Watershed
Answers the question: What year was the Publication issued?
publication year
Part of standard metadata for Publications
Metadata about how the variable was calibrated to reflect an environmental variable
Calibration model
Make the model behind the calibration explicit
Speleothem
Atmospheric chemistry
Peat
A Model quantifiying the Uncertainty
Uncertainty model
Allows description of how uncertainty was calculated
Marine sediment
Bottom water temperature
Answers the question: What was the Funding source for the Dataset?
funded by
Links a dataset to its source of funding
DataTable containing the probability distribution of a single value of a Variable. Output of a Model
Distribution table
Added to allow outputs from Bayesian model (especially Bchron) to be saved as part of a dataset. Required to encode irregular probability distributions
Polyp
U-Th
Answers the question: Who wrote (i.e., created) the resource, such as a Publication?
author
Give credit to the original author of the resource
Answers the question: What is the Uncertainty associated with the Variable, Model, or Instrument?
has uncertainty
Links to the Uncertainty class
Climate observations prior to the instrumental era are necessarily indirect. These observations are made on climate proxies in various geological (e.g. lake or marine sediments, living or fossil coral reefs, cave deposits), glaciological (ice cores or snow pits) or biological (trees) archives. Many types of measurements can be made on each archives, each sensing a different aspect of the environment (sometimes, several aspects at once). A paleoclimate dataset is a set of observations made on an archive.
Paleo proxy system
Gives a formal definition of climate proxy following the Evans et al. (2013) framework.
Subclass of ProxySystem, pertaining to climate information
<p>The field of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroclimatology">dendroclimatology</a> and, to some extent, the field of <a href="/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology"> dendrochronology</a> have played an important role in generating climate reconstructions of the past millennium <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>. In regions with large seasonal variations, trees produce rings of varying color depending on the species. In most cases, the rings shift from a lighter, low density early wood of spring and early summer to a darker, denser band of late wood at the end of the growing season. The growing season generally occurs during the summer month and its length depends on the species, latitude, and altitude. Therefore, trees hold perhaps the greatest potential for reconstructing past terrestrial climates at annual or even sub-annual resolution.
</p><p>The following observations can be made on the wood archive:
</p>
<ul><li> Tree ring width</li>
<li> Wood density</li>
<li> Stables isotopes<ol class="references"></li></ul><ol>
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">?</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Mann, M. E., Bradley, R. S., & Hughes, M. K. (1998). Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries. Nature, 392(6678), 779-787. doi:10.1038/33859 </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">?</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann, M. E., Bradley, R. S., & Hughes, M. K. (1999). Northern Hemipshere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, Uncertainties, and Limitations. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(6), 759. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">?</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moberg, A., Sonechkin, D. M., Holmgren, K., Datsenko, N. M., & Karlen, W. (2005). Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data. Nature, 433(7026), 613-617. doi:10.1038/nature03265</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">?</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann, M. E., Zhang, Z., Rutherford, S., Bradley, R., Hughes, M. K., Shindell, D. T., . . . Ni, F. (2009). Global signatures and dynamical origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly. Science, 326, 1256-1260. dos: 10.1126/science.1177303</span>
</li>
</ol>
Wood
Glacier ice
<p>Climate observations prior to the instrumental era are necessarily indirect. These observations are made on climate <b>proxies</b> in various geological (e.g. lake or marine sediments, living or fossil coral reefs, cave deposits), glaciological (ice cores or snow pits) or biological (trees) archives. Many types of data can often be collected from each archives, each <b>sensing</b> a different aspect of the environment (sometimes, several aspects at once). A paleoclimate dataset is almost always a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_series">time series</a> of observations made on an archive.</p>
<p>
Evans et al. (2013) <sup id="cite_ref-evans2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans2013-1">[1]</a></sup> define a proxy system as comprised of three components (Fig 1).:
</p>
<ul><li> The <a href="#ProxySensor" title="Category:ProxySensor"> sensor</a> comprises physical, chemical, and/or biological components that react to environmental conditions. Sensors often respond to more than one environmental <a href="#InferredVariable" title="Category:InferredVariable"> variable</a>, and may have complex responses to the environment they sense, including thresholds (record only part of the range of environmental conditions), seasonal biases (record environmental conditions over a few months of the year), and/or nonlinear responses. For instance, <a href="#Foraminifera" title="Category:Foraminifera"> foraminifera</a> are an often used sensor for oceanic conditions. Multiple observations can be made on this sensor, recording different environmental <a href="#InferredVariable" title="Category:InferredVariable"> variables</a>. Similarly, picking foraminifera of a given species to conduct the measurements is part of the observation process, though it does affect the sensor definition : the habitat of these forams determines with environmental <a href="#InferredVariable" title="Category:InferredVariable"> variable</a> (e.g. surface, sub-surface, or thermocline temperature) they are most sensitive to. </li></ul>
