.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . "relates by birth to"@en . . ""@fr . "A connection between persons and other persons or entities related to birth."@en . . . . . . . . . . . "relates by cultural form to"@en . . ""@en . . . . . . . . . . . "relates by death to"@en . . ""@fr . "A connection between persons and other persons or entities related to death."@en . . . . . . . . . . . "relates by education to"@en . . ""@fr . "A connection between persons and other persons or entities related to education."@en . . . . . . . . . . . "relates by leisure to"@en . . "Any relationship between persons and another type of entity such as another person, or an organization, place, or text, often in the context of cultural and social activities, including hobbies and sports."@en . . . . . . . . . . . "relates by occupation to"@en . . "A connection between persons and other persons or entities related to occupation or employment."@en . . . . . . . . . . . "relates by politics to"@en . . ""@fr . "A connection between persons and other persons or entities related to politics."@en . . . . . "relates by response to"@en . . . ""@fr . "The subject, whether a Person or a Creative Work, responds to a textual object, which can take the form of a creative work, a writer's oeuvre in general, or, when the object is a Person, a writer's role as an author/artist. Reactions can take the form of texts, such as reviews or diary entries, or events such as conversations."@en . . . . . . . . . . . "relates economically to"@en . . ""@fr . "Any relationship between persons and other persons or entities related to information about economic standing, such as income, inheritance, property, or poverty."@en . . . . . . . . . . "relates socially to"@en . . ""@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance has spatial relation to."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance ."@fr . . ""@fr . "relates spatially to"@en . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@fr . "Indicates an entity's connection to a geospatial location."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "relative"@en . . . . . . . "liens de famille"@fr . "relative of"@en . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "relief work"@en . "famine relief"@en . "jewish relief work"@en . "relief worker"@en . "war relief"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "co organizer of relief efforts"@en . "found the women's defence relief corps"@en . "founded a society for the relief of indigent old age"@en . "international relief worker"@en . "organized war relief"@en . "receive evacuees"@en . "war relief aid"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "religious affiliation"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "religious affiliation of"@en . . . . . . . . "religion (d\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "religious affiliation (reported)"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "religious affiliation (reported) of"@en . . . . . . . . "religion (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . "religious affiliation (self-reported)"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "religious affiliation (self-reported) of"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "religious"@en . "anchoress"@en . "church elder"@en . "church worker"@en . "evangelical leader"@en . "garrison chaplain"@en . "lay sister"@en . "member of religious order"@en . "methodist convert"@en . "methodist lay preacher"@en . "monk"@en . "permanent curate"@en . "pilgrim"@en . "prayer"@en . "prayer leader"@en . "precentor"@en . "principal clerk of session"@en . "religious administrator"@en . "religious leader"@en . "religious manager"@en . "religious observance"@en . "religious organizer"@en . "religious publicist"@en . "religious revivalist"@en . "royal chaplain"@en . "spiritual counsellor"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "chancellor and prebendary of hereford cathedral"@en . "lay leader, or parnas"@en . "preaching and religious organising activities"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "religiousOfficial"@en . "anglican bishop"@en . "anglican clergyman"@en . "anglican priest"@en . "archbishop"@en . "archbishop of canterbury"@en . "archdeacon"@en . "assistant minister of religion"@en . "bishop"@en . "canon"@en . "cardinal"@en . "chaplain"@en . "chief rabbi"@en . "clergyman"@en . "clergymen"@en . "clergyperson"@en . "curate"@en . "deacon"@en . "dissenting minister"@en . "episcopalian preacher"@en . "jesuit priest"@en . "minister"@en . "minister of religion"@en . "official (of religion)"@en . "preacher"@en . "prebendary"@en . "presbyterian minister"@en . "priest"@en . "private almoner"@en . "quaker minister"@en . "rector"@en . "reverend"@en . "synagogue official"@en . "vicar"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "archbishop of armagh and primate of all ireland"@en . "chaplain of the lock hospital"@en . "dean of wells"@en . "english bishop of natal"@en . "ministers"@en . "prebendary (a kind of canon or church official)"@en . "rev."@en . "trained for the priesthood"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "religious studies"@en . "biblical scholar"@en . "hindu scholar"@en . "theologian"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "moved to"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates that a person moved to this place."@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "relocation"@en . . . . ""@fr . "represented by"@en . . . ""@fr . "Relates ambiguous or overloaded terms, classed as textual label to two or more particularly contested and related concepts. Often used for cultural form; for instance ISO 3166-2:GB-ENG and English are both represented by English identity."@en . . . . ""@fr . "represents"@en . ""@fr . "Relates a concept to ambiguous or overloaded terms, classed as textual label, that designate multivalent and frequently contested concepts. For instance, English identity is a textual label that represents both ISO 3166-2:GB-ENG and English."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "reproductive history"@en . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "R\u00E9publicanisme"@fr . "republicanism"@en . . "\"Republicanism is an ideology of being a citizen in a state as a republic under which the people hold popular sovereignty. Many countries are \"republics\" in the sense that they are not monarchies. However, this article covers only the ideology of republicanism. The word, \"republic\", derives from the Latin, res publica, which referred to the system of government that emerged in the 6th century BCE following the expulsion of the kings from Rome by Lucius Junius Brutus and Collatinus. This form of government collapsed in the latter part of the 1st century BCE, giving way to what was a monarchy in form, if not in name. Republics revived subsequently, with, for example, Renaissance Florence or early modern Britain. The concept of a republic became a powerful force in Britain's North American colonies where it led to the American Revolution. In Europe it gained enormous influence through the French Revolution.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe r\u00E9publicanisme est une id\u00E9ologie politique selon laquelle l'objectif d'un \u00C9tat et le sens de son existence, comme de ses d\u00E9cisions, doivent \u00EAtre le bien commun (en latin, res publica : \u00ABla chose publique\u00BB). Selon le r\u00E9publicanisme, les d\u00E9tenteurs du pouvoir doivent \u00EAtre nomm\u00E9s par d'autres moyens que l'h\u00E9r\u00E9dit\u00E9, c'est-\u00E0-dire \u00EAtre \u00E9lus par le peuple ou par une partie de celui-ci. La notion de souverainet\u00E9 populaire d\u00E9coule donc en partie de cette id\u00E9ologie, mais elle ne lui est pas n\u00E9cessairement attach\u00E9e. La notion de \u00ABr\u00E9publique\u00BB remonte \u00E0 l'Antiquit\u00E9 grecque et romaine, et l'id\u00E9ologie r\u00E9publicaine moderne a pris des formes l\u00E9g\u00E8rement diff\u00E9rentes selon qu'elle a \u00E9t\u00E9 d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e aux \u00C9tats-Unis, en France ou en Irlande. \u00C0 l'\u00E9poque moderne, le r\u00E9publicanisme s'oppose \u00E0 d'autres id\u00E9ologies politiques telles que le monarchisme, l'autoritarisme ou le despotisme. Dans les d\u00E9bats contemporains, c'est principalement au lib\u00E9ralisme politique qu'il s'oppose.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "rescue work"@en . "life saving"@en . "mountain rescue"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "mountain rescue leader"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "researcher"@en . "research"@en . "research assistant"@en . "scholarship"@en . "social researcher"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "responds to"@en . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "response"@en . . . . . . . . . "response relationship"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "retail"@en . "bookseller"@en . "bookshop assistant"@en . "bookshop manager"@en . "bookshop worker"@en . "bookstore clerk"@en . "cashier"@en . "department store clerk"@en . "greengrocer"@en . "market seller"@en . "newsagent"@en . "retail selling"@en . "retail worker"@en . "shop assistant"@en . "shop manager"@en . "shop work"@en . "shopkeeper"@en . "shopkeeper/entrepeneur"@en . "storekeeper"@en . "working in a bookshop"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "bookshop partner"@en . "manager of bookshop"@en . "print seller"@en . "tobacconist"@en . "worked with him at running a children's bookshop"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "reviewer"@en . "book reviewer"@en . "film reviewer"@en . "wrote reviews"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "reviewed books"@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "revolutionary"@en . "r\u00E9volutionnaire"@fr . . "pro-revolutionary"@en . "\"A revolutionary is a person who either actively participates in, or advocates revolution. Also, when used as an adjective, the term revolutionary refers to something that has a major, sudden impact on society or on some aspect of human endeavor.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "riding"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "rode side saddle"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Romani"@en . "rom"@fr . . "Roma"@en . "gipsy"@en . "gypsies"@en . "gypsy"@en . "\"The Romani (also spelled Romany; /\u02C8ro\u028Am\u0259ni/, /\u02C8r\u0252-/), or Roma, are a traditionally nomadic ethnic group, living mostly in Europe and the Americas and originating from the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, presumably from where the states Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab exist today. The Romani are widely known among English-speaking people by the exonym \"Gypsies\" (or \"Gipsies\"), which some people consider pejorative due to its connotations of illegality and irregularity.\"(DBpedia, 2017)\n "@en . "\u00ABLes Roms (parfois \u00E9crit Rroms, \u00E9galement d\u00E9sign\u00E9s en fran\u00E7ais sous les noms de Tziganes, Gitans, Boh\u00E9miens, Manouches ou Romanichels selon les pays d'o\u00F9 ils sont suppos\u00E9s venir notamment, par les appellations d'origine scientifique Kal\u00E9s ou Sintis, ou encore gens du voyage par confusion ou vision fantasm\u00E9e, l'immense majorit\u00E9 \u00E9tant s\u00E9dentaire) forment un ensemble de populations \u00E9tablies dans divers pays du monde et se consid\u00E9rant comme formant un seul peuple, en raison de leur origine et de leur culture communes. Originaires de la p\u00E9ninsule indienne, avec des langues initiales qu'on croit originaires du nord-ouest du sous-continent indien, ce peuple, constitu\u00E9 de minorit\u00E9s vivant entre l'Inde et l'Atlantique, puis sur le continent am\u00E9ricain, est connu par diverses d\u00E9nominations exonymes locales. Rom se propose comme une appellation endonyme unique, signifiant \u00ABhomme accompli et mari\u00E9 au sein de la communaut\u00E9\u00BB en langue romani.\n Pr\u00E9sentes en Europe d\u00E8s le xie si\u00E8cle, les populations roms de tous les pays formeraient ensemble, au xxie si\u00E8cle, selon une \u00E9tude faite en 1994 pour le conseil de l'Europe, la minorit\u00E9 'la plus importante en termes num\u00E9riques.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Rose-Croix"@fr . "Rosicrucianism"@en . . "Rosicrucian"@en . . "\"Rosicrucianism can refer to one of several things: * As a cultural movement, also referred to by historian Dame Frances Yates as the Rosicrucian Enlightenment, it arose in Europe in the early 17th century after the publication of the Rosicrucian Manifestos, which purported to announce the existence of a hitherto unknown esoteric order to the world and made seeking its knowledge attractive to many. * As the mysterious doctrine of the aforementioned order, it is allegedly \"built on esoteric truths of the ancient past\", which \"concealed from the average man, provide insight into nature, the physical universe and the spiritual realm.\" The Manifestos do not elaborate extensively on the matter but clearly combine references to the Kabbalah, Hermeticism and the imagery of Christianity. The Rosicrucian Manifestos heralded a \"Universal Reformation of Mankind\", through a science allegedly kept secret for decades until the intellectual climate might receive it. Controversies have arisen on whether they were a hoax, whether the \"order of the Rosy Cross\" existed as described in the Manifestos, or whether the whole thing was a metaphor disguising a movement that really existed, but in a different form. In 1616, Johann Valentin Andreae famously designated it as a \"ludibrium\". By promising a spiritual transformation at a time of great turmoil, the Manifestos tempted many figures to seek esoteric knowledge. Seventeenth-century occult philosophers such as Michael Maier, Robert Fludd and Thomas Vaughan interested themselves in the Rosicrucian world view. According to historian David Stevenson, it was influential to Freemasonry as it was emerging in Scotland. In later centuries, many esoteric societies have claimed to derive from the original Rosicrucians. Rosicrucianism is symbolized by the Rosy Cross or Rose Cross.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLa Rose-Croix est un ordre herm\u00E9tiste chr\u00E9tien l\u00E9gendaire dont les premi\u00E8res mentions remontent au d\u00E9but du XVIIe si\u00E8cle en Allemagne. L'existence de l'ordre, et celle de son fondateur Christian Rosenkreutz, sont sujettes \u00E0 controverse. Quoi qu'il en soit, \u00E0 partir du XVIIIe si\u00E8cle et jusqu'\u00E0 aujourd'hui, de nombreux mouvements se sont r\u00E9clam\u00E9s de l'ordre de la Rose-Croix, ou se sont r\u00E9f\u00E9r\u00E9s \u00E0 la \u00AB tradition rosicrucienne \u00BB ou \u00E0 l'\u00AB h\u00E9ritage de Christian Rosenkreutz \u00BB. Leurs membres sont appel\u00E9s \u00AB les rosicruciens \u00BB. Le terme \u00AB Rose-Croix \u00BB d\u00E9signe, dans leur langage, un \u00E9tat de perfection spirituelle et morale. Comme arch\u00E9type de soci\u00E9t\u00E9 secr\u00E8te, imm\u00E9moriale et toute-puissante, les rose-croix apparaissent dans la litt\u00E9rature \u00AB \u00E9sot\u00E9risante \u00BB, souvent comme successeurs des chevaliers du Graal et des Templiers. \u00C0 la fin des ann\u00E9es 1990, une campagne de lutte contre les sectes en France conduit les commissions parlementaires \u00E0 citer dans leurs rapports les mouvements rosicruciens et apparent\u00E9s. La pertinence de ce classement a cependant \u00E9t\u00E9 remise en cause par diff\u00E9rents acteurs de la lutte contre les d\u00E9rives sectaires. La liste de sectes \u00E9mise est rendue caduque par une circulaire minist\u00E9rielle et certains mouvements sont compl\u00E8tement r\u00E9habilit\u00E9s.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . "ouvri\u00E8re agricole"@fr . "rural unskilled"@en . "RURAL-UNSKILLED"@en . "Cette classe renvoie aux travailleurs/euses agricoles, g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement des hommes, et concerne des p\u00E9riodes historiques plus recul\u00E9es. Elle inclut aussi les fermiers/\u00E8res migrants/es."@fr . "This class generally indicates farm laborers, mostly male and in earlier periods, and includes migrant farm workers. (Brown, 2006)"@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Sabbatarianism"@en . "Sabbatarianisme"@fr . . "\"Sabbatarianism is a movement within Protestantism whose proponents advocate that certain observances, specifically enumerated in a code of behavior or law, are required for Christians to properly observe the Sabbath or Sabbath principles. Its historical origins lie in Puritan Sabbatarianism, which delineated precepts for keeping Sunday holy in observance of Sabbath commandment principles. This observance of Sunday is the purest form of first-day Sabbatarianism, a movement which diminished and largely disappeared in the 18th century, though traces and influences remain today. Today, seventh-day Sabbatarianism is the most prominent type, a movement that generally embraces a literal reading of the Sabbath commandment that provides for both worship and rest on the seventh day of the week. Seventh-day Baptists leave most other Sabbath considerations of observance to individual conscience. The Seventh-day Adventist Church and Church of God (Seventh Day) have similar views, but maintain the original, scriptural duration as Friday sunset through Saturday sunset. Non-Sabbatarianism is the view opposing all Sabbatarianism, declaring Christians to be free of mandates to follow such specific observances. It upholds the principle in Christian church doctrine that the church is not bound by such law or code, but is free to set in place and time such observances as uphold Sabbath principles according to its doctrine: to establish a day of rest, or not, and to establish a day of worship, or not, whether on Saturday or on Sunday or on some other day. It includes all Catholics and Orthodox, and most Protestant denominations.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "sailor"@en . "competitive sailor"@en . "deckhand"@en . "ferryman"@en . "midshipman"@en . "purser"@en . "sailing"@en . "seaman"@en . "ship's carpenter"@en . "ship's officer"@en . "ship's purser"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "saint"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "salesperson"@en . "costermonger"@en . "door to door salesperson"@en . "newsagent"@en . "paper salesman"@en . "pedlar"@en . "piano salesman"@en . "real estate agent"@en . "real estate salesman"@en . "sales director"@en . "sales manager"@en . "sales staff"@en . "salesgirl"@en . "salesman"@en . "saleswoman"@en . "stationer"@en . "street seller"@en . "ticket seller"@en . "wine seller"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "door to door salesman"@en . "fairground salesman"@en . "newspaper dealer"@en . "newspaper deliverer"@en . "sausage seller"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "salter"@en . "salt-worker"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "mouvement pour l'assainissement"@fr . "sanitary movement"@en . . "Promotion of sanitary practices and conditions, often directed at the poor or the reform of urban sanitation, through charitable or political activities. See Sanitation - Wikipedia "@en . "Sensibilisation sur les conditions et pratiques sanitaires, g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement pour les plus pauvres, ou r\u00E9forme de l'hygi\u00E8ne publiques \u00E0 travers \u00E0 travers des oeuvres de charit\u00E9 ou d'action politique. Voir Assainissement \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia."@fr . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "satire"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "satirized by"@en . . . . . . . . . "satirizes"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates a satiric mode of intertextuality. See genre:satire"@en . . . . . "Saxon"@en . "Saxon"@fr . . "Indicates a subject's identification with or labelling as Saxon as a national identity. See Saxons - Wikipedia."@en . "Indique qu'un sujet s'identifie \u00E0 ou s'est vu assigner une identit\u00E9 nationale saxonne. Voir Saxons \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia."@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "school attended"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "scientist"@en . "amateur scientist"@en . "lab demonstrator"@en . "laboratory assistant"@en . "laboratory worker"@en . "natural scientist"@en . "scientific assistant"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "amateur scientist, botanist"@en . "astronomical assistant"@en . "lab assistant"@en . "scientific interests"@en . "scientist, particularly well known for his work in genetics"@en . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Scottish"@en . "\u00C9cossais"@fr . . "highland"@en . . "\"The Scottish people (Scots: Scots Fowk, Scottish Gaelic: Albannaich), or Scots, are a nation and socially defined ethnic group resident in Scotland. Historically, they emerged from an amalgamation of two groups\u2014the Picts and Gaels\u2014who founded the Kingdom of Scotland (or Alba) in the 9th century, and thought to have been ethnolinguistically Celts. Later, the neighbouring Cumbrian Britons, who also spoke a Celtic language, as well as Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons and Norse, were incorporated into the Scottish nation.\" (DBpedia, 2018)\n "@en . "Les \u00C9cossais correspondent au peuple et \u00E0 la nation qui occupent l'\u00C9cosse. Ils sont les descendants des anciens Pictes, Ga\u00EBls, avec des apports de Bretons insulaires, d'Angles, de Saxons et de Normands (Vikings norrois, danois et plus tard les Normands de France).(DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Nationalisme \u00E9cossais"@fr . "Scottish nationalism"@en . . "scots nationalist"@en . "scottish nationalist"@en . . "\"Scottish nationalism promotes the idea that the Scottish people form a cohesive nation and national identity and is closely linked to the cause of Scottish home rule and Scottish independence: the ideology of the Scottish National Party (the party forming the Scottish Government). It is often described as a form of civic nationalism rather than ethnic nationalism. The Acts of Union merged the independent kingdoms of Scotland and England into Great Britain in 1707, but a separate legal system and distinct Scottish institutions continued to exist. Linguistic independence was an important part of the twentieth century Scottish Renaissance, associated with the nationalist impetus provided by Hugh MacDiarmid.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe nationalisme \u00E9cossais moderne na\u00EEt dans l'entre-deux-guerres, m\u00EAme si des \u00E9l\u00E9ments nationalistes sont depuis plusieurs si\u00E8cles au c\u0153ur de l'identit\u00E9 \u00E9cossaise. L'article examine le contexte historique et politique qui a vu l'\u00E9closion d'un nationalisme politique en \u00C9cosse, depuis la cr\u00E9ation du SNP (Scottish National Party) en 1934 jusqu'\u00E0 la mise en place d'un r\u00E9gime de d\u00E9volution \u00E0 l'\u00C9cosse \u00E0 partir de 1999.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . ""@fr . "Scottish"@en . . "Scotch"@en . "Scots"@en . ""@fr . "\n \"The Scottish people (Scots: Scots Fowk, Scottish Gaelic: Albannaich), or Scots, are a nation and socially defined ethnic group resident in Scotland. Historically, they emerged from an amalgamation of two groups\u2014the Picts and Gaels\u2014who founded the Kingdom of Scotland (or Alba) in the 9th century, and thought to have been ethnolinguistically Celts. Later, the neighbouring Cumbrian Britons, who also spoke a Celtic language, as well as Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons and Norse, were incorporated into the Scottish nation.\" (DBpedia, 2018)\n "@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "sea captain"@en . "ferryboat captain"@en . "ship's captain"@en . "whaling captain"@en . . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "secondary school"@en . . . . . . "secondary school diploma"@en . "Chancellor's Diploma"@en . "Higher School Certificate"@en . "Credential signifying completion of secondary schooling."@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "La\u00EFcit\u00E9"@fr . "secularism"@en . . "secularist"@en . "\"Secularism is the principle of the separation of government institutions and persons mandated to represent the state from religious institutions and religious dignitaries. One manifestation of secularism is asserting the right to be free from religious rule and teachings, or, in a state declared to be neutral on matters of belief, from the imposition by government of religion or religious practices upon its people. Another manifestation of secularism is the view that public activities and decisions, especially political ones, should be uninfluenced by religious beliefs and/or practices. Secularism draws its intellectual roots from Greek and Roman philosophers such as Epicurus and Marcus Aurelius; from Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke, Denis Diderot, Voltaire, Baruch Spinoza, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine; and from more recent freethinkers and atheists such as Robert Ingersoll and Bertrand Russell. The purposes and arguments in support of secularism vary widely. In European laicism, it has been argued that secularism is a movement towards modernization, and away from traditional religious values (also known as secularization). This type of secularism, on a social or philosophical level, has often occurred while maintaining an official state church or other state support of religion. In the United States, some argue that has served to a greater extent to protect religion and the religious from governmental interference, while secularism on a social level is less prevalent. Within countries as well, differing political movements support secularism for varying reasons.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLa la\u00EFcit\u00E9 ou le s\u00E9cularisme est le \u00ABprincipe de s\u00E9paration dans l'\u00C9tat de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 civile et de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 religieuse\u00BB et \u00ABd'impartialit\u00E9 ou de neutralit\u00E9 de l'\u00C9tat \u00E0 l'\u00E9gard des confessions religieuses\u00BB. Le mot d\u00E9signe par extension le caract\u00E8re des \u00ABinstitutions, publiques ou priv\u00E9es, qui sont ind\u00E9pendantes du clerg\u00E9 et des \u00E9glises\u00BB. La la\u00EFcit\u00E9 s'oppose \u00E0 la reconnaissance d'une religion d'\u00C9tat. Toutefois, le principe de s\u00E9paration entre l'\u00C9tat et les religions peut trouver des applications diff\u00E9rentes selon les pays.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Seekers"@en . . . "\"The Seekers, or Legatine-Arians as they were sometimes known, were an English Protestant dissenting group that emerged around the 1620s, probably inspired by the preaching of three brothers \u2013 Walter, Thomas, and Bartholomew Legate. Seekers considered all organised churches of their day corrupt and preferred to wait for God's revelation. Many of them subsequently joined the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers).\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "ind\u00E9pendantisme"@fr . "separatism"@en . . "Separatist"@en . "\"A common definition of separatism is that it is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group. While it often refers to full political secession, separatist groups may seek nothing more than greater autonomy. While some critics may equate separatism with religious segregation, racist segregation, or sexist segregation, most separatists argue that separation by choice is not the same as government-enforced segregation and may serve useful purposes. There is some academic debate about this definition, and in particular how it relates to secessionism, as has been discussed online. Separatist groups practice a form of identity politics, \"political activity and theorizing founded in the shared experiences of injustice of members of certain social groups.\" Such groups believe attempts at integration with dominant groups compromise their identity and ability to pursue greater self-determination. However, economic and political factors usually are critical in creating strong separatist movements as opposed to less ambitious identity movements.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABL'ind\u00E9pendantisme, l'aspiration \u00E0 l'ind\u00E9pendance, est utilis\u00E9 dans le cadre politique pour d\u00E9signer la revendication pour une collectivit\u00E9 \u00E0 ne pas \u00EAtre \u00AB soumis \u00E0 l'autorit\u00E9 d'un autre organe ou d'une autre collectivit\u00E9 \u00BB. Il correspond donc \u00E0 des mouvements politique, g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement d'inspiration nationaliste, visant \u00E0 obtenir l'ind\u00E9pendance politique d'un territoire et pouvant \u00EAtre repr\u00E9sent\u00E9 par des partis politiques organis\u00E9s, ou simplement na\u00EEtre d'un vaste mouvement d'opinion, qui s'organise ensuite en mouvements structur\u00E9s. Les motivations de l'ind\u00E9pendantisme peuvent avoir des racines politiques, ethniques, historiques ou religieuses, aucune motivation n'excluant les autres. Le mouvement de d\u00E9colonisation survenu au XXe si\u00E8cle est caract\u00E9ris\u00E9 par l'aboutissement d'un ensemble de mouvements d'ind\u00E9pendance. \u00C0 la diff\u00E9rence de l'autonomisme, l'ind\u00E9pendantisme vise \u00E0 la s\u00E9cession d'un \u00C9tat, d'une province ou d'un territoire par rapport au pays auquel il appartient. Les revendications ind\u00E9pendantistes peuvent \u00E9voluer vers l'autonomisme, comme dans le cas de la Ligue du Nord en Italie : \u00E0 l'inverse, des revendications autonomistes peuvent se radicaliser et \u00E9voluer vers l'ind\u00E9pendantisme. L'ind\u00E9pendantisme est \u00E9galement appel\u00E9 \u00E0 tort s\u00E9paratisme. La nuance s'\u00E9tablissant au niveau de l'objectif et du moyen. Pour l'ind\u00E9pendantiste le but est l'ind\u00E9pendance, tandis que la s\u00E9paration tout comme la s\u00E9cession n'est qu'un passage oblig\u00E9 pour l'atteindre. Les revendications ind\u00E9pendantistes peuvent \u00E9ventuellement s'exprimer par diverses formes de violence, incluant le terrorisme, et aboutir \u00E0 des conflits arm\u00E9s d'envergure, comme dans le cas d'une guerre d'ind\u00E9pendance - guerre d'Indochine, guerre d'Alg\u00E9rie, guerres de Yougoslavie - mais \u00E9galement dans le cadre d'un processus politique non violent, comme dans le cas de la Tch\u00E9coslovaquie, s\u00E9par\u00E9e pour devenir la R\u00E9publique tch\u00E8que et la Slovaquie, ou bien dans le cas de l'\u00E9clatement de l'URSS, dont la plupart des anciennes r\u00E9publiques se s\u00E9parent d'un commun accord, la majorit\u00E9 se r\u00E9unissant ensuite au sein de la Communaut\u00E9 des \u00C9tats ind\u00E9pendants. L'exemple du mouvement pour l'ind\u00E9pendance de l'Inde illustre le cas de revendications ind\u00E9pendantistes partag\u00E9es entre violence et non-violence : Subhash Chandra Bose, partisan de l'action arm\u00E9e, finira par conduire le Gouvernement provisoire de l'Inde libre et affronter militairement les Britanniques durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, mais c'est finalement la ligne pacifiste du Mahatma Gandhi qui obtiendra quelques ann\u00E9es plus tard l'ind\u00E9pendance du pays.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Juif s\u00E9farade"@fr . "Sephardic Jewish"@en . . " "@en . . "\"Sephardi Jews, also known as Sephardic Jews or simply Sephardim (Hebrew: \u05E1\u05B0\u05E4\u05B8\u05E8\u05B7\u05D3\u05B4\u05BC\u05D9\u05DD, Modern Hebrew: Sfaraddim, Tiberian: S\u0259p\u0304\u0101radd\u00EEm; also \u05D9\u05B0\u05D4\u05D5\u05BC\u05D3\u05B5\u05D9 \u05E1\u05B0\u05E4\u05B8\u05E8\u05B7\u05D3 Y'hudey Spharad, lit. \"The Jews of Spain\"), are a Jewish ethnic division whose ethnogenesis and emergence as a distinct community of Jews coalesced in the Iberian Peninsula around the start of the 2nd millennium (i.e., about the year 1000). They established communities throughout Spain and Portugal, where they traditionally resided, evolving what would become their distinctive characteristics and diasporic identity.\" (DBpedia, 2017) "@en . "\u00ABLes S\u00E9farades (parfois orthographi\u00E9 S\u00E9pharades) constituent une branche du juda\u00EFsme qui suit le juda\u00EFsme liturgique espagnol et portugais (en particulier dans la prononciation des mots des pri\u00E8res). Certains ont contribu\u00E9 aux sciences et techniques en al-Andalus comme Ma\u00EFmonide, Abraham ibn Ezra, Juda Halevi, Nahmanide, Salomon ibn Gabirol et Mo\u00EFse de L\u00E9on. Par extension, le terme \u00ABS\u00E9farade\u00BB d\u00E9signe aussi souvent les Juifs non ashk\u00E9nazes qui ont souvent adopt\u00E9 le rite s\u00E9farade au contact des Juifs issus de l'\u00E9migration cons\u00E9cutive \u00E0 l'expulsion des Juifs d'Espagne.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "Sephardic Jewish"@en . "S\u00E9farade"@fr . . "Indicates a subject's identification with or labelling as Sephardic Jewish as a national identity."@en . "Indique qu'un sujet s'identifie \u00E0 ou s'est vu assigner une identit\u00E9 nationale s\u00E9rafade."@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "servant"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "domestique"@fr . "servant"@en . "SERVANTS"@en . "Domestic servants typically live in the home with the family or institution that employs them, although the lowest class of servants might work only casually and hence not receive room and board. This type of labour, very common before the twentieth century, is distinct from that of service positions such as shop assistants, flight attendants, and restaurant workers. (Brown, 2006)"@en . "Les domestiques vivent normalement au sein du foyer de la famille ou de l'institution qui les emploie, m\u00EAme si ceux des classes les plus inf\u00E9rieures n'y travaillent que ponctuellement et ne re\u00E7oivent donc ni toit ni pension. Ce type d'emploi, tr\u00E8s r\u00E9pandu avant le 20\u00E8me si\u00E8cle, est diff\u00E9rent des postes rattach\u00E9s au tertiaire tels que vendeur/se, personnel de cabine ou serveur/se."@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "server"@en . "cafe manager"@en . "food server"@en . "summer waitress"@en . "waiter"@en . "waitress"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "receptionist barmaid"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "settlement work"@en . "settlement worker"@en . . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "settler"@en . "colonial settler"@en . "emigrant"@en . "immigrant"@en . "pioneer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "huguenot immigrant"@en . "managing trading posts"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "sex worker"@en . "courtesan"@en . "prostitute"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "r\u00E9volution sexuelle"@fr . "sexual reform"@en . "sex-trade activist"@en . "sex-trade reformer"@en . "sexual liberationist"@en . "sexual libertarian"@en . "sexual reformer"@en . "Advocacy or activism related to the reform of attitudes, practices, and laws related to sex, including autonomy, age of consent, trafficking, and sex work."@en . "Militantisme ou lutte pour le changement des attitutdes, des praitques et des lois li\u00E9es \u00E0 l'activit\u00E9 sexuelle, incluant l'autonomie, la maturit\u00E9 sexuelle, les trafics et les travailleurs du sexe."@fr . . . . . . . . . . "sexual identity"@en . "une orientation sexuelle"@fr . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance bisexuality."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance bisexualit\u00E9."@fr . . "bisexuality"@en . "bisexualit\u00E9"@fr . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . "bisexual"@en . "bisexuality"@en . "Bisexuality indicates sexual attraction to both genders. In terms of binary understandings of sex or gender, bisexuality is often defined as being sexually attracted to \"both sexes\"."@en . "La bisexualit\u00E9 r\u00E9f\u00E8re \u00E0 l'attraction sexuelle pour les deux genres. En terme d'acceptation binaire du sexe ou du genre, la bisexualit\u00E9 est souvent d\u00E9finie comme attraction sexuelle pour les \u00ABdeux sexes\u00BB."@fr . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance celibacy."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance c\u00E9libat."@fr . . "celibacy"@en . "c\u00E9libat"@fr . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . "celibate"@en . "Celibacy indicates abstention from sex, and can stem from personal choice, religious prescriptions, or with religious occupations such as being a nun or priest. Celibacy is not the be confused with asexuality, which describes a lack of interest in sex or sexual attraction to other subjects."@en . "Le c\u00E9libat indique l'abstinence sexuelle, et peut \u00EAtre d\u00FB \u00E0 un choix personnel, \u00E0 des imp\u00E9ratifs religieux ou des professions cl\u00E9ricales comme religieuse ou pr\u00EAtre. Le c\u00E9libat ne doit pas \u00EAtre confondu avec l'asexualit\u00E9, qui d\u00E9crit une absence d'int\u00E9r\u00EAt pour les pratiques sexuelles ou d'attirance sexuelle pour d'autres personnes."@fr . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance frigidity."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance frigidit\u00E9."@fr . . "frigidity"@en . "frigidit\u00E9"@fr . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . "frigid"@en . "Frigidity labels a female subject as sexually withdrawn or unenthusiastic (read: non-consenting) in relation to the sexual advance, usually of men within a heterosexual framework, and suggests a lack of pleasure from sexual activities. Unlike asexual and celibate, this term is often ascribed to women, as opposed to self-referential. The term \"frigid\" was coined in the 1920s by sexologists (Sex and Society, Vol. 1, 285). Its use in discourse surrounding female sexuality is waning."@en . "La frigidit\u00E9 est attribu\u00E9e aux femmes qui se montrent distantes ou peu enthousiastes (comprendre non consentantes) face aux avances sexuelles, le plus souvent de la part d'hommes dans un cadre h\u00E9t\u00E9ronorm\u00E9, et sugg\u00E8re un manque de plaisir associ\u00E9 aux pratiques sexuelles. Contrairement \u00E0 l'asexualit\u00E9 et au c\u00E9libat, ce terme est souvent assign\u00E9 \u00E0 des femmes, et n'est donc pas autor\u00E9f\u00E9rentiel. Le terme \u00ABfrigide\u00BB a \u00E9t\u00E9 formul\u00E9 dans les ann\u00E9es 20 par des sexologues (Sex and Society, Vol. 1, 285). Son usage est en d\u00E9clin dans les discours \u00E0 propos de la sexualit\u00E9 f\u00E9minine."@fr . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance libertinism."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance libertinage."@fr . . "libertinage"@fr . "libertinism"@en . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . "libertinism"@en . "Le libertinage r\u00E9f\u00E8re \u00E0 un type d'identit\u00E9 sexuelle (souvent pour des hommes) utilis\u00E9 pour d\u00E9crire un sujet adh\u00E9rant aux id\u00E9es et pratiques h\u00E9donistes."@fr . "Libertinism refers to a type of sexual identity (often tied to men) used to describe a subject who subscribes to hedonistic sexual politics."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "sexual identity of"@en . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance promiscuity."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance promiscuit\u00E9."@fr . . "promiscuity"@en . "promiscuit\u00E9"@fr . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . "promiscuous"@en . "La promiscuit\u00E9 indique l'activit\u00E9 sexuelle avec des partenaires multiples de fa\u00E7on d\u00E9complex\u00E9e et indiff\u00E9renci\u00E9e, en opposition aux pratiques sexuelles socialement accept\u00E9es. La promiscuit\u00E9 est diff\u00E9remment interpr\u00E9t\u00E9e pour les femmes et les hommes dans la plupart des contextes historiques et culturelles, \u00E9tant \u00E9troitement li\u00E9e au contr\u00F4le de la sexualit\u00E9 f\u00E9minine et de la reproduction. Elle inclut le libertinage, une forme de sexualit\u00E9 h\u00E9doniste fr\u00E9quemment attribu\u00E9e \u00E0 ou adopt\u00E9e par des hommes."@fr . "Promiscuity indicates sex with multiple partners in a casual or indiscriminate fashion and in opposition to socially sanctioned sexual behaviour. Promiscuity is differently constructed for women and men in most historical and cultural contexts, being closely connected to the control of female sexuality and reproduction. It includes libertinism, a form of hedonistic sexual politics frequently ascribed to or adopted by men."@en . . . . . . . "sexual identity (reported)"@en . "une orientation sexuelle (d\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "sexual identity (reported) of"@en . . . . . . . . "sexual identity (self-reported)"@en . "une orientation sexuelle (autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "sexual identity (self-reported) of"@en . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Shinto"@en . "Shinto\u00EFsme"@fr . . "\"Shinto (\u795E\u9053 Shint\u014D), also called kami-no-michi, is a Japanese religion. It focuses on ritual practices to be carried out diligently, to establish a connection between present-day Japan and its ancient past. Shinto practices were first recorded and codified in the written historical records of the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki in the 8th century. Still, these earliest Japanese writings do not refer to a unified \"Shinto religion\", but rather to a collection of native beliefs and mythology. Shinto today is a term that applies to the religion of public shrines devoted to the worship of a multitude of gods (kami), suited to various purposes such as war memorials and harvest festivals, and applies as well to various sectarian organizations. Practitioners express their diverse beliefs through a standard language and practice, adopting a similar style in dress and ritual, dating from around the time of the Nara and Heian periods (8th to 12th centuries AD). The word Shinto (\"way of the gods\") was adopted, originally as Jind\u014D or Shind\u014D, from the written Chinese Shendao (\u795E\u9053, pinyin: sh\u00E9n d\u00E0o), combining two kanji: \"shin\" (\u795E), meaning \"spirit\" or kami; and \"t\u014D\" (\u9053), meaning a philosophical path or study (from the Chinese word d\u00E0o). The oldest recorded usage of the word Shindo is from the second half of the 6th century. Kami are defined in English as \"spirits\", \"essences\" or \"gods\", referring to the energy generating the phenomena. Since Japanese language does not distinguish between singular and plural, kami refers to the divinity, or sacred essence, that manifests in multiple forms: rocks, trees, rivers, animals, places, and even people can be said to possess the nature of kami. Kami and people are not separate; they exist within the same world and share its interrelated complexity. Shinto is the largest religion in Japan, practiced by nearly 80% of the population, yet only a small percentage of these identify themselves as \"Shintoists\" in surveys. This is because \"Shinto\" has different meanings in Japan: most of the Japanese attend Shinto shrines and beseech kami without belonging to an institutional \"Shinto\" religion, and since there are no formal rituals to become a member of \"folk Shinto\", \"Shinto membership\" is often estimated counting those who join organised Shinto sects. Shinto has 81,000 shrines and 85,000 priests in the country. According to Inoue (2003): In modern scholarship, the term is often used with reference to kami worship and related theologies, rituals and practices. In these contexts, \"Shinto\" takes on the meaning of \"Japan\u2019s traditional religion\", as opposed to foreign religions such as Christianity, Buddhism, Islam and so forth.