<ul><li> The <a href="#ProxyArchive" title="Category:ProxyArchive é"> archive</a> is the medium in which the response of a sensor to environmental forcing is recorded. Marine sediments are a type of archive, on which many sensors and observations may be recorded (e.g. Foraminifera Mg/Ca, ô<sup>18</sup>O, TEX86)</li></ul>
<ul><li> <a href="#ProxyObservation" title="Category:ProxyObservation"> Observations</a> are made on archives and are generally referred to as "proxies". The term "proxy" used ubiquitously, and often ambiguously, throughout the paleoclimate literature, is most commonly equivalent to "sensor + observation". "Observation" is the more explicit, and thus, preferred term, however "proxy" can be treated as a synonym of "observation". For instance, Foraminifera Mg/Ca is often used to investigate past changes in sea-surface temperature but depends also on sea-surface salinity and deep-ocean carbonate saturation <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>. Furthermore, its temperature and salinity dependence is exponential <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> while its response to carbonate saturation is thresholded <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>. </li></ul>
<p>These three major components may be individually modeled, and linked together within a <a href="/Category:ProxySystemModel_%C2%A9" title="Category:ProxySystemModel é">Proxy System Model</a> <sup id="cite_ref-evans2013_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans2013-1">[1]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>. Some sensors are common to multiple archives (e.g. ô<sup>18</sup>O), and all archives support more than one possible sensor.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-evans2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">ââ â <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evans2013_1-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span>1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evans2013_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evans2013_1-2">1.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> Evans, M. N., Tolwinski-Ward, S. E., Thompson, D. M., & Anchukaitis, K. J. (2013). Applications of proxy system modeling in high resolution paleoclimatology. Quaternary Science Reviews, 76, 16-28. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.024 </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>ââ â</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Khider, D., Huerta, G., Jackson, C., Stott, L. D., & Emile-Geay, J. (2015). A Bayesian, multivariate calibration for Globigerinoides ruber Mg/Ca. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 16(9), 2916-2932. doi:10.1002/2015GC005844 </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>ââ â</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Anand, P., Elderfield, H., & Conte, M. H. (2003). Calibration of Mg/Ca thermometry in planktonic foraminifera from a sediment trap time series. Paleoceanography, 18(2), 1050. doi:10.1029/2002PA000846 </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>ââ â</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Lea, D. W., Mashiotta, T. A., & Spero, H. J. (1999). Controls on magnesium and strontium uptake in planktonic foraminifera determined by live culturing. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 63(16), 2369-2379. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>ââ â</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Kisakürek, B., Eisenhauer, A., Böhm, F., Garbe-Schönberg, D., & Erez, J. (2008). Controls on shell Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca in cultured planktonic foraminiferan, Globigeriniodes ruber (white). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 273, 260-269. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.026 </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>ââ â</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Regenberg, M., Regenberg, A., Garbe-Schonberg, D., & Lea, D. W. (2014). Global dissolution effects on planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios controlled by the calcite-saturation state of bottom waters. Paleoceanography, 29, 127-142. doi:10.1002/2013PA002492 </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>ââ â</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Dee, S., Emile-Geay, J., Evans, M. N., Allam, A., Steig, E. J., & Thompson, D. M. (2015). PRYSM: An open-source framework for PRoxy System Modeling, with applications to oxygen-isotope systems. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 7, 1220-1247. doi:10.1002/2015MS000447</span>
</li>
</ol>
Proxy system
We adopted the Evans et al. (2013) framework since this is the only published definition of what is most commonly referred to as "proxy" in the paleoclimate community
DataTable that contains the Variables (both measured and inferred)
Measurement table
Subclass of DataTable. Allows InferredVariables (despite the name) for practical purposes
An aggregation of DataTables and Models with their supporting paleoenvironmental and/or chronological information
Data
Needed to describe the paleoenvironmental and/or chronological data comprising the dataset as opposed to the Publication, Funding and Location information
Answers the question: What type of ProxyObservation does the MeasuredVariable or Proxy System belong to?
For example, the measured value of 5.63 mmol/mol is of type Mg/Ca, or the proxy observation of the current prpoxy system is Mg/Ca
proxy observation type
The need to link a measured variable or a proxy system to the proxy observation type being measured.