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe shinto (\u795E\u9053, shint\u014D, litt\u00E9ralement \u00AB la voie des dieux \u00BB ou \u00AB la voie du divin \u00BB) ou shinto\u00EFsme (/\u0283int\u0254ism/) est un ensemble de croyances datant de l'histoire ancienne du Japon, parfois reconnu comme religion. Elle m\u00E9lange des \u00E9l\u00E9ments polyth\u00E9istes et animistes. Il s'agit de la plus ancienne religion connue du Japon et particuli\u00E8rement li\u00E9e \u00E0 sa mythologie. Le terme \u00AB shint\u014D \u00BB, lecture sino-japonaise, ou kami no michi, est apparu pour diff\u00E9rencier cette vieille religion du bouddhisme \u00AB import\u00E9 \u00BB de Chine au Japon au VIe si\u00E8cle. Ses pratiquants seraient aujourd'hui plus de cent millions au Japon. Dans la mesure o\u00F9 il s'agit plus d'une culture propre \u00E0 un pays que d'une religion concr\u00E8te (on ne peut pas se convertir; on na\u00EEt au Japon, on na\u00EEt shinto), et qu'il n'y a aucun dogme \u00E9crit, le suffixe -isme peut \u00EAtre alors consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme ill\u00E9gitime voire incorrect. Ainsi, le terme shinto est pr\u00E9f\u00E9r\u00E9 de mani\u00E8re g\u00E9n\u00E9rale[travail in\u00E9dit ?].\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "shipping"@en . "ship owner"@en . "shipper"@en . "shipping merchant"@en . "shipping owner"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "commer\u00E7ants"@fr . "shopkeepers"@en . "SHOPKEEPERS"@en . "Habituellement attribu\u00E9 \u00E0 quelqu'un qui \u00ABposs\u00E8de et tient un bar ou une boutique\u00BB, mais dont l'activit\u00E9 est plus r\u00E9duite que celle d'un entrepreneur ou d'un industriel."@fr . "Typically applied to someone who \"owns and runs a pub or shop,\" but not on the scale of an entrepreneur or industrialist. (Brown, 2006)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "sibling"@en . . . . . . . "fr\u00E8res et soeurs de"@fr . "sibling of"@en . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "singer"@en . "amateur singer"@en . "concert singer"@en . "opera singer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "sister"@en . . . . . . . "sister of"@en . "soeur de"@fr . . . . . . . . "artisan"@en . "artisane qualifi\u00E9e"@fr . "SKILLEDCRAFTPERSON-ARTISAN"@en . "Celle classe inclut des m\u00E9tiers tels que tailleur/euse, orf\u00E8vre, cordonnier/\u00E8re, chapelier/\u00E8re et couturier/\u00E8re."@fr . "This class includes such trades as \"goldsmith, tailor, shoemaker, milliner, and dressmaker.\" (Brown, 2006)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "skilled trade"@en . "moulder"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "skinner"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Slav"@en . "Slave"@fr . . "Slavic"@en . "\"Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe. They are native to Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, Northeastern Europe, North Asia and Central Asia. Slavs speak Indo-European Slavic languages. From the early 6th century they spread to inhabit most of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe. States with slavic-based languages comprise over 50% of the territory of Europe.Present-day Slavic people are classified into West Slavs (chiefly Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), East Slavs (chiefly Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians), and South Slavs (chiefly Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, ethnic Macedonians, Slovenes, Montenegrins of the Former Yugoslavia and Bulgarians). Modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally, and relations between them \u2013 even within the individual ethnic groups themselves \u2013 are varied, ranging from a sense of connection to mutual feelings of hostility.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes Slaves sont des peuples d'origine europ\u00E9enne. Les Slaves sont surtout pr\u00E9sents en Europe centrale et en Europe de l'Est. Les anc\u00EAtres Indo-Europ\u00E9ens des Slaves, proches des Baltes et des Germains sur le plan ethnolinguistique, sont connus depuis la fin du Ier mill\u00E9naire avant notre \u00E8re. Ils sont situ\u00E9s le plus souvent au nord de l'Ukraine et au sud de la Bi\u00E9lorussie, dans une r\u00E9gion situ\u00E9e \u00E0 la confluence du Dniepr et de la rivi\u00E8re Pripiat. Mais, les auteurs anciens ne commencent r\u00E9ellement \u00E0 les mentionner qu'\u00E0 partir du VIe si\u00E8cle de notre \u00E8re.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "slave"@en . "slave nurse"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "slave or forced labourer"@en . . . "bonded labourer"@en . "serf"@en . "serfs"@en . "slave"@en . ""@fr . "The category of slaves and forced labourers covers the spectrum from chattel slaves through indentured servants to serfs, including those bonded to servitude with no hope of paying their debt."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "slave owner"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "slaver"@en . "slave trader"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "smuggler"@en . "arms runner"@en . "gun runner"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . "class identity"@en . "une classe sociale"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "class identity of"@en . . . . . . . . "class identity (reported)"@en . "classe sociale d\u00E9clar\u00E9e"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "class identity (reported) of"@en . . . . . . . . "class identity (self-reported)"@en . "classe sociale autod\u00E9clar\u00E9e"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "class identity (self-reported) of"@en . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Social Gospel"@en . "\u00C9vangile social"@fr . . . "\"The Social Gospel was a Protestant movement that was most prominent in the early 20th century United States and Canada. The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such as economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, unclean environment, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war. Theologically, the Social Gospellers sought to operationalize the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:10): \"Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven.\" They typically were post-millennialist; that is, they believed the Second Coming could not happen until humankind rid itself of social evils by human effort. The Social Gospel was more popular among clergy than laity. Its leaders were predominantly associated with the liberal wing of the Progressive Movement, and most were theologically liberal, although a few were also conservative when it came to their views on social issues. Important leaders include Richard T. Ely, Josiah Strong, Washington Gladden, and Walter Rauschenbusch. Although most scholars agree that the Social Gospel movement peaked in the early 20th century, there is disagreement over when the movement began to decline, with some asserting that the destruction and trauma caused by World War I left many disillusioned with the Social Gospel's ideals while others argue that World War I stimulated the Social Gospelers' reform efforts. Theories regarding the decline of the Social Gospel after World War I often cite the rise of neo-orthodoxy as a contributing factor in the movement's decline. The Social Gospel, after World War II, along with neo-Thomism, influenced the formation of Christian Democracy political ideology. Many of the Social Gospel's ideas also reappeared in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. \"Social Gospel\" principles continue to inspire newer movements such as Christians Against Poverty.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABL'\u00C9vangile social est un mouvement intellectuel chr\u00E9tien qui s'est engag\u00E9 \u00E0 lutter contre la pauvret\u00E9, l'in\u00E9galit\u00E9, le crime, le travail des enfants, les tensions raciales, les bidonvilles, le manque d'hygi\u00E8ne, les \u00E9coles pauvres et le danger de la guerre. Les organisateurs du mouvement \u00E9taient pour la plupart des protestants post-mill\u00E9naristes. Il a notamment eu un impact \u00E0 l'\u00E9poque du New Deal am\u00E9ricain et au sein du Parti social-d\u00E9mocratique du Canada. Parmi les figures du mouvement, l'on peut nommer Dorothy Day, Tommy Douglas, Diane Drufenbrock, Washington Gladden, Adolf von Harnack, Jesse Jackson, Martin Luther King, Jr., Charles Clayton Morrison, Walter Rauschenbusch, Josiah Strong et James Shaver Woodsworth. * Portail du christianisme Portail du christianisme * Portail du protestantisme Portail du protestantisme * Portail de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9 Portail de la soci\u00E9t\u00E9\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "abolition de la prostitution (Royaume-Uni)"@fr . "social purity"@en . . "purity movement"@en . "\"The social purity movement was a late 19th-century social movement that sought to abolish prostitution and other sexual activities that were considered immoral according to Christian morality. Composed primarily of women, the movement was active in English-speaking nations from the late 1860s to about 1910, exerting an important influence on the contemporaneous feminist, eugenics, and birth control movements. The movement helped to shape feminist views on prostitution. The roots of the social purity movement lay in early 19th-century moral reform movements, such as radical utopianism, abolitionism, and the temperance movement. In the late 19th century, \"social\" was a euphemism for \"sexual\"; the movement first formed in opposition to the legalization and regulation of prostitution, and quickly spread to other sex-related issues such as raising the age of consent, sexually segregating prisons, eliminating abortion, opposing contraception, and censoring pornography.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "r\u00E9forme sociale"@fr . "social reform"@en . . "progressivism"@en . "reform"@en . "reformer"@en . "reformers"@en . "reformist"@en . "social and legal reform"@en . "social reformer"@en . "social welfare"@en . "\"A reform movement is the kind of social movement that aims to make gradual change, or change in certain aspects of society, rather than rapid or fundamental changes. A reform movement is distinguished from more radical social movements such as revolutionary movements. Reformists' ideas are often grounded in liberalism, although they may be rooted in socialist (specifically, social democratic) or religious concepts. Some rely on personal transformation; others rely on small collectives, such as Mahatma Gandhi's spinning wheel and the self-sustaining village economy, as a mode of social change. Reactionary movements, which can arise against any of these, attempt to put things back the way they were before any successes the new reform movement(s) enjoyed, or to prevent any such successes.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "social relationship"@en . . ""@en . . . . . ""@fr . "social scientist"@en . "anthropologist"@en . "economist"@en . "egyptologist"@en . "sociologist"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "academic economist"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "social work"@en . "caseworker"@en . "child care officer"@en . "child welfare officer"@en . "child welfare worker"@en . "childcare officer"@en . "children's aid worker"@en . "community worker"@en . "emigrant aid"@en . "humanitarian"@en . "immigrant aid"@en . "organise soup kitchens"@en . "organiser for the poor"@en . "religious social worker"@en . "social caseworker"@en . "social investigation"@en . "social investigator"@en . "social work organizer"@en . "social worker"@en . "unemployment worker"@en . "welfare officer"@en . "welfare supervisor"@en . "welfare worker"@en . "worker with prostitutes"@en . "youth club worker"@en . "youth worker"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "almshouse manager"@en . "chief lady welfare officer"@en . "child's aid worker"@en . "organiser of women's community"@en . "poor districts"@en . "running a soup kitchen"@en . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "socialism"@en . "socialisme"@fr . . "Fabian"@en . "Independent Socialist"@en . "Social Democrat"@en . "Social Democratic Foundation"@en . "Social Democratic Party"@en . "Social Democrats"@en . "fabian socialist"@en . "militant socialist"@en . "owenite socialism"@en . "radical socialist"@en . "socialist"@en . "socialist and feminist"@en . "socialist feminist"@en . "socialist organizer"@en . . "\"Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production; as well as the political ideologies, theories, and movements that aim at their establishment. Social ownership may refer to forms of public, collective, or cooperative ownership; to citizen ownership of equity; or to any combination of these. Although there are many varieties of socialism and there is no single definition encapsulating all of them, social ownership is the common element shared by its various forms. Socialist economic systems can be divided into both non-market and market forms. Non-market socialism involves the substitution of factor markets and money with engineering and technical criteria based on calculation performed in-kind, thereby producing an economic mechanism that functions according to different economic laws from those of capitalism. Non-market socialism aims to circumvent the inefficiencies and crises traditionally associated with capital accumulation and the profit system. By contrast, market socialism retains the use of monetary prices, factor markets, and, in some cases, the profit motive with respect to the operation of socially owned enterprises and the allocation of capital goods between them. Profits generated by these firms would be controlled directly by the workforce of each firm or accrue to society at large in the form of a social dividend. The feasibility and exact methods of resource allocation and calculation for a socialist system are the subjects of the socialist calculation debate. The socialist political movement includes a diverse array of political philosophies that originated amid the revolutionary movements of the mid-to-late 1700s and of a general concern for the social problems that were associated with capitalism. In addition to the debate over markets and planning, the varieties of socialism differ in their form of social ownership, how management is to be organized within productive institutions, and the role of the state in constructing socialism. Core dichotomies associated with these concerns include reformism versus revolutionary socialism, and state socialism versus libertarian socialism. Socialist politics has been both centralist and decentralized; internationalist and nationalist in orientation; organized through political parties and opposed to party politics; at times overlapping with trade unions and at other times independent of, and critical of, unions; and present in both industrialized and developing countries. While all tendencies of socialism consider themselves democratic, the term \"democratic socialism\" is often used to highlight its advocates' high value for democratic processes in the economy and democratic political systems, usually to draw contrast to tendencies they may perceive to be undemocratic in their approach. The term is frequently used to draw contrast to the political system of the Soviet Union, which operated in an authoritarian fashion. By the late 19th century, and after further articulation and advancement by Karl Marx and his collaborator Friedrich Engels as the culmination of technological development outstripping the economic dynamics of capitalism, \"socialism\" had come to signify opposition to capitalism and advocacy for a post-capitalist system based on some form of social ownership of the means of production. By the 1920s, social democracy and communism became the two dominant political tendencies within the international socialist movement. Socialism proceeded to emerge as the most influential secular political-economic worldview of the twentieth century, and while the emergence of the Soviet Union as the world's first nominally socialist state led to socialism's widespread association with the Soviet economic model, many economists and intellectuals have argued that in practice the model functioned as a form of state capitalism, or a non-planned administrative or command economy. Socialist parties and ideas remain a political force with varying degrees of power and influence in all continents, heading national governments in many countries around the world. Today, some socialists have also adopted the causes of other social movements, such as environmentalism, feminism, and liberalism.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe mot socialisme recouvre un ensemble tr\u00E8s divers de courants de pens\u00E9e et de mouvements politiques, dont le point commun est de rechercher une organisation sociale et \u00E9conomique plus juste. Le but originel du socialisme est d'obtenir l'\u00E9galit\u00E9 sociale, ou du moins une r\u00E9duction des in\u00E9galit\u00E9s, et notamment pour les courants d'inspiration marxiste, d'\u00E9tablir une soci\u00E9t\u00E9 sans classes sociales. Plus largement, le socialisme peut \u00EAtre d\u00E9fini comme une tendance politique, historiquement marqu\u00E9e \u00E0 gauche, dont le principe de base est l'aspiration \u00E0 un monde meilleur, fond\u00E9 sur une organisation sociale harmonieuse et sur la lutte contre les injustices. Selon les contextes, le mot socialisme ou l'adjectif socialiste peuvent qualifier une id\u00E9ologie, un parti politique, un r\u00E9gime politique ou une organisation sociale. Le mot socialisme lui-m\u00EAme entre dans le langage courant \u00E0 partir des ann\u00E9es 1820, dans le contexte de la r\u00E9volution industrielle et de l'urbanisation qui l'accompagne : il d\u00E9signe alors un ensemble de revendications et d'id\u00E9es visant \u00E0 am\u00E9liorer le sort des ouvriers, et plus largement de la population, via le remplacement du capitalisme par une soci\u00E9t\u00E9 suppos\u00E9e plus juste. L'id\u00E9e socialiste, sous de multiples formes, se d\u00E9veloppe au long du XIXe si\u00E8cle et donne naissance dans le monde entier \u00E0 des partis politiques s'en r\u00E9clamant sous diverses d\u00E9nominations (socialiste, mais \u00E9galement social-d\u00E9mocrate, travailliste, etc.). Dans la seconde moiti\u00E9 du XIXe si\u00E8cle, le marxisme supplante l'approche dite du \u00ABsocialisme utopique\u00BB, ainsi que le \u00ABsocialisme libertaire\u00BB des anarchistes : le courant de pens\u00E9e marxiste se veut porteur d'une forme \u00ABscientifique\u00BB de socialisme, fond\u00E9 sur une analyse du capitalisme, du d\u00E9passement de celui-ci par le biais de la lutte des classes et du passage \u00E0 la propri\u00E9t\u00E9 sociale des moyens de production. Dans les derni\u00E8res ann\u00E9es du si\u00E8cle, une partie du socialisme europ\u00E9en s'oriente cependant dans les faits vers le r\u00E9formisme. \u00C0 la fin de la Premi\u00E8re Guerre mondiale, la famille politique socialiste conna\u00EEt un schisme avec la naissance du courant communiste, qui continue de se r\u00E9clamer du socialisme dont il affirme revenir \u00E0 la tradition r\u00E9volutionnaire. Les partis socialistes connaissent dans le monde entier des scissions au cours des ann\u00E9es 1920 ; ils se trouvent d\u00E8s lors en comp\u00E9tition avec des partis communistes qui se r\u00E9clament du \u00ABsocialisme r\u00E9el\u00BB (ou \u00ABsocialisme r\u00E9ellement existant\u00BB) appliqu\u00E9 par l'Union des r\u00E9publiques socialistes sovi\u00E9tiques (URSS), ce dernier pays \u00E9tant proclam\u00E9 \u00ABpatrie du socialisme\u00BB. La plupart des partis socialistes europ\u00E9ens acc\u00E9l\u00E8rent, notamment apr\u00E8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale, leur \u00E9volution vers un r\u00E9formisme \u00E9loign\u00E9 du marxisme, tandis que les r\u00E9gimes communistes align\u00E9s sur l'URSS, et qui se disent eux-m\u00EAmes socialistes, se multiplient dans le monde. Le socialisme d\u00E9mocratique, c'est-\u00E0-dire un socialisme converti \u00E0 la d\u00E9mocratie lib\u00E9rale et respectueux du jeu parlementaire, repr\u00E9sente aujourd'hui la tendance majoritaire des partis socialistes, qui n'envisagent plus la rupture avec l'\u00E9conomie de march\u00E9. La notion de socialisme d\u00E9mocratique est par ailleurs d\u00E9sormais associ\u00E9e \u00E0 celle de social-d\u00E9mocratie qui tend, notamment en Europe, \u00E0 en devenir un synonyme. Outre les diversit\u00E9s li\u00E9es \u00E0 ses variations id\u00E9ologiques, le socialisme conna\u00EEt \u00E9galement de nombreux avatars li\u00E9s aux contextes g\u00E9ographiques et culturels, comme le socialisme arabe ou le socialisme africain. La mouvance socialiste, prise au sens large, demeure aujourd'hui l'une des plus importantes de la vie politique mondiale, bien que le mot socialisme continue de recouvrir un ensemble de r\u00E9alit\u00E9s, de pratiques politiques, et de formes de pens\u00E9e extr\u00EAmement diverses et parfois contradictoires entre elles, allant des partis travaillistes aux diverses vari\u00E9t\u00E9s de \u00ABgauchisme\u00BB, en passant par les partis et r\u00E9gimes communistes actuels. La majorit\u00E9 des principaux partis se r\u00E9clamant du socialisme se r\u00E9unit, au niveau international, au sein de l'Internationale socialiste et, au niveau europ\u00E9en, au sein du Parti socialiste europ\u00E9en. Ces organisations n'ont cependant pas le monopole de l'usage de l'appellation socialiste.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "socializer"@en . "bon viveur"@en . "debutante"@en . "socialite"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "became a debutante"@en . "bon viveur, drinker, and speculator"@en . "fashionable beauty"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Society of Friends"@en . "Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 religieuse des Amis"@fr . . . "\"Quakers (or Friends) are members of a historically Christian group of religious movements generally known as the Religious Society of Friends. Members of the various Quaker movements are all generally united in a belief in the ability of each human being to experientially access \"that of God in every person,\" and therefore they profess the priesthood of all believers, a doctrine derived from the First Epistle of Peter. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity. To differing extents, the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends/Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures. In 2007, there were approximately 359,000 adult Quakers. In 2012, there were 377,055 adult Quakers. Around 79% of Quakers worldwide belong to the \"evangelical\" and \"programmed\" branches of Quakerism\u2014these Quakers worship in services with singing and a prepared message from the Bible, coordinated by a pastor. Around 11% of Friends practice waiting worship, or unprogrammed worship (more commonly known today as Meeting for Worship), where the order of service is not planned in advance, is predominantly silent, and may include unprepared vocal ministry from those present. Some meetings of both types have Recorded Ministers in their meetings\u2014Friends recognised for their gift of vocal ministry. The first Quakers lived in mid-17th century England. The movement arose from the Legatine-Arians and other dissenting Protestant groups, breaking away from the established Church of England. The Quakers, especially the ones known as the Valiant Sixty, attempted to convert others to their understanding of Christianity, travelling both throughout Great Britain and overseas, preaching the gospel of Jesus Christ. Some of these early Quaker ministers were women. They based their message on the religious belief that \"Christ has come to teach his people himself\", stressing the importance of a direct relationship with God through Jesus Christ, and a direct religious belief in the universal priesthood of all believers. They emphasised a personal and direct religious experience of Christ, acquired through both direct religious experience and the reading and studying of the Bible. Quakers focused their private life on developing behaviour and speech reflecting emotional purity and the light of God. In the past, Quakers were known for their use of thee as an ordinary pronoun, refusal to participate in war, plain dress, refusal to swear oaths, opposition to slavery, and teetotalism. Described as \"natural capitalists\" by the BBC, some Quakers founded banks and financial institutions, including Barclays, Lloyds, and Friends Provident; manufacturing companies, including shoe retailer C. & J. Clark and the big three British confectionery makers Cadbury, Rowntree and Fry's; and philanthropic efforts, including abolition of slavery, prison reform, and social justice projects.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLa Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 religieuse des Amis est un mouvement religieux fond\u00E9 en Angleterre au XVIIe si\u00E8cle par des dissidents de l'\u00C9glise anglicane. Les membres de ce mouvement sont commun\u00E9ment connus sous le nom de quakers () mais ils se nomment entre eux \u00ABAmis\u00BB et \u00ABAmies\u00BB. Le mouvement est souvent nomm\u00E9 simplement Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 des Amis et le surnom de \u00ABquaker\u00BB appara\u00EEt le plus souvent dans la d\u00E9nomination officielle, sous la forme Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 religieuse des Amis (quakers). Les historiens s'accordent \u00E0 d\u00E9signer George Fox comme le principal fondateur ou le plus important meneur des d\u00E9buts du mouvement. Depuis sa cr\u00E9ation en Angleterre, le mouvement s'est d'abord r\u00E9pandu dans les pays de colonisation anglo-saxonne. Au XXe si\u00E8cle, des missionnaires quakers ont propag\u00E9 leur religion en Am\u00E9rique latine et en Afrique. Aujourd'hui, les quakers d\u00E9clarent \u00EAtre au nombre d'environ 350 000 dans le monde. La Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 des Amis se diff\u00E9rencie de la plupart des autres groupes issus du christianisme par l'absence de credo et de toute structure hi\u00E9rarchique. Pour les quakers, la croyance religieuse appartient \u00E0 la sph\u00E8re personnelle et chacun est libre de ses convictions. Le concept de \u00ABlumi\u00E8re int\u00E9rieure\u00BB (inner light) est cependant partag\u00E9 par la plupart d'entre eux, quelle que soit la signification donn\u00E9e \u00E0 ces mots. De nombreux quakers reconnaissent le christianisme mais ne ressentent pas leur foi comme entrant dans les cat\u00E9gories chr\u00E9tiennes traditionnelles. On trouve aujourd'hui dans la Soci\u00E9t\u00E9 des Amis des pratiques tr\u00E8s diverses, y compris un large courant \u00E9vang\u00E9lique.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Socinianism"@en . "socinianisme"@fr . . "\"Socinianism (pronunciation: /s\u0259\u02C8s\u026Ani\u02D0\u0259nizm/) is a system of Christian doctrine named for Fausto Sozzini (Latin: Faustus Socinus), which was developed among the Polish Brethren in the Minor Reformed Church of Poland during the 16th and 17th centuries and embraced by the Unitarian Church of Transylvania during the same period. It is most famous for its Nontrinitarian Christology but contains a number of other unorthodox beliefs as well.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe socinianisme est un courant chr\u00E9tien remontant \u00E0 l'Italien Fausto Socin (Fausto Sozzini) qui refuse la doctrine chr\u00E9tienne de la Trinit\u00E9, et se pr\u00E9sente comme lib\u00E9ral.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "son"@en . . . . . . . "fil de"@fr . "son of"@en . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "sort order of"@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Spanish republicanism"@en . "r\u00E9publicanisme Espagnol"@fr . . "spanish republican"@en . "spanish republican supporter"@en . . "\"There has existed in the Kingdom of Spain a persistent trend of republican thought, especially throughout the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries, that has manifested itself in diverse political parties and movements over the entire course of the history of Spain. While these movements have shared the objective of establishing a republic in Spain, during these three centuries there have surged distinct schools of thought on the form republicans would want to give to the Spanish State: unitary (centralized) or federal. Despite the country's long-lasting schools of republican movements, the government of Spain has been organized as a republic during only two very short periods in its history, which totaled less than 10 years of republican government in the entirety of Spanish history. The First Spanish Republic lasted from February 1873 to December 1874, and the Second Spanish Republic lasted from April 1931 to April 1939. Currently there are movements and political parties throughout the entire political spectrum that advocate for a Third Spanish Republic, including almost all of the Spanish left, as well as liberal, right-winged, and nationalist parties.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "spatial relationship"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "spinner"@en . "cotton spinner"@en . "spinning"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "spiritualism"@en . "spritisme"@fr . . "psychic"@en . "\"Spiritualism is the belief that the spirits of the dead have both the ability and the inclination to communicate with the living. The afterlife, or the \"spirit world\", is seen by spiritualists not as a static place, but as one in which spirits continue to evolve. These two beliefs: that contact with spirits is possible, and that spirits are more advanced than humans, lead spiritualists to a third belief, that spirits are capable of providing useful knowledge about moral and ethical issues, as well as about the nature of God. Some spiritualists will speak of a concept which they refer to as \"spirit guides\"\u2014specific spirits, often contacted, who are relied upon for spiritual guidance. Spiritism, a branch of spiritualism developed by Allan Kardec and today practiced mostly in Continental Europe and Latin America, especially in Brazil, emphasises reincarnation.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe spiritisme est consid\u00E9r\u00E9, selon les sources, comme une superstition, comme une science occulte ou comme une doctrine. Il est fond\u00E9 sur la croyance que certains ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes paranormaux sont le moyen pour des entit\u00E9s de l'au-del\u00E0 appel\u00E9es \u00ABesprits\u00BB, le plus souvent des personnes d\u00E9c\u00E9d\u00E9es, de communiquer avec les vivants. Ce mot s'applique ainsi, de mani\u00E8re large, \u00E0 un courant disparate o\u00F9 les pratiquants, appel\u00E9s \u00ABspirites\u00BB, communiquent avec ces \u00ABesprits\u00BB par divers moyens, comme des sujets en \u00E9tat de transe (m\u00E9diums) ou des supports inanim\u00E9s (tables tournantes...).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "sports"@en . "athlete"@en . "boxer"@en . "curling"@en . "golf"@en . "oarsman"@en . "olympic athlete"@en . "physical training instructor"@en . "polo player"@en . "skier"@en . "sport"@en . "sportsman"@en . "yachtsman"@en . "yachtsperson"@en . "yachtswoman"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "championship skier"@en . . . "Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines"@fr . "Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council"@en . "SSHRC" . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Stalinism"@en . "Stalinisme"@fr . . "stalinist"@en . "totalitarian"@en . "\"Stalinism is the means of governing and related policies implemented by Joseph Stalin. Stalinist policies in the Soviet Union included state terror, rapid industrialization, the theory of socialism in one country, a centralized state, collectivization of agriculture, cult of personality in leadership, and subordination of interests of foreign communist parties to those of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\u2014deemed by Stalinism to be the most forefront vanguard party of communist revolution at the time. Stalinism promoted the escalation of class conflict, utilizing state violence to forcibly purge society of claimed supporters of the bourgeoisie, regarding them as threats to the pursuit of the communist revolution that resulted in substantial political violence and persecution of such people. These included not only bourgeois people but also working-class people accused of counter-revolutionary sympathies. Stalinist industrialization was officially designed to accelerate the development towards communism, stressing that such rapid industrialization was needed because the country was previously economically backward in comparison with other countries; and that it was needed in order to face the challenges posed by internal and external enemies of communism. Rapid industrialization was accompanied with mass collectivization of agriculture and rapid urbanization. Rapid urbanization converted many small villages into industrial cities. To accelerate the development of industrialization, Stalin pragmatically created joint venture contracts with major American private enterprises, such as Ford Motor Company, that under state supervision assisted in developing the basis of industry of the Soviet economy from the late 1920s to 1930s. After the American private enterprises completed their tasks, Soviet state enterprises took over.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe mot stalinisme d\u00E9signe l'id\u00E9ologie et la pratique politique des partis communistes ayant adopt\u00E9 la ligne politique d\u00E9finie par les partisans de Joseph Staline, secr\u00E9taire g\u00E9n\u00E9ral du Parti communiste de l'Union sovi\u00E9tique. Par extension, ces partis et leurs membres ont \u00E9t\u00E9 qualifi\u00E9s de staliniens. Le stalinisme est caract\u00E9ris\u00E9 par le centralisme et l'emploi de la force et de la terreur comme mode de gouvernement, accompagn\u00E9s d'un culte de la personnalit\u00E9 organis\u00E9 autour du principal dirigeant de chaque Parti communiste. Les r\u00E9gimes staliniens se caract\u00E9risent par une \u00E9conomie planifi\u00E9e par l'\u00E9tat. Par extension, le terme de stalinisme et les adjectifs stalinien ou, plus rarement, staliniste sont parfois utilis\u00E9s pour qualifier l'ensemble des r\u00E9gimes bas\u00E9s sur le mod\u00E8le sovi\u00E9tique, ainsi que les partis politiques les soutenant. Apr\u00E8s la d\u00E9stalinisation (1956), l'Union sovi\u00E9tique cesse de se r\u00E9clamer de Staline, mais le terme stalinisme et l'adjectif stalinien continuent d'\u00EAtre utilis\u00E9s, dans le cadre de discours critiques ou pol\u00E9miques, pour qualifier l'URSS, l'ensemble des pays du bloc de l'Est et plus largement l'ensemble des r\u00E9gimes dictatoriaux communistes. En Europe apr\u00E8s la d\u00E9stalinisation, seule la R\u00E9publique populaire socialiste d'Albanie s'est r\u00E9clam\u00E9e de la continuit\u00E9 stalinienne. En Asie en revanche, ce fut encore, durant des d\u00E9cennies, le cas des r\u00E9gimes communistes chinois, vietnamien, laotien, cambodgien et surtout cor\u00E9en qui, au XXIe si\u00E8cle, est parfois qualifi\u00E9e de \u00ABdernier r\u00E9gime stalinien\u00BB.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "apatride"@fr . "stateless"@en . . "\"In international law, statelessness is the lack of citizenship. A stateless person is someone who is \"not considered as a national by any state under the operation of its law\". Some stateless persons are also refugees. However, not all refugees are stateless, and many persons who are stateless have never crossed an international border. Most people belonging to a stateless nation, despite lacking their own nation state, nonetheless hold citizenship in one or more countries, in some cases effectively as second-class citizens.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "Un apatride est, selon la convention de New York du 28 septembre 1954, \u00AB toute personne qu'aucun \u00C9tat ne consid\u00E8re comme son ressortissant par application de sa l\u00E9gislation \u00BB. Plus simplement, un apatride est une personne d\u00E9pourvue de nationalit\u00E9, qui ne b\u00E9n\u00E9ficie de la protection d'aucun \u00C9tat. Il y aurait plus de 12 millions d'apatrides, selon le Haut Commissariat des Nations unies pour les r\u00E9fugi\u00E9s (HCR). Le mot \u00AB apatride \u00BB est compos\u00E9 du pr\u00E9fixe privatif a- et du grec patris, (\u00AB terre des anc\u00EAtres \u00BB).Le terme allemand heimatlos, dont il est le synonyme, s'utilise, en fran\u00E7ais, pour d\u00E9signer les allemands ayant fui l'Allemagne nazie durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.[r\u00E9f. n\u00E9cessaire] (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "statistician"@en . "medical statistician"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "stepbrother"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "stepbrother of"@en . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "stepchild"@en . . . . . . . . "enfant d'un autre mariage"@fr . "stepchild of"@en . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "stepdaughter"@en . . . . . . . . . "belle-fille de"@fr . "stepdaughter of"@en . . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "stepfather"@en . . . . . . . . "beau-p\u00E8re de"@fr . "stepfather of"@en . . . . . . ""@en . "Une personne qui prend le r\u00F4le d'un p\u00E8re pour un enfant sans \u00EAtre son p\u00E8re biologique. Notez-bien l\u2019ambigu\u00EFt\u00E9 avec le text fran\u00E7ais pour le r\u00F4le du mari d'une soeur or d'un fr\u00E8re."@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "stepmother"@en . . . . . . . . "belle-m\u00E8re de"@fr . "stepmother of"@en . . . . ""@en . "Une personne qui prend le r\u00F4le d'une m\u00E8re pour un enfant sans \u00EAtre sa m\u00E8re biologique. Notez-bien l\u2019ambigu\u00EFt\u00E9 avec le text fran\u00E7ais pour le r\u00F4le de la femme d'une soeur or d'un fr\u00E8re."@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "stepparent"@en . . . . . . . "stepparent de"@fr . "stepparent of"@en . . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "stepsibling"@en . . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "stepsibling of"@en . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "stepsister"@en . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "stepsister of"@en . . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "stepson"@en . . . . . . . . "beau-fils de"@fr . "stepson of"@en . . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "stillbirth"@en . "still birth"@en . "stillborn"@en . ""@fr . "Related to a stillborn child."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "storyteller"@en . "raconteur"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "student"@en . "apprentice"@en . "architecture student"@en . "art student"@en . "engineering student"@en . "law student"@en . "marker"@en . "medical student"@en . "study law"@en . "studying"@en . "theology student"@en . "university student"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "studied at oxford"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "studied by"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "studies"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates a subject, field, art, or skill studied in the course of their education, whether formal or informal, institutional or domestic."@en . "Using this predicate with an author's oeuvre usually indicates the study of a portion, rather than the entirety, of that author's works."@en . . . . ""@fr . "subject-centric predicate"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates the version of this predicate associated with triples that do not have annotations, or triples derived from this annotation which take the context focus as their subject."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "subject of study"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Droit de vote"@fr . "suffrage movement"@en . . "International Suffrage Congress"@en . "Woman Suffrage"@en . "Women's Enfranchisement"@en . "christian suffragist"@en . "female suffrage"@en . "moderate suffragist"@en . "non-militant suffragist"@en . "suffrage"@en . "suffrage demonstrator"@en . "suffrage leader"@en . "suffrage organisations"@en . "suffrage organizer"@en . "suffrage politics"@en . "suffrage processions"@en . "suffragette"@en . "suffragettes"@en . "suffragist"@en . "supporter of the women's suffrage movement"@en . "women's franchise"@en . "women's suffrage"@en . . . ""@fr . "\"The right to vote in public, political elections, also called political franchise, or simply franchise. As a political cause, it can refer to the granting or extension of the vote to any sector of the population of a country, such as the extension of the vote to a wider range of men in Britain over the course of the nineteenth century, starting with the Reform Act of 1832. Most references to suffrage as a political cause in the British context, however, refer to the campaign for women's suffrage, the right of women to vote in elections. Advocates of female or women's suffrage were called suffragists or suffragettes.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "activist; suffrage campaigner"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Soufisme"@fr . "Sufism"@en . . . "\"Sufism or Ta\u1E63awwuf (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0635\u0648\u0641\u200E\u200E) is defined as the inner mystical dimension of Islam. Practitioners of Sufism, referred to as Sufis (\u1E63\u016Bf\u012B) (/\u02C8su\u02D0fi/; \u0635\u064F\u0648\u0641\u0650\u064A\u0651), often belong to different \u1E6Duruq or \"orders\"\u2014congregations formed around a grand master referred to as a mawla who traces a direct chain of teachers back to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. These orders meet for spiritual sessions (majalis) in meeting places known as zawiyas, khanqahs, or tekke. Sufis strive for ihsan (perfection of worship) as detailed in a hadith: \"Ihsan is to worship Allah as if you see Him; if you can't see Him, surely He sees you.\" Rumi stated: \"The Sufi is hanging on to Muhammad, like Abu Bakr.\" Sufis regard Muhammad as al-Ins\u0101n al-K\u0101mil, the primary perfect man who exemplifies the morality of God. Sufis regard Muhammad as their leader and prime spiritual guide. All Sufi orders trace many of their original precepts from Muhammad through his cousin and son-in-law Ali with the notable exception of the Naqshbandi, who claim to trace their origins from Muhammad through the first Rashid Caliph, Abu Bakr. Sufi orders largely follow one of the four madhhabs (jurisprudent schools of thought) of Sunni Islam and maintain a Sunni aqidah (creed). Classical Sufis were characterised by their asceticism, especially by their attachment to dhikr, the practice of repeating the names of God, often performed after prayers. Sufism gained adherents among a number of Muslims as a reaction against the worldliness of the early Umayyad Caliphate (661\u2013750). Sufis have spanned several continents and cultures over a millennium, originally expressing their beliefs in Arabic before spreading into Persian, Turkish, and Urdu among dozens of other languages. According to William Chittick, \"In a broad sense, Sufism can be described as the interiorization, and intensification of Islamic faith and practice.