Answers the question: What is the Genus of the Organic ProxySensor?
sensor genus
Scientific Name of the organic ProxySensor
The type of MeasuredVariables measured on the ProxyArchive, whether chemical (e.g. Mg/Ca, D18O, Sr/Ca), physical (e.g. density, layer thickness), or biological (e.g. Species abundance)
Proxy observation
See ProxyObservation ontology for details about the concept.
We adopted the Evans et al. (2013) framework since this is the only published definition of what is most commonly referred to as ""proxy"" in the paleoclimate community
An inorganic substrate sensing enviromental changes. Examples: karst, snow, watershed, ice sheet, rock, etc.
Inorganic proxy sensor
Encode the Genus and Species metadata
Hydrology
Mollusk
Mollusk shells
Free oxygen levels
Rock hammer
Time
Answers the question: How is the information obtained from the resource?
method
Allows to describe methods.
Secondary ion mass spectrometer
Answers the question: What parameter of the error distribution is the Uncertainty value referring to?
Examples include 1-sigma, 2-sigma, 95% confidence bounds
uncertainty level
Allows to properly make use of the reported Uncertainty values
Gastropods
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
Snow
Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe
Deuterium excess (excessD)
A suite of metadata that describes which phenomena drove variability in this Variable (e.g. environmental drivers).
Interpretation
Used to describe the interpretation of the Variable. For instance, radiocarbon is interpreted to represent age
Layer thickness
Arctic Oscillation (AO, AAO)
Vegetation
Answers the question: In what pages of the Publication can the reference to the resource be found?
pages
Part of standard metadata for Publications
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer
Answers the question: What calibration process was used to relate the InferredVariable to the MeasuredVariable?
calibrated via
Provides calibration information, especially useful for legacy datasets where the raw measurements may not be available and for comparison of datasets.
A tool used to produce MeasuredVariables
Instrument
Needed to categorize types of instruments used for taking the different measurements. See Instrument Ontology for concept description.
Answers the question: What is the digital object identifier associated with the resource?
has DOI
Allows to link to a resource using a digital object identifier
Isotopic composition
Answers the question: Which ProxyArchiveModel is used in the ProxySystemModel?
proxy archive model
Links ProxySystemModel to ProxyArchiveModel
Li/Ca
Answers the question: How should someone cite the compilation?
compilation citation
Data property needed to specify how to cite compilations, in order to provide appropriate credit to all contributors
Organic matter
Answers the question: In which volume of the Publication does the reference to the Datatset appear?
volume
Part of standard metadata for Publications
A DataTable that contains summary information for the Variable and is output from a Model.
Summary table
Allows to represent a summary of basic statistics such as median, mean, standard deviation, and various quantiles from the output of the Model
Answers the question: What additional information would you give about the Variable or DataTable ?
notes
Allows to add notes to specific cells in the DataTable
Answers the question: From which MeasuredVariable(s) is (are) the InferredVariable inferred from?
inferred from
Provides a link between the Measured and Inferred Variables. For instance, SST is inferred from Mg/Ca measurements
Answers the question: Which nation funded the Dataset?
funding country
Provides information about the country the agency is from
A publication that has not undergone a formal review process; for instance, a Dataset attached to a dissertation.
Non peer reviewed publication
Subclass of Publication.Allows to clearly mark datasets not generated as part of a peer-reviewed publication.
d34S
Answers the question: What is the Model for the Data, Compilation or ProxySystem under consideration?
modeled by
Links Data, Compilation or ProxySystem to Model
X-Ray diffraction
Stable isotope
Answers the question: In which DistributionTable is the Model output found?
distribution table generated by Model
"Subproperty of foundinTable to Link the Model to its outputs"
Answers the question: What is the command to run the script or the code?
has execution command
Allows to store the execution command of a script
Model used to derive an environmental axis from the PaleoDataModel
Paleo model
Subdivision between chronological and paleoenvironmental information reflects the fact that Datasets are fundamentally characterized by two distinct components
Permeability
Document
Mn/Ca
<p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelagic_sediment&redirect=no">Marine sediments</a> are a type of <a href="#ProxyArchive" title="Category:ProxyArchive"> proxy archives‏‎</a> that provide long, continuous records of past <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean">ocean</a> variability. The timescales associated with this <a href="#ProxyArchive" title="Category:ProxyArchive">archive‏‎</a> are usually in the order of several tens to millions of years. The resolution of the sedimentary archive varies from annual to multi-century. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoceanography">Paleoceanographic</a> data are derived from many sensors found in deep-sea sediments including trace metal and isotopic composition of foraminifera, alkenones, and TEX86.