\"\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe soufisme (en arabe : \u062A\u0635\u0648\u0641 [ta\u1E63awwuf]) ou ta\u00E7awwuf d\u00E9signe en islam le c\u0153ur de la tradition islamique. Le mot ta\u00E7awwuf peut se traduire correctement par \u00AB initiation \u00BB. Il d\u00E9signe \"el-haq\u00EEqah\" c'est-\u00E0-dire la \"v\u00E9rit\u00E9\" int\u00E9rieure qui vivifie et permet la compr\u00E9hension profonde de \"es-shariyah\" (la \"grande route\"). Le Ta\u00E7awwuf comprend non seulement la haq\u00EEqah mais aussi l'ensemble des moyens destin\u00E9s \u00E0 y parvenir, appel\u00E9 tar\u00EEqah - \"voie\" ou \"sentier\" - conduisant de la shariyah vers la haq\u00EEqah, c'est-\u00E0-dire de l'\"\u00E9corce\" (el-qishr) vers le \"noyau\" (el-lobb) par l'interm\u00E9diaire du \"rayon\" allant de la circonf\u00E9rence vers le centre. Le soufisme est intimement li\u00E9, depuis les origines de r\u00E9v\u00E9lation proph\u00E9tique de l'islam, \u00E0 la fois aux orthodoxies sunnite et chiite, bien qu'il ait pris des formes diff\u00E9rentes dans les deux cas. Pour Ibn Arabi, \u00AB Le soufisme ce n'est rien de plus que les cinq pri\u00E8res et l'attente de la mort \u00BB. Ibn Arabi pr\u00E9cise en citant cette formule : \u00AB Il y a l\u00E0 une science immense \u00BB.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "surveyor"@en . "assistant road surveyor"@en . "assistant surveyor"@en . "building surveyor"@en . "land surveyor"@en . "quantity surveyor"@en . "railway surveyor"@en . "surveyor of highways"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "deputy surveyor of royal parks and palaces"@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . ""@fr . "Swedenborgianism"@en . . "New Church"@en . ""@fr . "\"The New Church (or Swedenborgianism) is the name for several historically related Christian denominations that developed as a new religious movement, informed by the writings of Swedish scientist and theologian Emanuel Swedenborg (1688\u20131772). Swedenborg claimed to have received a new revelation from Jesus Christ through continuous heavenly visions which he experienced over a period of at least twenty-five years. In his writings, he predicted that God would replace the traditional Christian Church, establishing a 'New Church', which would worship God in one person: Jesus Christ. The New Church doctrine is that each person must actively cooperate in repentance, reformation, and regeneration of one's life. The movement was founded on the belief that God explained the spiritual meaning of the Scriptures to Swedenborg as a means of revealing the truth of the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. Swedenborg claimed divine inspiration for his writings and followers believe that Swedenborg witnessed the Last Judgment in the spiritual world, along with the inauguration of the New Church. The New Church is seen by members of New Church organizations as something which the Lord is establishing with all those who believe that the Lord Jesus Christ is the one God of heaven and Earth, and that obeying his commandments is necessary for salvation. Therefore, it is thought that any Christian holding these beliefs is part of this New Church movement. New Church organizations also acknowledge the universal nature of the Lord's church: all who do good from the truth of their religion will be accepted by the Lord into heaven, as God is goodness itself, and doing good conjoins one to God. Adherents believe that the doctrine of the New Church is derived from scripture and provides the benefit of further enlightenment concerning the truth, and that this leads to diminished doubt, a recognition of personal faults, and thus a more directed and happier life. Other names for the movement include Swedenborgian, New Christians, Neo-Christians, Church of the New Jerusalem, and The Lord's New Church. Those outside the church may refer to the movement as Swedenborgianism; however, some adherents seek to distance themselves from this title, since it implies a following of Swedenborg rather than Jesus Christ. Swedenborg published some of his theological works anonymously, and his writings promoted one Church based on love and charity, rather than multiple churches named after their founders based on belief or doctrine.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "tailor"@en . "garment worker"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Tatar"@en . "Tatars"@fr . . "\"The Tatars are a Turkic people living in Asia and Europe who were one of the five major tribal confederations (khanlig) in the Mongolian plateau in the 12th century CE. The name \"Tatar\" first appears in written form on the Kul Tigin monument as \U00010C43\U00010C43\U00010C3A (TaTaR). Today the term Tatars refers to people who speak one of the Turkic languages. The Mongol Empire, established under Genghis Khan in 1206, subjugated the Tatars. Under the leadership of Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan (c. 1207\u20131255), the Mongols moved westwards, driving with them many of the Mongol tribes toward the plains of Russia. The \"Tatar\" clan still exists among the Mongols and Hazaras. Russians and Europeans used the name Tatar to denote Mongols as well as Turkic peoples under Mongol rule (especially in the Golden Horde). Later, it applied to any Turkic- or Mongolic-speaking people encountered by Russians. Eventually, however, the name became associated with the Turkic Muslims of Ukraine and Russia, namely the descendants of Muslim Volga Bulgars, Kipchaks, Cumans, and Turkicized Mongols or Turko-Mongols (Nogais), as well as other Turkic-speaking peoples (Siberian Tatars, Qasim Tatars, and Mishar Tatars) in the territory of the former Russian Empire (and as such generally includes all Northwestern Turkic-speaking peoples). The Tatars formed the Turkic-speaking population of Tartary\u2014the lands ruled by Mongol \u00E9lites from the 14th century until their conquest by the Russian Empire in the 18th to 19th centuries. The largest group by far that the Russians have called \"Tatars\" are the Volga Tatars, native to the Volga region (Tatarstan and Bashkortostan), who for this reason are often also simply known as \"Tatars\", with their language known as the Tatar language. As of 2002 they had an estimated population close to 6 million.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLes Tatars (ou Tartares) est un nom collectif donn\u00E9 \u00E0 des peuples turcs d'Europe orientale et d'Asie du Nord. La plupart des Tatars vivent au centre et au sud de la Russie, en Ukraine, en Bulgarie, en Chine, au Kazakhstan, en Roumanie, en Turquie, et en Ouzb\u00E9kistan. On en d\u00E9nombrait plus de huit millions \u00E0 la fin du XXe si\u00E8cle. Ils forment par ailleurs l'un des cinquante-six groupes ethniques recens\u00E9s par la R\u00E9publique populaire de Chine. Il existe des distinctions entre les Tatars eux-m\u00EAmes, parmi lesquels les Noga\u00EFs. Aujourd'hui, parmi les Tatars, on trouve des musulmans et des chr\u00E9tiens orthodoxes (notamment en Russie). Le terme tartare \u00E9tait \u00E9galement d\u00E9sign\u00E9 par confusion chez les occidentaux pour d\u00E9signer les peuples mongols et donna lieu \u00E0 l\u2019appellation de Tartarie pour les r\u00E9gions habit\u00E9es par les peuples turco-mongols\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "tax official"@en . "commissioner of taxes"@en . "customs inspector"@en . "customs officer"@en . "customs official"@en . "exciseman"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "R\u00E9sistance fiscale"@fr . "tax resistance"@en . . "tax resister"@en . "tax withholder"@en . "\"Tax resistance is the refusal to pay tax because of opposition to the government that is imposing the tax or to government policy or as opposition to the concept of taxation in itself. Tax resistance is a form of direct action and if in violation of the tax regulations, a form of civil disobedience. Examples of tax resistance campaigns include those advocating home rule, such as the Salt March led by Mahatma Gandhi, and those promoting women's suffrage, such as the Women's Tax Resistance League. War tax resistance is the refusal to pay some or all taxes that pay for war and a form of nonviolent resistance. War tax resistance may be practiced by conscientious objectors, pacifists, or those protesting against a particular war. As a percentage of income tax funds military expenditure, war tax resisters may avoid or refuse to pay some or all income tax. For example, war resisters may choose to avoid taxes by living simply below the income tax threshold. Tax resisters are distinct from tax protesters who deny that the legal obligation to pay taxes exists or applies. Tax resisters may accept that some law commands them to pay taxes but they still choose to resist taxation.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLa r\u00E9sistance fiscale (ou r\u00E9sistance \u00E0 l'imposition ou d\u00E9sob\u00E9issance fiscale) est un acte politique consistant \u00E0 refuser de participer \u00E0 la fiscalit\u00E9 de son pays au nom de valeurs morales. C'est une forme de r\u00E9sistance non-violente.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "teacher"@en . . "art instructor"@en . "art teacher"@en . "assistant schoolmistress"@en . "bible teaching"@en . "classical tutor"@en . "classics teacher"@en . "creative writing teacher"@en . "dancing teacher"@en . "educational pioneer"@en . "elocution teacher"@en . "french teacher"@en . "geography teacher"@en . "giving courses"@en . "home educator"@en . "housemaster"@en . "instructor"@en . "music teacher"@en . "piano teacher"@en . "pupil teacher"@en . "religious teacher"@en . "school mistress"@en . "schoolmaster"@en . "schoolmistress"@en . "schoolteacher"@en . "senior english mistress"@en . "singing teacher"@en . "sub preceptor"@en . "sunday school mistress"@en . "sunday school teacher"@en . "teacher's assistant"@en . "teaching"@en . "teaching aide"@en . "tutor"@en . "tutor in divinity"@en . "tutor in languages and belles lettres"@en . "tutoring"@en . "university tutor"@en . "weapons instructor"@en . "writing instructor"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "assistant mistress"@en . "first assistant mistress"@en . . . . . ""@fr . "teaches educational subject"@en . . ""@fr . "Indicates a subject, field, art, or skill taught by an instructor or educational organization."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "teaching educational subject"@en . . . . . . . "teaching qualification"@en . "Certificate in the Theory and Practice of Teaching"@en . "Diploma of Education"@en . "Elementary School Teachers' Certificate"@en . "Elementary Teacher's Certificate"@en . "Post-Graduate Certificate of Education"@en . "Teacher's Diploma"@en . "Teaching Certificate, First Class"@en . "Teaching Certificate,, First Class"@en . "Teaching Diploma"@en . "USA teaching certificate"@en . "diploma in education"@en . "education diploma"@en . "second class teaching certificate"@en . "teacher's certificate"@en . "teaching certificate"@en . "Credential signifying training in teaching, usually at the primary or secondary school level."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "technician"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "telephone operator"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "television industry"@en . "television director"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Ligue de temp\u00E9rance"@fr . "temperance movement"@en . . "temperance"@en . "temperance activist"@en . "temperance supporter"@en . "temperance work"@en . "temperance worker"@en . . "\"The temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Temperance movements typically criticize excessive alcohol consumption, promote complete abstinence (teetotalism), or use its political influence to press the government to enact alcohol laws to regulate the availability of alcohol or even its complete prohibition.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABUne Ligue de temp\u00E9rance est une association form\u00E9e pour s'opposer \u00E0 la consommation d'alcools. Son fondement est souvent d'ordre religieux ou moral : la plupart des mouvements du XXe si\u00E8cle en Occident sont \u00E9galement associ\u00E9s au mouvement f\u00E9ministe, l'alcool \u00E9tant souvent la cause de violences conjugales et absorbant une part substantielle des revenus des familles \u00E0 bas revenus.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "textiles"@en . "textile mill worker"@en . "textile worker"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "theatre work"@en . "assistant theatre manager"@en . "cabaret dresser"@en . "costume designer"@en . "play reader"@en . "prompter"@en . "property mistress"@en . "set designer"@en . "stage manager"@en . "theatre"@en . "theatre censor"@en . "theatre company director"@en . "theatre designer"@en . "theatre director"@en . "theatre dresser"@en . "theatre manager"@en . "theatre organiser"@en . "theatre president"@en . "theatre producer"@en . "theatrical agent"@en . "theatrical director"@en . "theatrical manager"@en . "usherette"@en . "wardrobe assistant"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "founded a small theatre group"@en . "men of the theatre"@en . "student production of one of her plays"@en . "theatre literary manager"@en . "theatre trust president"@en . "workshopping plays"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "theism"@en . "th\u00E9isme"@fr . . "theist"@en . "\"Theism, in the field of comparative religion, is the belief in the existence of deities. In popular parlance, the term theism often describes the classical conception of god(s) that is found in the monotheistic and polytheistic religions. The term theism derives from the Greek theos meaning \"god\". The term theism was first used by Ralph Cudworth (1617\u20131688). In Cudworth's definition, they are \"strictly and properly called Theists, who affirm, that a perfectly conscious understanding being, or mind, existing of itself from eternity, was the cause of all other things\". Atheism is commonly understood as rejection of theism in the broadest sense of theism, i.e. the rejection of belief in a god or gods. The claim that the existence of any deity is unknown or unknowable is agnosticism.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABUn th\u00E9isme (du grec theos, dieu) est une croyance ou doctrine qui affirme l'existence d'au moins une divinit\u00E9 sans forc\u00E9ment que ces divinit\u00E9s aient encore une influence dans l'univers. Selon le th\u00E9isme religieux, la relation de l'Homme avec Dieu passe par des interm\u00E9diaires (la religion). Selon le th\u00E9isme philosophique, Dieu r\u00E9git l'univers directement.Le th\u00E9isme est oppos\u00E9 \u00E0 l'ath\u00E9isme. Parmi les formes de th\u00E9isme, on peut notamment citer le panenth\u00E9isme, le monoth\u00E9isme et le polyth\u00E9isme. Et \u00E0 c\u00F4t\u00E9 de lui (car oppos\u00E9s \u00E0 lui sur la question de la transcendance) le d\u00E9isme et le panth\u00E9isme (parfois assimil\u00E9 \u00E0 un ath\u00E9isme).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Thracian"@en . "thrace"@fr . . "Thracians"@en . . "\"The Thracians (/\u02C8\u03B8re\u026A\u0283\u0259nz/; Ancient Greek: \u0398\u03C1\u1FB7\u03BA\u03B5\u03C2 Thr\u0101ikes, Latin: Thraci) were a group of Indo-European tribes inhabiting a large area in southeastern Europe. They spoke the Thracian language \u2013 a scarcely attested branch of the Indo-European language family. The study of Thracians and Thracian culture is known as Thracology.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLes Thraces constituaient un peuple de langue pal\u00E9o-balkanique (donc indo-europ\u00E9enne) dont les tribus, signal\u00E9es dans les Balkans en m\u00EAme temps que les Ach\u00E9ens, les \u00C9oliens et les Ioniens, partageaient un ensemble de croyances, un mode de vie et une m\u00EAme langue avec des variantes et dialectes. Leur civilisation, encore mal connue, s'est \u00E9panouie du IIe mill\u00E9naire av. J.\u2011C. au iiie si\u00E8cle av. J.-C., sur un substrat ant\u00E9-indo-europ\u00E9en dit \u00ABp\u00E9lasge\u00BB d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 d\u00E8s le Ve mill\u00E9naire av. J.\u2011C. comme civilisation agricole et pourvue de n\u00E9cropoles richement dot\u00E9es en or. L'\u00E9tymologie de ce nom reste incertaine. Orale, la culture des Thraces \u00E9tait faite de l\u00E9gendes et de mythes incluant la croyance en l'immortalit\u00E9 sous la forme de l'\u00ABorphisme\u00BB, d\u00E9crit par H\u00E9rodote. Les connaissances que nous avons de ce peuple viennent des auteurs grecs anciens et de d\u00E9couvertes arch\u00E9ologiques r\u00E9centes.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "timber trade"@en . "sawyer"@en . "timber manager"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "time certainty of"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "tinker"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Conservative Party (UK)."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance Parti Conservateur (Royaume-Uni)."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Parti Tory (Royaume-Uni)"@fr . "Tory Party (Britain)"@en . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . "tory"@en . . "\"The Tories were members of two political parties which existed, sequentially, in the Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of Great Britain and later the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from the 17th to the early 19th centuries. The first Tories emerged in 1678 in England, when they opposed the Whig-supported Exclusion Bill which set out to disinherit the heir presumptive James, Duke of York (who eventually became James II of England and VII of Scotland). This party ceased to exist as an organised political entity in the early 1760s, although it was used as a term of self-description by some political writers. A few decades later, a new Tory party would rise to establish a hold on government between 1783 and 1830, with William Pitt the Younger followed by Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool. The Earl of Liverpool was succeeded by fellow Tory Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, whose term included the Catholic Emancipation, which occurred mostly due to the election of Daniel O'Connell as a Catholic MP from Ireland. When the Whigs subsequently regained control, the Representation of the People Act 1832 removed the rotten boroughs, many of which were controlled by Tories. In the following general election, the Tory ranks were reduced to 180 MPs. Under the leadership of Robert Peel, the Tamworth Manifesto was issued, which began to transform the Tories into the Conservative Party. However, Peel lost many of his supporters by repealing the Corn Laws, causing the party to break apart. One faction, led by the Earl of Derby and Benjamin Disraeli, survived to become the modern Conservative Party, whose members are commonly still referred to as Tories.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "tour guide"@en . "mountain guide"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "youth hostel warden"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Tractarian Movement"@en . "tractarianisme"@fr . . "Oxford Movement"@en . "Tractarian"@en . . "\"The Oxford Movement was a movement of High Church members of the Church of England which eventually developed into Anglo-Catholicism. The movement, whose original devotees were mostly associated with the University of Oxford, argued for the reinstatement of some older Christian traditions of faith and their inclusion into Anglican liturgy and theology. They thought of Anglicanism as one of three branches of the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church. The movement's philosophy was known as Tractarianism after its series of publications, the Tracts for the Times, published from 1833 to 1841. Tractarians were also disparagingly referred to as \"Newmanites\" (before 1845) and \"Puseyites\" (after 1845) after two prominent Tractarians, John Henry Newman and Edward Bouverie Pusey. Other well-known Tractarians included John Keble, Charles Marriott, Richard Froude, Robert Wilberforce, Isaac Williams, and William Palmer.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe Mouvement d'Oxford (Oxford Movement) est un courant th\u00E9ologique anglais du XIXe si\u00E8cle, situ\u00E9 dans la lign\u00E9e des th\u00E9ories d\u00E9fendues par la Haute \u00C9glise (High Church) anglicane.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "syndicalisme"@fr . "trade unionism"@en . . "trade unionist"@en . "union movement"@en . "unionism"@en . "women's trade unions"@en . . "In support of the formation of a trade union. See Trade union - Wikipedia"@en . "Lutte pour la consitution de syndicats professionnels. Voir Syndicat professionnel \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia et Syndicalisme \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "trader"@en . "clothes trader"@en . "fur trader"@en . "wool trader"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "transgender"@en . "transgenre"@fr . "transgendered"@en . "\n Indicates divergence of a person's gender identity from their sex as understood or assigned at birth. Unlike transwoman or transman, \"the term transgender is not indicative of gender expression,\" nor is it indicative of \"sexual orientation, hormonal makeup, physical anatomy, or how one is perceived in daily life.