</p>
Marine sediment
Sr/Ca
Radiocarbon age
Accelerator mass spectrometer
Answers the question: Does the Interpretation describe local variability, or far-field variability that may not reflect local conditions?
is local
Added to allow data analysis. Is the interpretation relevant to these coordinates? Does putting a colored dot on the map here make sense?
Ba/Ca
Answers the question: Which Variables are included in the DataTable?
includes variable
Links DataTable to Variable
Nitrous oxide concentration
Speleothem
Palmer Drought Index
Microscope
Answers the question: In what issue of the journal can the resource be found?
issue
Part of standard metadata for Publications
Chironomids
Answers the question: Which entity was the Dataset fundedBy?
funding agency
Provides information about the Agency funding the study
The C37 alkenone unsaturation index ( U_{37}^{k'} ) is a firmly established tool for past sea surface temperatures reconstruction and is based on the relative abundance of di- (C37:2) and tri- (C37:3) unsaturated ketones with 37 carbon atoms. The index varies between 0 and 1, thus it may saturate in the temperature extremes as it becomes more challenging to determine since C37:3 and C37:2 alkenones approach their detection limits. Since alkenones come exclusively from a few species of haptophyte algae which require sunlight, alkenone thermometry offers the advantage of direct estimate of near-surface ocean temperatures. The ubiquitous presence of alkenone-synthesizing organisms (most commonly the coccolithophorids Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanic through the world's ocean and the rapidity and high-precision of the alkenone analyses had made U_{37}^{k'} a valuable proxy for paleoceanographic reconstructions.
However, the U_{37}^{k'} proxy is subject to non-temperature effects, such as lateral transport through oceanic currents (Ohkouchi et al. (2002)) and preferential post-depositional oxidation of C37:3 compared to C37:2 [1] [2]. Furthermore, changes in the seasonality of the proxy (i.e., which part of the seasonal cycle the proxy is recording) may bias the inferred temperatures toward winter or summer conditions [3]. Finally in oceanic regions where the photic zone extends below the surface mixed layer, the sedimentary signal may not strictly represent sea surface temperatures but rather a composite temperature of the mixed layer and the thermocline [4][5].
References
[1] Hoefs, M. J. L., Versteegh, G. J. M., Rijpstra, W. I. C., de Leeuw, J. W., & Damsté, J. S. S. (1998). Postdepositional oxic degradation of alkenones: Implications for the measurement of palaeo sea surface temperatures. Paleoceanography, 13(1), 42-49. doi:10.1029/97pa02893
[2] Ohkouchi, N., Eglinton, T. I., Keigwin, L. D., & Hayes, J. M. (2002). Spatial and temporal offsets between proxy records in a sediment drift. Science, 298(5596), 1224-1227. doi:10.1126/science.1075287
[3] Herfort, L., Schouten, S., Boon, J. P., & Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2006). Application of the TEX86 temperature proxy in the southern North Sea. Organic Geochemistry, 37, 1715-1726.
[4] Müller, P. J., Kirst, G., Ruhland, G., von Storch, I., & Rosell-Melé, A. (1998). Calibration of the alkenone paleotemperature index U_{37}^{k'} based on core-tops from the eastern South Atlantic and the global ocean (60ðN-60ðS). Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 62, 1757-1772.
[5] Prahl, F. G., Mix, A. C., & Sparrow, M. A. (2006). Alkenone paleothermometry: biological lessons from amrine sediment records off Western South America. Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 101-117.
Uk37
Al/Ca
Answers the question: In which Publication(s) is the Interpretation substantiated?
interpretation references
Links an interpretation to a reference citation (can be the same as the calibrationReferences for a Dataset)
Grain size
Answers the question: which model was used to generated this data table?
generated by model
Needed to link the model to the data tables it generates
Gas chromatograph
P
License associated to a dataset
dataset license
Property needed to let other scientists know about the usage and attribution terms of the uploaded dataset
Ocean mixed layer temperature
Precipitation
Sentence indicating how a dataset should be cited
dataset citation
The need for providing appropriate credit to the datasets
A mathematical construct that is at least partially isomorphic to the target system, and is used to derive information about the structure and/or dynamics of the target system
Model
Allows to describe models whose outputs are stored in the Dataset. One example of is Bchron for age modeling
A state of incomplete knowledge that results from a lack of information or from different modeling choices. Uncertainty may come from many sources, from imprecision in the data to ambigously defined concepts or terminology. Uncertainty can be represented by quantitative measures (e.g., probability density function) or by qualitative statements (e.g., reflecting the judgement of a team of experts). Sensu IPCC AR5
Uncertainty
To allow to describe the uncertainty on a Variable or a Model, would it be a single number (e.g., the uncertainty on the measurements are 0.1 per mil, one sigma confidence level, or reportedIn an EnsembleTable and/or SummaryTable)
Gas chromatography mass spectrometer
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), also referred to as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), is an analytical technique used for the detection of trace metals.