\"(TSER, 2017)\n "@en . "\n Indique la discordance entre le genre et le sexe d'une personne, tel que celui-ci a \u00E9t\u00E9 compris ou assign\u00E9 \u00E0 sa naissance. Contrairement \u00E0 femme trans ou homme trans, \u00ABle terme n'est pas r\u00E9v\u00E9lateur de l'expression du genre, de l'orientation sexuelle, de la constitution hormonale, de l'anatomie, ou de la fa\u00E7on dont une personne est per\u00E7ue au quotidien\u00BB (TSER, 2017).\n "@fr . . . . . . . "homme trans"@fr . "trans man/trans male"@en . "transgendered female to male"@en . "\n Indique habituellement l'identification en tant qu'homme alors que le sexe \u00ABf\u00E9minin\u00BB a \u00E9t\u00E9 assign\u00E9 \u00E0 la naissance. Certains hommes trans renoncent \u00E0 la mention \u00ABtrans\u00BB et pr\u00E9f\u00E8rent utiliser le terme \u00ABhomme\u00BB seul. (TSER, 2017). Cette d\u00E9finition inclut \u00E9galement les gar\u00E7ons trans.\n "@fr . "\n Typically indicates identification as a man while having been assigned the sex \"female\" at birth. Some trans men prefer to drop the prefix \"trans\" and keep the label \"man\" (TSER, 2017). This definition includes trans boys too.\n "@en . . . . . . . "femme trans"@fr . "trans woman/trans female"@en . "transgendered male to female"@en . "\n Indique habituellement l'identification en tant que femme alors que le sexe \u00ABmasculin\u00BB a \u00E9t\u00E9 assign\u00E9 \u00E0 la naissance. Certaines femmes trans renoncent \u00E0 la mention \u00ABtrans\u00BB et pr\u00E9f\u00E8rent utiliser le terme \u00ABfemme\u00BB seul. (TSER, 2017). Cette d\u00E9finition inclut \u00E9galement les filles trans.\n "@fr . "\n Typically indicates identification as a woman while having been assigned the sex \"male\" at birth. Some trans women prefer to drop the prefix \"trans\" and keep the label \"woman\" (TSER, 2017). This definition includes trans girls too.\n "@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "transcriber"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "translator"@en . . "interpreter"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "free lance translations"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "transportation work"@en . "bus conductor"@en . "bus driver"@en . "bus inspector"@en . "bus worker"@en . "cab driver"@en . "driver"@en . "transportation"@en . "van driver"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "travel"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "travelling"@en . "sightseeing"@en . "travel agent"@en . "travel guide"@en . "traveller"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "travelled to"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates that a person travelled to this place."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "treasurer"@en . "city treasurer"@en . "hospital department treasurer"@en . "society treasurer"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "treasurer to the royal society"@en . "under treasurer for the navy"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "trustee"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "tate gallery trustee"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "type setter"@en . . "typesetter"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "uncle"@en . . . . . . . "oncle de"@fr . "uncle of"@en . . . . . . . . . "genre ind\u00E9termin\u00E9"@fr . "undefined"@en . "Indicates that the person's gender is not disclosed by them or is not indicated in the source."@en . "Indique que le genre de la personne n'est pas d\u00E9termin\u00E9 par elle\u00B7lui-m\u00EAme ou n'est pas indiqu\u00E9 dans la source."@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "undergraduate degree"@en . . "B. Litt."@en . "BLitt"@en . "Bachelor"@en . "degree"@en . "degree in advertising"@en . "two-year degree"@en . "\"An undergraduate degree (also called first degree, bachelor's degree or simply degree) is a colloquial term for an academic degree taken by a person who has completed undergraduate courses. It is usually offered at an institution of higher education, such as a university. The most common type of this degree is the bachelor's degree, which typically takes at least three or four years to complete.\"\n (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . . "tagueur non identifi\u00E9(e)"@fr . "unidentified tagger"@en . "A human tagger whose identity has not been recorded, for example within legacy datasets."@en . "Un encodeur humain non identifi\u00E9 par le syst\u00E8me, par exemple dans des jeux de donn\u00E9es h\u00E9rit\u00E9s."@fr . "Tagueur non identifi\u00E9(e)"@fr . "Unidentified tagger."@en . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance Unitarianism."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance unitarisme."@fr . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . . "Unitarian Church"@en . "\u00C9glise unitarienne"@fr . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . "unitarianChurch"@en . . ""@fr . "\"Unitarian church usually refers to a church (either a single church or a group of churches and/or its followers) which follows Unitarianism, a Christian theology. It can also more broadly refer to a church which is a member of an umbrella group with \"Unitarian\" in its title, such as the Unitarian Universalist Association in the U.S., the Canadian Unitarian Council, and similar bodies.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus."@en . . "Unitarianism"@en . "unitarios"@es . "unitarisme"@fr . "unitarisme"@nl . "unitarismo"@es . . "Unitarian"@en . "Unitarian Church"@en . "Unitarian Movement"@en . "active unitarian"@en . "unitarianMovement"@en . . . "\"In het bijzonder te gebruiken voor de vrijzinnig protestantse beweging die in Europa opkwam tijdens de Reformatie in de 16de eeuw, werd belichaamd door een kerk in Transsylvani\u00EB en een confessionele status verkreeg in Groot-Brittanni\u00EB, de Verenigde Staten en Canada tijdens de 19de eeuw. De beweging wordt gekenmerkt door de afwijzing van de orthodox christelijke leer van de Drie-eenheid en de goddelijke Christus, het vrije gebruik van de rede in religieuze zaken en het geloof dat God bestaat in \u00E9\u00E9n persoon. In 1961 fuseerde deze beweging in de Verenigde Staten en Canada met de universalistische beweging, waardoor het \u2018unitaristisch universalisme' ontstond. Ook in het algemeen te gebruiken voor de theologische leer van de eenheid van God en het mens-zijn van Jezus, zoals voor het eerst verwoord in het monarchisme van de 2de en 3de eeuw en in de leer van Arius in de 3de en 4de eeuw, en later in de leer van de radicale neoplatonisten uit de Reformatie zoals Michael Servetus, Faustus Socinus en Ferenc David.\" (Getty, 2017)"@nl . "\"The liberal Protestant movement that arose in Europe during the 16th century Reformation, was embodied in a church in Transylvania, and achieved denominational status in the 19th century in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. It is characterized by a denial of the orthodox Christian doctrines of the Trinity and the divinity of Jesus, the free use of reason in religion, and the belief that God exists in one person. In 1961, in the United States and Canada, it merged with the Universalist denomination to form \"Unitarian Universalism.\" Use also generally for the theological doctrines of the unified nature of God and the humanity of Jesus, first expressed in second- and third-century monarchism and in the teachings of Arius in the third and fourth centuries, and later in the radical Neoplatonist thinkers of the Reformation such as Michael Servetus, Faustus Socinus, and Ferenc David.\" (Getty, 2017)"@en . "\"\u00DAsese espec\u00EDficamente para el movimiento protestante liberal que surgi\u00F3 en Europa durante la Reforma del siglo XVI, que tuvo su manifestaci\u00F3n en una iglesia en Transilvania, y que logr\u00F3 un estatus confesional en el siglo XIX en el Reino Unido, los Estados Unidos y Canad\u00E1. Es caracterizado por una desaprobaci\u00F3n de las doctrinas cristianas ortodoxas de la Trinidad y la divinidad de Jes\u00FAs, el libre uso de la raz\u00F3n en la religi\u00F3n y la creencia que Dios existe en una persona. En 1961, en los Estados Unidos y Canad\u00E1 s\" (Getty, 2017)"@es . "\u00ABL'unitarisme est une doctrine qui affirme que le Dieu du christianisme est une seule personne, et non pas une seule nature ou \u00ABousie\u00BB en trois hypostases comme l'affirme le dogme de la Trinit\u00E9 : P\u00E8re, Fils et Esprit. Selon le dogme de la Trinit\u00E9, ces trois personnes divines participent d'une seule nature divine unique . Le \u00ABtrinitarisme\u00BB est la doctrine officielle du christianisme depuis le premier concile de Nic\u00E9e (325) et le concile de Chalc\u00E9doine (451).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Universalist"@en . . "universal salvation"@en . "\"Universalism is a religious, theological, and philosophical concept with universal application or applicability. Universalist doctrines consider all people in their formation. In terms of religion, in a broad sense, universalism claims that religion is a universal human quality. This can be contrasted with non-universalist religions. Religion in this context is defined as \"a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs.\" In some sects of Christianity, universal reconciliation is the doctrine that all sinful and alienated human souls \u2014 because of divine love and mercy \u2014 will ultimately be reconciled to God. Unitarian Universalism believes that religion is a universal human quality, emphasizing the universal principles of most religions and accepting other religions in an inclusive manner, believing in a universal reconciliation between humanity and the divine. Universalism has had a strong influence on modern Hinduism, in turn influencing western modern spirituality. A community that calls itself universalist may emphasize the universal principles of most religions and accept other religions in an inclusive manner, believing in a universal reconciliation between humanity and the divine. For example, some forms of Abrahamic religions happened to claim the universal value of their doctrine and moral principles, and feel inclusive. A belief in one common truth is also another important tenet. The living truth is seen as more far-reaching than national, cultural, or religious boundaries.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to the Text Encoding Initiative's P5: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange."@en . . "probabilit\u00E9 inconnue"@fr . "unknown certainty"@en . "A predefined value of certainty that is used when one does not want to assert an opinion on certainty or precision, or the degree of certainty or precision is not known. Equivalent to the \"unknown\" attribute value for certainty of the Text Encoding Initiative."@en . "Une valeur de probabilit\u00E9 pr\u00E9d\u00E9finie utilis\u00E9e lorsque l'on ne veut pas exprimer d'opinion sur la probabilit\u00E9."@fr . . . . "Deprecated with no current equivalence."@en . . "Inconnue"@fr . "Unknown"@en . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . ""@fr . "unskilled labourer"@en . "dishwasher"@en . "laundry worker"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "sweeping the floor"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "unspecified"@en . ""@fr . "Some aspect of the subject's reproductive history."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "upholsterer"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "This term is a CWRC-specific addition not in the original Orlando tag set."@en . . "classe moyenne sup\u00E9rieure"@fr . "upper-middle class"@en . . . "La classe moyenne sup\u00E9rieure est une classe sociale qui regroupe les individus de la classe moyenne dont les revenus sont les plus \u00E9lev\u00E9s (en France, sup\u00E9rieurs \u00E0 30 000 euros par an). En tant que membres de la classe moyenne, leurs revenus restent inf\u00E9rieurs \u00E0 ceux de l'\u00E9lite entrepreneuriale et des professions lib\u00E9rales. On y trouve surtout des cadres, parfois des artisans ind\u00E9pendants. La classe moyenne sup\u00E9rieure a tendance \u00E0 se confondre avec la petite bourgeoisie, on y trouve par exemple un actionnariat d\u00E9velopp\u00E9 ainsi qu'un niveau d'\u00E9ducation \u00E9lev\u00E9. Depuis les crises \u00E9conomiques des ann\u00E9es 1970, la classe moyenne sup\u00E9rieure se distingue de plus en plus de la fausse jumelle, la classe moyenne inf\u00E9rieure ; la premi\u00E8re \u00E9tant caract\u00E9ris\u00E9e par son ascension sociale, l'autre par son d\u00E9classement."@fr . "The upper middle class is a sociological concept referring to the social group constituted by higher status members of the middle class. This is in contrast to the term \"lower middle class\", which is used for the group at the opposite end of the middle class stratum, and to the broader term \"middle class\". There is considerable debate as to how the upper middle class might be defined. According to sociologist Max Weber the upper middle class consists of well-educated professionals with graduate degrees and comfortable incomes."@en . . "Overlaps with the professional class."@en . . . . . "ouvrier non qualifi\u00E9"@fr . "urban unskilled"@en . "URBAN-INDUSTRIALUNSKILLED"@en . "Cette classe inclut les ouvriers/\u00E8res d'usine et les travailleurs/euses des grandes industries ou des industries urbaines, qui ne poss\u00E8dent ni profession ni qualification d\u00E9finie. Elle renvoie \u00E9galement aux emplois du secteur des services avec des salaires et des statuts faibles, comme la restauration ou l'industrie du fast-food dans les soci\u00E9t\u00E9s industrielles et postindustrielles."@fr . "This class includes factory workers and workers in urban or large-scale industries without defined trades or professional qualifications, and those in low-wage and low-status service sector jobs, such as the restaurant or fast-food industry, in industrial or post-industrial societies. (Brown, 2006)"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "urban planning"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "renouvellement urbain"@fr . "urban reform"@en . . "urban reformer"@en . . "Advocacy or activism in support of reforming the urban environment, often in support of alleviating poverty. See Urban renewal - Wikipedia"@en . "Militantisme ou lutte en faveur de la r\u00E9forme de l'environnement urbain, souvent pour r\u00E9duire les probl\u00E8mes de pauvret\u00E9. Voir Renouvellement urbain \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Utilitarisme"@fr . "utilitarianism"@en . . "\"Utilitarianism is a theory about what we ought to do. It states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility. \"Utility\" is defined in various ways, usually in terms of the well-being of sentient entities, such as human beings and other animals. Jeremy Bentham, the founder of utilitarianism, gave this definition of \"utility\": it is the sum of all pleasure that results from an action, minus the suffering of anyone involved in the action. The philosopher John Stuart Mill developed this concept further. He included not only the quantity of the pleasure, but also the quality of pleasure. He focused on rules, instead of individual actions. Others have proposed a theory called \"negative utilitarianism.\" They define utility only in terms of suffering. Utilitarianism is a version of what Elizabeth Anscombe called \"consequentialism\". Consequentialism states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. Contrast this view with virtue ethics, which enshrines virtue as a moral good. Some believe that one's intentions are also ethically important. Unlike other forms of consequentialism, such as egoism, utilitarianism considers all interests equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have disagreed on a number of points. Should individual acts should conform to utility (act utilitarianism)? Or, should agents conform to ethical rules (rule utilitarianism)? Should utility should be calculated as an aggregate (total utilitarianism) or as an average (average utilitarianism)? Though the seeds of the theory can be found in the hedonists Aristippus and Epicurus, who viewed happiness as the only good, the tradition of utilitarianism properly begins with Bentham, and has included John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R. M. Hare and Peter Singer. It has been applied the suffering of non-human animals, and the ethics of raising animals for food. Opponents of utilitarianism have raised a number of objections. Some say that utilitarianism ignores justice. Others call it impractical. Specific criticisms have included the mere addition paradox and the utility monster.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABL'utilitarisme est une doctrine en philosophie politique ou en \u00E9thique sociale qui prescrit d'agir (ou de ne pas agir) de mani\u00E8re \u00E0 maximiser le bien-\u00EAtre collectif, entendu comme la somme ou la moyenne de bien-\u00EAtre (bien-\u00EAtre agr\u00E9g\u00E9) de l'ensemble des \u00EAtres sensibles et affect\u00E9s. Les utilitaristes per\u00E7oivent donc le gaspillage de bien-\u00EAtre (production de bien-\u00EAtre total ou moyen inf\u00E9rieur au maximum possible) comme une injustice.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "V\u00E9g\u00E9tarisme"@fr . "vegetarianism"@en . . "vegetarian"@en . "\"Vegetarianism /v\u025Bd\u0292\u026A\u02C8t\u025B\u0259ri\u0259n\u026Az\u0259m/ is the practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat (red meat, poultry, seafood, and the flesh of any other animal), and may also include abstention from by-products of animal slaughter. Vegetarianism can be adopted for different reasons. Many object to eating meat out of respect for sentient life. Such ethical motivations have been codified under various religious beliefs, along with animal rights. Other motivations for vegetarianism are health-related, political, environmental, cultural, aesthetic, economic, or personal preference. There are varieties of the diet as well: an ovo-vegetarian diet includes eggs but not dairy products, a lacto-vegetarian diet includes dairy products but not eggs, and an ovo-lacto vegetarian diet includes both eggs and dairy products. A vegan diet excludes all animal products, including eggs, dairy, and honey. Some vegans also avoid other animal products such as beeswax, leather or silk clothing, and goose-fat shoe polish. Various packaged or processed foods, including cake, cookies, candies, chocolate, yogurt and marshmallows, often contain unfamiliar animal ingredients, and may be a special concern for vegetarians due to the likelihood of such additions. Often, products are reviewed by vegetarians for animal-derived ingredients prior to purchase or consumption. Vegetarians vary in their feelings regarding these ingredients, however. For example, while some vegetarians may be unaware of animal-derived rennet's role in the usual production of cheese and may therefore unknowingly consume the product, other vegetarians may not take issue with its consumption. Semi-vegetarian diets consist largely of vegetarian foods, but may include fish or poultry, or sometimes other meats, on an infrequent basis. Those with diets containing fish or poultry may define meat only as mammalian flesh and may identify with vegetarianism. This is because earlier dictionaries included fish as part of the definition whereas the current versions do not. A pescetarian diet has been described as \"fish but no other meat\". The common use association between such diets and vegetarianism has led vegetarian groups such as the Vegetarian Society to state that diets containing these ingredients are not vegetarian, because fish and birds are also animals.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe v\u00E9g\u00E9tarisme est une pratique alimentaire qui exclut la consommation de chair animale. Sa d\u00E9finition la plus large correspond \u00E0 l'ovo-lacto-v\u00E9g\u00E9tarisme, qui consiste \u00E0 consommer des v\u00E9g\u00E9taux, des champignons et des aliments d'origine animale (comme le miel, les \u0153ufs, le lait ainsi que leurs produits d\u00E9riv\u00E9s). Il s'agit du v\u00E9g\u00E9tarisme occidental classique dont les pratiquants \u00E9taient appel\u00E9s \u00ABpythagor\u00E9ens / pythagoriciens\u00BB jusqu'en 1847. Le v\u00E9g\u00E9tarisme indien (hindou et sikh), bas\u00E9 sur l'ahims\u00E2, autorise la consommation de produits laitiers mais exclut les \u0153ufs (les Lois de Manu excluent aussi la consommation des champignons). Le v\u00E9g\u00E9tarisme est adopt\u00E9 pour des motivations diverses. Certains deviennent v\u00E9g\u00E9tariens pour des raisons \u00E9thiques, religieuses, culturelles ou li\u00E9es \u00E0 la sant\u00E9. D'autres facteurs peuvent motiver l'adoption d'un r\u00E9gime v\u00E9g\u00E9tarien : la critique des m\u00E9thodes de tra\u00E7abilit\u00E9, d'\u00E9levage et d'abattage, l'acc\u00E8s aux denr\u00E9es alimentaires, l'impact environnemental des modes de production et de pr\u00E9l\u00E8vement de ces derni\u00E8res (les \u00E9conomies d'\u00E9nergies et d'eau) ou encore le refus par principe de l'exploitation animale. Plusieurs \u00E9tudes tendent \u00E0 montrer qu'une alimentation v\u00E9g\u00E9tarienne aurait un effet b\u00E9n\u00E9fique sur la sant\u00E9 \u2014 diminution des risques de maladies cardiovasculaires et de diab\u00E8te notamment \u2014 et sur l'esp\u00E9rance de vie. Pour autant, cet avantage des r\u00E9gimes sans viande est moins important lorsqu'on les compare avec des r\u00E9gimes omnivores sains. Dans le langage courant, toutes les pratiques alimentaires excluant la chair animale mais incluant la consommation d'autres produits d'origine animale sont appel\u00E9es \u00ABv\u00E9g\u00E9tarisme\u00BB et leurs pratiquants \u00ABv\u00E9g\u00E9tariens\u00BB. D'autres pratiques alimentaires influenc\u00E9es par le v\u00E9g\u00E9tarisme existent, comme le pesco-v\u00E9g\u00E9tarisme (ou \u00ABpesc\u00E9tarisme\u00BB) qui inclut la consommation de poisson, de mollusques et de crustac\u00E9s aquatiques, ou le flexitarisme, souvent qualifi\u00E9 de \u00ABsemi-v\u00E9g\u00E9tarisme\u00BB, qui inclut une consommation de viande occasionnelle. Le v\u00E9g\u00E9talisme quant \u00E0 lui exclut la totalit\u00E9 des produits d'origine animale.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "venereal disease"@en . "VD"@en . "syphilis"@en . "venereal"@en . ""@fr . "Related to venereal disease."@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "veterinary work"@en . "veterinary doctor"@en . "veterinary worker"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "vintner"@en . "wine maker"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . "violence association"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . ""@fr . "visit"@en . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "visits"@en . . . ""@fr . "Indicates that a person visited this place."@en . . . . . ""@fr . "visual artist"@en . "amateur artist"@en . "amateur painter"@en . "artist"@en . "colourist"@en . "commercial artist"@en . "craft artist"@en . "etcher"@en . "historical painter"@en . "illuminator"@en . "landscape painter"@en . "miniaturist"@en . "painter"@en . "portraitist"@en . "printmaker"@en . "sculptor"@en . "watercolourist"@en . "wax modeller"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "artist, painter"@en . "chinaware painter"@en . "etcher, artist"@en . "feather artisan"@en . "illustrator and landscape painter"@en . "miniature portrait painter"@en . "painter in enamel"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "vitalism"@en . "vitalisme"@fr . . "vitalist"@en . "\"Vitalism is a discredited scientific hypothesis that \"living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things\". Where vitalism explicitly invokes a vital principle, that element is often referred to as the \"vital spark\", \"energy\" or \"\u00E9lan vital\", which some equate with the soul. Although rejected by modern science, vitalism has a long history in medical philosophies: most traditional healing practices posited that disease results from some imbalance in vital forces. In the Western tradition founded by Hippocrates, these vital forces were associated with the four temperaments and humours; Eastern traditions posited an imbalance or blocking of qi or prana. One example of a similar notion in Africa is the Yoruba concept of ase.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe vitalisme est une tradition philosophique pour laquelle le vivant n'est pas r\u00E9ductible aux lois physico-chimiques. Elle envisage la vie comme de la mati\u00E8re anim\u00E9e d'un principe ou force vitale, qui s'ajouterait pour les \u00EAtres vivants aux lois de la mati\u00E8re. Selon cette conception, c'est cette force qui insufflerait la vie \u00E0 la mati\u00E8re. En biologie, ce cadre th\u00E9orique revient r\u00E9guli\u00E8rement dans l'histoire des sciences. Le terme d\u00E9signe parfois la vision philosophique d\u00E9fendue nagu\u00E8re par l'\u00C9cole de Montpellier (voir Paul-Joseph Barthez (1734-1806)).\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "volunteer"@en . "civil defence volunteer"@en . "food kitchen volunteer"@en . "food volunteer"@en . "hospital volunteer"@en . "school volunteer"@en . "volunteer counsellor"@en . "volunteer office work"@en . "volunteer personnel work"@en . "volunteer soldier"@en . "war volunteer"@en . "war volunteers"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . "voluntary aid detachment"@en . "volunteer cook and waitress"@en . "volunteering for the newly formed babies club"@en . . . . . . "volunteer occupation"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "volunteer occupation of"@en . . . . . . . ""@fr . "walking"@en . "hiker"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "war work"@en . "war duties"@en . "war effort"@en . "war efforts"@en . "war worker"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "chief of war staff"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "warehouse work"@en . "warehousing"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "watchmaker"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "weaver"@en . "handloom weaver"@en . "power loom weaver"@en . "stocking weaver"@en . . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "welder"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . "Deprecated in favour of foreign instance ISO 3166-2:GB-WLS."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance ISO 3166-2:GB-WLS."@fr . . "Gallois"@fr . "Welsh"@en . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . . "Indicates a subject's identification with or labelling as Welsh as an inherited national identity."@en . "Indique qu'un sujet s'identifie \u00E0 ou s'est vu assigner un h\u00E9ritage national gallois."@fr . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Nationalisme gallois"@fr . "Welsh nationalism"@en . . "welsh nationalist"@en . . "\"Welsh nationalism (Welsh: Cenedlaetholdeb Cymreig) emphasises the distinctiveness of Welsh language, culture, and history, and calls for more self-determination for Wales, which might include more devolved powers for the Welsh Assembly or full independence from the United Kingdom.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "Le nationalisme gallois consiste dans le projet de d\u00E9fense de l'identit\u00E9 du Pays de Galles, de la culture et de la langue galloise. Ses revendications vont de l'autonomisme, visant \u00E0 obtenir des pouvoirs accrus pour l'Assembl\u00E9e nationale du Pays de Galles et le gouvernement gallois, \u00E0 l'ind\u00E9pendantisme, d\u00E9fendu notamment par le parti Plaid Cymru.\n * Portail de la politique britannique Portail de la politique britannique\n * Portail du pays de Galles\" Portail du pays de Galles\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Wende"@fr . "Wendish"@en . . "Wends or Sorbs"@en . . "\"Wends (Old English: Winedas, Old Norse: Vindr, German: Wenden, Winden, Danish: vendere, Swedish: vender, Polish: Wendowie) is a historical name for the West Slavs living near Germanic settlement areas. It does not refer to a homogeneous people, but to various peoples, tribes or groups depending on where and when it is used.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe nom de Wendes, transcription germanique du latin Venedi, peut avoir plusieurs sens : Les Wendes (Venedi) en l'an 125, dans la perspective historique. Le mot d\u00E9signe l'ensemble des Slaves. dans une perspective historique, commun\u00E9ment admise par les milieux universitaires, l'ethnonyme Wenden d\u00E9signe toutes les tribus slaves en allemand : c'est le nom donn\u00E9 au Moyen ge par les Allemands \u00E0 tous les peuples slaves \u00E9tablis sur le territoire d\u00E9limit\u00E9 par l'Oder, la Spree, la Saale et les monts M\u00E9tallif\u00E8res. Les Wendes de la basse Elbe et de la c\u00F4te Baltique \u00E9taient des Polabes et des Obodrites, ceux du sud-est des Slovinces et ceux de l'Elbe sup\u00E9rieure des Sorabes.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Wesleyanism"@en . "Wesleyanisme"@fr . . "Wesleyan"@en . "Wesleyan Independent"@en . "Wesleyan Methodist"@en . . "\"Wesleyanism, or Wesleyan theology, is a movement of Protestant Christians who seek to follow the \"methods\" or theology of the eighteenth-century evangelical reformers John Wesley and his brother Charles Wesley. More broadly, it refers to the theological system inferred from the various sermons, theological treatises, letters, journals, diaries, hymns, and other spiritual writings of the Wesleys and their contemporary coadjutors such as John William Fletcher. Wesleyanism, manifest today in Methodist and holiness churches, is named for its founders, the Wesleys. In 1736, these two brothers traveled to the Georgia colony in America as missionaries for the Church of England; they left rather disheartened at what they saw. Both of them subsequently had \"religious experiences\", especially John in 1738, being greatly influenced by the Moravian Christians. They began to organize a renewal movement within the Church of England to focus on personal faith and holiness. John Wesley took Protestant churches to task over the nature of sanctification, the process by which a believer is conformed to the image of Christ, emphasizing New Testament teachings regarding the work of God and the believer in sanctification. The movement did well within the Church of England in Britain, but when the movement crossed the ocean into America, it took on a form of its own, finally being established as the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1784. The Wesleyan churches are very similar to Anglicanism (in Church government and liturgical practices), yet have added a strong emphasis on personal faith and personal experience. At its heart, the theology of John Wesley stressed the life of Christian holiness: to love God with all one\u2019s heart, mind, soul and strength and to love one\u2019s neighbour as oneself. See also Ministry of Jesus. Wesley\u2019s teaching also stressed experiential religion and moral responsibility.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe wesleyanisme ou th\u00E9ologie wesleyaniste est une th\u00E9ologie chr\u00E9tienne bas\u00E9e sur les enseignements de John Wesley selon une perspective m\u00E9thodiste. Le concept central de cette th\u00E9ologie est la vie sainte du chr\u00E9tien : aimer Dieu de tout son c\u0153ur, de tout son esprit et de toute son \u00E2me, ainsi qu'aimer son prochain comme soi-m\u00EAme. Les enseignements de Wesley insistent sur l'exp\u00E9rience religieuse et la responsabilit\u00E9 morale. Wesleyan est la forme adjectiv\u00E9e anglaise du nom propre Wesley qui r\u00E9f\u00E8re soit \u00E0 John Wesley, le fondateur du m\u00E9thodisme, une tendance du mouvement protestant, soit \u00E0 une ou l\u2019autre des \u00E9glises m\u00E9thodistes qui en d\u00E9coulent. L\u2019\u00C9glise wesleyenne s\u2019est s\u00E9par\u00E9e de l\u2019\u00C9glise m\u00E9thodiste \u00E9piscopale en 1843.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . ""@fr . "West Indian"@en . . . "\"A West Indian is a native or inhabitant of the West Indies (the Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago). For more than 100 years the words West Indian specifically described natives of the West Indies, but by 1661 Europeans had begun to use it also to describe the descendants of European colonists who stayed in the West Indies. Some West Indian people reserve this term for citizens or natives of the British West Indies.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLa population [antillaise] est mixte et donc de provenance diverse. Compos\u00E9e majoritairement de noirs d'origines africaines et de m\u00E9tis comme \u00E0 la Jama\u00EFque ou en Ha\u00EFti, elle comprend aussi des individus d'origine europ\u00E9enne, hindoue, arabe, juive. \u00C0 noter un tr\u00E8s faible pourcentage d'Asiatiques. Quelques rares survivants des premiers occupants de ces r\u00E9gions, les Am\u00E9rindiens, y sont encore pr\u00E9sents, comme les Cara\u00EFbes \u00E0 l\u2019\u00EEle de la Dominique.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . ""@fr . "West Indian"@en . . "\"A West Indian is a native or inhabitant of the West Indies (the Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago). For more than 100 years the words West Indian specifically described natives of the West Indies, but by 1661 Europeans had begun to use it also to describe the descendants of European colonists who stayed in the West Indies. Some West Indian people reserve this term for citizens or natives of the British West Indies.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLa population [antillaise] est mixte et donc de provenance diverse. Compos\u00E9e majoritairement de noirs d'origines africaines et de m\u00E9tis comme \u00E0 la Jama\u00EFque ou en Ha\u00EFti, elle comprend aussi des individus d'origine europ\u00E9enne, hindoue, arabe, juive. \u00C0 noter un tr\u00E8s faible pourcentage d'Asiatiques. Quelques rares survivants des premiers occupants de ces r\u00E9gions, les Am\u00E9rindiens, y sont encore pr\u00E9sents, comme les Cara\u00EFbes \u00E0 l\u2019\u00EEle de la Dominique.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "wet nurse"@en . . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "whaler"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "whiggism"@en . "whiggisme"@fr . . "dissident whig"@en . "foxite whig"@en . "opposition whig"@en . "pittite whig"@en . "whig"@en . "whigs"@en . "williamite"@en . "\"Whiggism, sometimes spelled Whigism, is a historical political philosophy that grew out of the Parliamentarian faction in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639\u20131651). The whigs' key policy positions were the supremacy of Parliament (as opposed to that of the king), tolerance of Protestant dissenters, and opposition to a Catholic (especially a Stuart) on the throne. After the huge success of the Glorious Revolution of 1688\u20131689, Whiggism dominated English and British politics until about 1760, although in practice it splintered into different factions. After 1760 the Whigs lost power, apart from sharing it in a few short-lived coalitions, but Whiggism fashioned itself into a generalized belief system that emphasised innovation and liberty and was strongly held by about half of the leading families in England and Scotland, as well as most merchants, Dissenters and professionals. The opposing Tory position was held by the other great families, the Church of England, and most of the landed gentry and officers of the army and the navy. Whigs who opposed Robert Walpole often called themselves \"Old Whigs\" and comprised part of the Country Party. Whiggism referred originally to the Whigs of the British Isles, but in its \"Old Whig\" form was largely adopted by the American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies. American Whiggism was known as republicanism. One meaning of 'whiggism' given by the Oxford English Dictionary is \"moderate or antiquated Liberalism\".\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "blanc"@fr . "white"@en . . "\"White people is a racial classification specifier, used for people of Europid ancestry, with the exact implications dependent on context. The contemporary usage of 'white people' or a 'white race; as a large group of (mainly European) populations contrasting with 'black', American Indian, 'colored' or non-white originates in the 17th century. It is today particularly used as a racial classifier in multiracial societies, such as the United States (White American), the United Kingdom (White British), Brazil (White Brazilian), and South Africa (White South African). Various social constructions of whiteness have been significant to national identity, public policy, religion, population statistics, racial segregation, affirmative action, white privilege, eugenics, racial marginalization and racial quotas. The term 'white race' or 'white people' entered the major European languages in the later 17th century, in the context of racialized slavery and unequal status in European colonies. Description of populations as 'white' in reference to their skin color predates this notion and is found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient sources. Scholarship on race generally distinguishes the modern concept from pre-modern descriptions of collective difference.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe terme Blanc est employ\u00E9, dans le langage courant, pour d\u00E9signer des \u00EAtres humains caract\u00E9ris\u00E9s notamment par une couleur de peau claire. Le terme est g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement employ\u00E9 pour d\u00E9signer les individus pr\u00E9sentant des caract\u00E9ristiques physiques qui sont historiquement associ\u00E9es aux populations europ\u00E9ennes. La d\u00E9finition d'un 'individu blanc' diff\u00E8re sensiblement d'apr\u00E8s les contextes historiques, l\u00E9gaux, culturels, et g\u00E9ographiques. Dans certains contextes, en particulier aux \u00C9tats-Unis, le terme 'caucasien' est utilis\u00E9 comme synonyme. D'un point de vue biologique, la peau blanche est une adaptation g\u00E9n\u00E9tique issue de la s\u00E9lection naturelle favorisant la synth\u00E8se de la vitamine D en milieu faiblement ensoleill\u00E9 en permettant une p\u00E9n\u00E9tration plus profonde des rayons de soleil dans l'\u00E9piderme du fait d'un taux de m\u00E9lanine plus bas2,3. Les latitudes temp\u00E9r\u00E9es sont moins soumises aux risques li\u00E9s au rayonnement ultraviolet, \u00E0 l'inverse des milieux fortement ensoleill\u00E9s dans lesquels les individus ont la peau plus fonc\u00E9e.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . . . . "identit\u00E9 blanche"@fr . "white identity"@en . "A subclass of textual label, this discursive label reflects the ambiguity of whiteness associated with different cultural forms. It provides a means of aggregating and searching multiple instances of \"White\" cultural identities (e.g. the cultural forms of white, white in the discursive context of ethnicity, and white, white in the discursive context of race or colour)."@en . "Une sous-classe d'\u00C9tiquettes Textuelles, cette \u00E9tiquette discursive refl\u00E8te l'ambiguit\u00E9 de la blancheur de peau en tant que charact\u00E9rique physique associ\u00E9e \u00E0 diverses formes culturelles. Elle permet de compiler et de rechercher les multiples instances d'identit\u00E9s culturelles \u00ABblanches\u00BB (par exemple blanc, blanc)."@fr . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance white."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance blanc."@fr . . "blanc"@fr . "white"@en . . "true"^^ . "deprecated"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "blanc"@fr . "white"@en . . "presumably white"@en . . "\n \"White people is a racial classification specifier, used for people of Europid ancestry, with the exact implications dependent on context. The contemporary usage of 'white people' or a 'white race' as a large group of (mainly European) populations contrasting with 'black', American Indian, colored' or non-white originates in the 17th century. It is today particularly used as a racial classifier in multiracial societies, such as the United States (White American), the United Kingdom (White British), Brazil (White Brazilian), and South Africa (White South African). Various social constructions of whiteness have been significant to national identity, public policy, religion, population statistics, racial segregation, affirmative action, white privilege, eugenics, racial marginalization and racial quotas. The term 'white race' or 'white people' entered the major European languages in the later 17th century, in the context of racialized slavery and unequal status in European colonies. Description of populations as 'white' in reference to their skin color predates this notion and is found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient sources. Scholarship on race generally distinguishes the modern concept from pre-modern descriptions of collective difference.\" (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@en . "\n \u00ABLe terme Blanc est employ\u00E9, dans le langage courant, pour d\u00E9signer des \u00EAtres humains caract\u00E9ris\u00E9s notamment par une couleur de peau claire. Le terme est g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement employ\u00E9 pour d\u00E9signer les individus pr\u00E9sentant des caract\u00E9ristiques physiques qui sont historiquement associ\u00E9es aux populations europ\u00E9ennes. La d\u00E9finition d'un \u00ABindividu blanc\u00BB diff\u00E8re sensiblement d'apr\u00E8s les contextes historiques, l\u00E9gaux, culturels, et g\u00E9ographiques. Dans certains contextes, en particulier aux \u00C9tats-Unis, le terme \u00ABcaucasien\u00BB est utilis\u00E9 comme synonyme. D'un point de vue biologique, la peau blanche est une adaptation g\u00E9n\u00E9tique issue de la s\u00E9lection naturelle favorisant la synth\u00E8se de la vitamine D en milieu faiblement ensoleill\u00E9 en permettant une p\u00E9n\u00E9tration plus profonde des rayons de soleil dans l'\u00E9piderme du fait d'un taux de m\u00E9lanine plus bas. Les latitudes temp\u00E9r\u00E9es sont moins soumises aux risques li\u00E9s au rayonnement ultraviolet, \u00E0 l'inverse des milieux fortement ensoleill\u00E9s dans lesquels les individus ont la peau plus fonc\u00E9e.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)\n "@fr . . . . . . . . ""@fr . "wife"@en . . . "candidate's wife"@en . "colonial governor's wife"@en . "diplomat's wife"@en . "headmaster's wife"@en . "housemaster's wife"@en . "housewife"@en . "vicar's wife"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . "femme de"@fr . "wife of"@en . . . . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Wilkite"@en . "Wilkite"@fr . . . "A view of the law, in support of John Wilkes. Focused on government accountability and right to trial by jury. See: John Wilkes - Wikipedia"@en . "Conception de la loi en accord avec John Wilkes. Comprend surtout la responsabilit\u00E9 gouvernementale et le droit au proc\u00E8s devant jury. Voir John Wilkes \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "witness"@en . . "character witness"@en . "expert witness"@en . "witness for the defence"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . "femme"@fr . "woman"@en . "female"@en . "\n Indicates a subject identification with or labelling as the gender woman, and who is often but not necessarily understood to be sexed female. \"One is not born, but rather becomes, woman.\" (Simone de Beauvoir, 1973)\n Where terms associated with this label are applied to younger individuals, \u201Cgirl\u201D is understood to apply for \u201Cwoman\u201D.\n "@en . "\n Indique l'identification ou l'assignation au genre f\u00E9minin, et qui est souvent mais non n\u00E9cessairement de sexe f\u00E9minin. \u00ABOn ne na\u00EEt pas femme, on le devient\u00BB: Simone de Beauvoir, Le deuxi\u00E8me sexe (1973) \n "@fr . . . . . . . . . . "femme"@fr . "woman"@en . "woman"@en . "A subclass of textual label, this discursive label reflects the ambiguity of womanhood, femininity, or femaleness associated with different cultural forms. It provides a means of aggregating and searching multiple instances of \"woman\" (e.g. woman, trans woman/trans female) cultural identities. \n Where associated terms are applied to younger individuals, gendered variants, such as \u201Cgirl\u201D for \u201Cwoman\u201D, are understood to apply.\n "@en . "Une sous-classe d'\u00E9tiquettes textuelles, cette \u00E9tiquette discursive refl\u00E8te l'ambiguit\u00E9 de la f\u00E9minit\u00E9. Elle permet de compiler et de rechercher les multiples instances d'identit\u00E9s culturelles \u00ABf\u00E9minines\u00BB (par exemple femme, femme trans)."@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "f\u00E9minisme africain"@fr . "womanism"@en . . "womanist"@en . . "\"Womanism is a social theory deeply rooted in the racial and gender-based oppression of black women. There are varying interpretations on what the term \"womanist\" means, and efforts to provide a concise and all encompassing definition have only been marginally successful. The ambiguity within the theory allows for its continuous expansion of its basic tenets, though this ambiguity is also widely considered its greatest weakness. At its core, womanism is a social change perspective based upon the everyday problems and experiences of black women and other women of minority demographics, but more broadly seeks methods to eradicate inequalities not just for black women, but for all people.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "r\u00E9forme de l'\u00E9ducation des filles"@fr . "women's education reform"@en . . . "activist for women's education"@en . "campaigner for women's education"@en . "education for women"@en . "female education"@en . "female education advocate"@en . "women educators"@en . "women's education reformer"@en . "women's higher education"@en . "women's medical education"@en . . . "Reform of education for women. See Female education - Wikipedia; Category:Women and education - Wikipedia"@en . "R\u00E9forme de l'\u00E9ducation des femmes. Voir Histoire des femmes dans l'enseignement public fran\u00E7ais \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia et Histoire de l'\u00E9ducation des filles en France \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "r\u00E9forme du travail des femmes"@fr . "women's employment reform"@en . . "employment activist"@en . "equal rights in the work place"@en . "female employment"@en . "salary reform"@en . "women's employment reformer"@en . . . "Advocacy or activism related to women's employment including training, opportunities, wages, and working conditions. See Women in the workforce - Wikipedia"@en . "Militantisme et lutte li\u00E9s \u00E0 l'emploi des femmes, incluant le droits \u00E0 la formation, aux opportunit\u00E9s, aux salaires et aux conditions de travail d\u00E9centes. Voir In\u00E9galit\u00E9s de revenu \u2014 Wikip\u00E9dia"@fr . . . . . "Deprecated in favour of instance suffrage movement."@en . "D\u00E9sapprouver en faveur de l'instance Droit de vote."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Women's Enfranchisement"@en . "true"^^ . . "deprecated"@en . "\"The Women's Enfranchisement Act, 1930, was an act of the Parliament of South Africa which granted white women aged 21 and older the right to vote and to run for office. It also had the effect of diluting the limited voting power of non-white people (in the Cape Province) by effectively doubling the number of white voters. It was enacted by the National Party government of Prime Minister J. B. M. Hertzog. The first general election at which women could vote was the election of 17 May 1933. At that election Leila Reitz (wife of Deneys Reitz) was elected as the first female MP, representing Parktown for the South African Party. The act enfranchised all white women, while certain property qualifications still applied to men. In June 1931 the Franchise Laws Amendment Act, 1931 enfranchised all white men while retaining the property qualifications for non-white voters, thus further diluting the non-white vote. The delimitation of electoral divisions was still based on the white male population until April 1937, when the Electoral Quota Act, 1937 altered it to be based on the whole white population. The Women's Enfranchisement Act was repealed in 1946 when the franchise laws were consolidated into the Electoral Consolidation Act, 1946.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . . . . . . "classe ouvri\u00E8re"@fr . "working class"@en . . "rural working class parents"@en . "urban working class"@en . "working classes"@en . "working woman"@en . "\"The working class (also labouring class and proletariat) are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labour occupations and in skilled, industrial work. Working-class occupations include blue-collar jobs, some white-collar jobs, and most service-work jobs. The working class only rely upon their earnings from wage labour, thereby, the category includes most of the working population of industrialized economies, of the urban areas (cities, towns, villages) of non-industrialized economies, and of the rural workforce. In Marxist theory and in socialist literature, the term working class usually is synonymous and interchangeable with the term proletariat, and includes all workers who expend either physical labour or mental labour (salaried knowledge workers and white-collar workers) to produce economic value for the owners of the means of production, the bourgeoisie. Since working-class wages can be very low, and because the state of unemployment is defined as a lack of independent means of generating an income and a lack wage-labour employment, the term working class also includes the lumpenproletariat, unemployed people who are extremely poor.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLa notion de classe ouvri\u00E8re se d\u00E9termine par le sentiment d'appartenance \u00E0 la cat\u00E9gorie sociale des ouvriers, qui ne disposent pas de la propri\u00E9t\u00E9 des moyens de production et vendent leur force de travail.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "writer"@en . . "amateur playwright"@en . "amateur writer"@en . "author"@en . "biographer"@en . "blurb writer"@en . "chief copywriter"@en . "children's writer"@en . "commemorative writer"@en . "contributor"@en . "cookbook writer"@en . "copywriter"@en . "diarist"@en . "dramatist"@en . "educational writer"@en . "essayist"@en . "feature writer"@en . "legal writer"@en . "letter writer"@en . "literary career"@en . "literary collaborator"@en . "mathematical writer"@en . "media comedy writer"@en . "medical writer"@en . "memoirist"@en . "novelist"@en . "pedagogical author"@en . "playwright"@en . "poet"@en . "poetry"@en . "polemical writer"@en . "political poet"@en . "political writer"@en . "professional writer"@en . "public relations writer"@en . "radio scriptwriter"@en . "religious poet"@en . "religious writer"@en . "satirist"@en . "scholarly writer"@en . "screenwriter"@en . "script writer"@en . "scriptwriter"@en . "short story writer"@en . "songwriter"@en . "textbook writer"@en . "travel author"@en . "travel writer"@en . "wrote"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . "amateur drama"@en . "art exhibition writer"@en . "automatic writing"@en . "diarist and memoirist"@en . "freelance advertising copywriter"@en . "letter writers"@en . "occasional contributors"@en . "part time novelist"@en . "philanthropic writer"@en . "populariser of poetry"@en . "published"@en . "published a sermon"@en . "published two books of sceptical humanist philosophy"@en . "quaker writer"@en . "vice president of the european writers' congress"@en . "writers"@en . "writing poetry"@en . "writing pulp fiction"@en . "writing small books for indian readers"@en . "wrote extensively on india"@en . . . . . . ""@fr . "writer In residence"@en . "poet in residence"@en . "resident dramatist"@en . "writer in residence"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . ""@fr . "writing group participant"@en . "writing group member"@en . "writing group president"@en . ""@en . ""@fr . . . . . . . . . . . "writing relationship"@en . . ""@en . . . . . . "paysanne yeoman"@fr . "yeoman farmer"@en . "YEOMAN-FARMER"@en . "yeoman"@en . . "Les membres de cette classe historique \u00ABposs\u00E9d[aient] juste assez de terre pour subvenir \u00E0 leurs besoins, \u00E0 condition qu'ils fassent eux-m\u00EAmes la plus grande partie du travail\u00BB. Elizabeth Ham et Mary Webb en sont des exemples."@fr . "Members of this historic class \"own[ed] just enough land to support themselves if they did most of the work themselves.\" Examples include Elizabeth Ham and Mary Webb. (Brown, 2006)"@en . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . . "Maison d'York"@fr . "Yorkist"@en . . "\u00ABLa maison d'York est une branche cadette de la dynastie Plantagen\u00EAt qui a combattu la maison de Lancastre lors de la guerre des Deux-Roses. Son embl\u00E8me est la rose blanche.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . . "benjamin\u00B7e"@fr . "youngest"@en . "Indicates that the subject is the youngest child in the family."@en . "Indique que la personne est l'enfant le plus jeune de la famille."@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Zen"@en . "zen"@fr . . "Zen Buddhism"@en . "\"Zen (Chinese: \u79AA; pinyin: Ch\u00E1n) is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty as Chan Buddhism. It was strongly influenced by Taoism and developed as a distinguished school of Chinese Buddhism. From China, Chan Buddhism spread south to Vietnam, northeast to Korea and east to Japan, where it became known as Japanese Zen. Zen emphasizes rigorous self-control, meditation-practice, insight into Buddha-nature, and the personal expression of this insight in daily life, especially for the benefit of others. As such, it de-emphasizes mere knowledge of sutras and doctrine and favors direct understanding through zazen and interaction with an accomplished teacher. The teachings of Zen include various sources of Mahayana thought, especially Yogachara, the Tath\u0101gatagarbha s\u016Btras and the Huayan school, with their emphasis on Buddha-nature, totality, and the Bodhisattva-ideal. The Praj\u00F1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 literature and, to a lesser extent, Madhyamaka have also been influential in the shaping of the \"paradoxical language\" of the Zen-tradition.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe zen est une branche japonaise du bouddhisme mah\u0101y\u0101na qui met l'accent sur la m\u00E9ditation (dhy\u0101na) \u00E0 partir de la posture assise dite de zazen. Le mot \u00AB zen \u00BB est la romanisation de la prononciation japonaise du caract\u00E8re chinois \u7985 ou \u79AA, (\u00AB m\u00E9ditation silencieuse \u00BB) ; il est prononc\u00E9 ch\u00E1n en mandarin et zeu en shanghaien. Ces diff\u00E9rents termes remontent \u00E0 une origine commune\u00B0: le mot sanskrit, dhy\u0101na -en p\u00E2li, jh\u0101na (\u00AB recueillement parfait \u00BB). Le zen se r\u00E9f\u00E8re au chan chinois, influenc\u00E9 par le tao\u00EFsme et, plus particuli\u00E8rement, \u00E0 la m\u00E9ditation de Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama lorsqu'il obtint l'\u00E9veil sous l'arbre de la Bodhi, il y a plus de 2 500 ans en Inde. On y trouve aussi l'influence cor\u00E9enne du son.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Sionisme"@fr . "Zionism"@en . . "proto-Zionist"@en . "zionist"@en . . "\"Zionism is a nationalist political movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Palestine, Canaan or the Holy Land). Zionism emerged in the late 19th century in central and eastern Europe as a national revival movement, in reaction to anti-Semitic and exclusionary nationalist movements in Europe. Soon after this, most leaders of the movement associated the main goal with creating the desired state in Palestine, then an area controlled by the Ottoman Empire. Until 1948, the primary goals of Zionism were the re-establishment of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel, ingathering of the exiles, and liberation of Jews from the antisemitic discrimination and persecution that they experienced during their diaspora. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Zionism continues primarily to advocate on behalf of Israel and address threats to its continued existence and security. A religious variety of Zionism supports Jews upholding their Jewish identity defined as adherence to religious Judaism, opposes the assimilation of Jews into other societies, and has advocated the return of Jews to Israel as a means for Jews to be a majority nation in their own state. A variety of Zionism, called cultural Zionism, founded and represented most prominently by Ahad Ha'am, fostered a secular vision of a Jewish \"spiritual center\" in Israel. Unlike Herzl, the founder of political Zionism, Ahad Ha'am strived for Israel to be \"a Jewish state and not merely a state of Jews\". Advocates of Zionism view it as a national liberation movement for the repatriation of a persecuted people residing as minorities in a variety of nations to their ancestral homeland. Critics of Zionism view it as a colonialist, racist, and exceptionalist ideology that led advocates to violence during Mandatory Palestine, followed by the forced exodus of Palestinians, and the subsequent denial of their human rights.\" (DBpedia, 2017)"@en . "\u00ABLe sionisme est une id\u00E9ologie politique fond\u00E9e sur un sentiment national juif, d\u00E9crite comme nationaliste par les uns et comme \u00E9mancipatrice par les autres, pr\u00F4nant l'existence d'un centre territorial ou \u00E9tatique peupl\u00E9 par les Juifs en Terre d'Isra\u00EBl (Eretz Isra\u00EBl). \u00C0 la naissance du mouvement, \u00E0 la fin du XIXe si\u00E8cle, ce territoire correspondait \u00E0 la Palestine ottomane, puis apr\u00E8s la Premi\u00E8re Guerre mondiale \u00E0 la partie occidentale de la Palestine mandataire. Sur un plan id\u00E9ologique et institutionnel, le sionisme entend \u0153uvrer \u00E0 donner ou redonner aux Juifs un statut perdu depuis l'annexion du Royaume d'Isra\u00EBl par l'Empire assyrien en -720, \u00E0 savoir celui d'un peuple disposant d'un territoire. Il faut le diff\u00E9rencier du post-sionisme, qui veut donner une orientation la\u00EFque \u00E0 l'\u00C9tat d'Isra\u00EBl, normaliser les relations avec les Palestiniens, et du n\u00E9o-sionisme, qui milite pour la migration des Palestiniens et des Arabes isra\u00E9liens vers les autres pays arabes. Le mouvement sioniste est n\u00E9 parmi les communaut\u00E9s ashk\u00E9nazes d'Europe centrale et orientale sous la pression des pogroms, mais aussi en Europe occidentale, \u00E0 la suite du choc caus\u00E9 par l'affaire Dreyfus \u2013 qui compte parmi les motifs du lancement du Congr\u00E8s sioniste par Theodor Herzl. Bien qu'ayant des caract\u00E8res sp\u00E9cifiques du fait de la dispersion des Juifs, cette id\u00E9ologie est contemporaine de l'affirmation d'autres nationalismes en Europe.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2017)"@fr . . . . . . "La description de ce terme est bas\u00E9e sur celle de DBPedia."@fr . "The description for this term is indebted to DBpedia."@en . . "Zoroastrianism"@en . "Zoroastrisme"@fr . . "Parsi"@en . "\"Zoroastrianism, or more natively Mazdayasna, is one of the world's oldest religions, \"combining a cosmogonic dualism and eschatological monotheism in a manner unique [\u2026] among the major religions of the world.\" Ascribed to the teachings of the Iranian prophet Zoroaster (or Zarathustra), he exalted their deity of wisdom, Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord), as its Supreme Being. Leading characteristics, such as messianism, heaven and hell, and free will are said to have influenced other religious systems, including Second Temple Judaism, Gnosticism, Christianity, and Islam. With possible roots dating back to the second millennium BCE, Zoroastrianism enters recorded history in the 5th-century BCE, and including a Mithraic Median prototype and Zurvanist Sassanid successor it served as the state religion of the pre-Islamic Iranian empires from around 600 BCE to 650 CE. Zoroastrianism was suppressed from the 7th century onwards following the Muslim conquest of Persia. Recent estimates place the current number of Zoroastrians at around 2.6 million, with most living in India and Iran. Besides the Zoroastrian diaspora, the older Mithraic faith Yazd\u00E2nism is still practised amongst the Kurds. The religious philosophy of Zoroaster divided the early Iranian gods. The most important texts of the religion are those of the Avesta. In Zoroastrianism, the creator Ahura Mazda, through the Spenta Mainyu (Good Spirit, \"Bounteous Immortals\") is an all-good \"father\" of Asha (Truth, \u201Corder, justice,\") in opposition to Druj (\u201Cfalsehood, deceit\u201D) and no evil originates from \"him\". \"He\" and his works are evident to humanity through the six primary Amesha Spentas and the host of other Yazatas, through whom worship of Mazda is ultimately directed. Spenta Mainyu adjoined unto \"truth\" oppose the Spirit's opposite, Angra Mainyu and its forces born of Ak\u0259m Manah (\u201Cevil thinking\u201D). Zoroastrianism has no major theological divisions, though it is not uniform; modern-era influences having a significant impact on individual and local beliefs, practices, values and vocabulary, sometimes merging with tradition and in other cases displacing it. In Zoroastrianism, the purpose in life is to \"be among those who renew the world...to make the world progress towards perfection\". Its basic maxims include: * Humata, Hukhta, Huvarshta, which mean: Good Thoughts, Good Words, Good Deeds. * There is only one path and that is the path of Truth. * Do the right thing because it is the right thing to do, and then all beneficial rewards will come to you also. The most important texts of the religion are those of the Avesta, which includes the writings of Zoroaster known as the Gathas, enigmatic poems that define the religion's precepts, and the Yasna, the scripture. The full name by which Zoroaster addressed the deity is: Ahura, The Lord Creator, and Mazda, Supremely Wise. He proclaimed that there is only one God, the singularly creative and sustaining force of the Universe. He also stated that human beings are given a right of choice, and because of cause and effect are also responsible for the consequences of their choices. Zoroaster's teachings focused on responsibility, and did not introduce a devil, per se. The contesting force to Ahura Mazda was called Angra Mainyu, or angry spirit. Post-Zoroastrian scripture introduced the concept of Ahriman, the Devil, which was effectively a personification of Angra Mainyu.\" (DBpedia, 2018)"@en . "\u00ABLe zoroastrisme est une religion monoth\u00E9iste de l'Iran ancien. Elle est une r\u00E9forme du mazd\u00E9isme et tire son nom de son \u00AB proph\u00E8te \u00BB ou fondateur Zarathoustra, dont le nom a \u00E9t\u00E9 transcrit en Zoroastre par les Grecs (\u0396\u03C9\u03C1\u03BF\u03AC\u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03B7\u03C2, Z\u014Droastr\u0113s). Cette r\u00E9forme est intervenue au cours du Ier mill\u00E9naire av. J.-C.. La reforme religieuse de Zarathustra a pour principal effet d'orienter la religion mazd\u00E9enne vers le monoth\u00E9isme au b\u00E9n\u00E9fice du dieu Ahura Mazd\u00E2 (pehlevi : Ohrmazd) entour\u00E9 d'un certain nombre d'entit\u00E9s. Ahura Mazda est seul responsable de l'ordonnancement du chaos initial, le cr\u00E9ateur du ciel et de la Terre Le zoroastrisme a fait fonction de religion officielle de l'empire perse \u00E0 trois reprises (sous le roi Hystasp\u00E8s, sous les Ach\u00E9m\u00E9nides, et sous les Sassanides jusqu'en 651, date de l'assassinat du dernier roi zoroastrien). Malgr\u00E9 l'arriv\u00E9e de l'islam et les pers\u00E9cutions qui en d\u00E9coul\u00E8rent, il a r\u00E9ussi \u00E0 se maintenir dans le patrimoine culturel iranien, afghan et d'Asie centrale. En effet, les Iraniens, les Kurdes et les Afghans, ind\u00E9pendamment de leur religion, accordent beaucoup d'importance aux f\u00EAtes zoroastriennes, en particulier celle de Nowruz, le nouvel an zoroastrien, c\u00E9l\u00E9br\u00E9 le 21 mars. Les zoroastriens, aussi appel\u00E9s gu\u00E8bres, respectent le feu comme symbole divin. Zoroastre pr\u00EAchait un dualisme apparent, qui reposait sur le combat entre le Bien et le Mal, la Lumi\u00E8re et les T\u00E9n\u00E8bres. Le principe de Zoroastre est qu'il existe un esprit saint (Spenta Mainyu), fils d'Ahura Mazd\u0101, et un esprit mauvais (Angra Mainyu) (pehlevi Ahriman), son jumeau, tous deux oppos\u00E9s car repr\u00E9sentant le jour et la nuit, la vie et la mort. Ces deux esprits coexistent dans chacun des \u00EAtres vivants. Toutefois, le zoroastrisme est bel et bien un monoth\u00E9isme, puisque seul Ahura Mazda conserve la pr\u00E9\u00E9minence c\u00E9leste et que seul ce dernier triomphera du mal \u00E0 la fin des temps.\u00BB (DBpedia, 2018)"@fr . .