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscope
Composition
Answers the question: What is the species of the Organic ProxySensor?
sensor species
Scientific Name of the organic ProxySensor
d13C
<p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake">Lake</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment">sediment</a> proxies provide widespread, continuous records of terrestrial environment variability. A variety of sensors are used to indicate past water temperature, physical properties, biology, and chemistry within the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake">lake</a> environment as well as changes in vegetation and precipitation in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin">catchment</a> area.
</p>
Lake sediment
The medium in which the response of a sensor to environmental forcing is recorded. Sensu Evans et al. (2013).
Examples of archives include: marine sediments, corals, wood, lake sediments, speleothems, glacier ice, etc.
According to the Evans et al. (2013), the medium in which the response of a ProxySensor to environmental forcing is recorded. Example of archives include: marine sediments, corals, wood, lake sediments, speleothems, glacier ice
Proxy archive
"See ProxyArchive ontology for details about the concept.
We adopted the Evans et al. (2013) framework since this is the only published definition of what is most commonly referred to as ""proxy"" in the paleoclimate community"
The Data pertaining to past environmental variability
Paleo data
Subdivision between chronological and paleoenvironmental information reflects the fact that Datasets are fundamentally characterized by two distinct components
Spectral observation
Resistivity
Stable Oxygen isotope
Answers the question: What is the unique identifier for the Variable?
has variable ID
LiPD assigns a unique identifier (TSid) to each table column described in a LiPD file.
Allows to assign a unique identifier to each series, facilitating data citation and recognition
This allows someone to change every piece of metadata about column or dataset, including its names (both dataset and variable) and still get back to the right spot. Itââ¬â¢s fundamental to working with LiPD data.
Chemical
Variables that are measured by an Instrument. MeasuredVariables are ssn: Observations. They represent the values of a certain type of ProxyObservations
Measured variable
Subclass of Variables. Allows to make the disctinction between raw measurements (e.g., tree ring width, oxygen isotopes, trace elements) and the variables being reconstructed (e.g., moisture, temperature)
Density
Coral
Southern Annular Mode (SAM)
The time it takes for the ProxySensor to imprint environmental information on the ProxyArchive. It may be further qualified with time periods and units
Integration time
Soilwater mixing above speleothems: Although the sample might only represent 5 years of calcification, it can record 30 years of water mixing.
Lead Isotope
Answers the question: At what date was the Dataset created?
dataset date
http://wiki.linked.earth/MD982181.Khider.2014
Separate dataset date from the publication year. An example is LR04 (datsetdate in 2004) but published in 2005
Biologically-mediated ProxySensor. Examples include: foraminifera, trees, mollusks, polyps
Organic proxy sensor
Subclass of ProxySensor. Makes the distinction between organic and inorganic. See the ProxySensor ontology for concepts
An <b>isotope-ration mass spectrometer</b> measures the relative abundance of isotopes in a given sample.
Isotope ratio mass spectrometer
Karst
DataTable constaining many possible series of how the Variable is modeled. Output of a Model
Ensemble table
Added to allow outputs from Bayesian model to be saved as part of a dataset
Wavelength dispersive spectrometry
Stable Nitrogen isotope
Answers the question: Where (in the world) was the data in the Dataset collected? Refers to the location of the ProxyArchive
collected from
Describe the geographical coordinates for the provenance of the ProxyArchive where the dataset was collected from
Answers the question: In which column of the csv file can the Variable be found?
has column number
Links the Variable metadata to the values stored in the csv file
Isotope ratio mass spectrometer
Lithics
Faunal
Answers the question: What is the version of the Compilation?
compilation version
Needed to state the version associated to a compilation, which may not be the same as the datasets it contains
Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO)
Lake sediment
Answers the question: Which Instrument was used to produce the MeasuredVariable?
measured by
Links the MeasuredVariable to the Instrument responsible for its creation
Julian day
Moisture content
Answers the question: What is the unique identifier associated with the Funding for the Dataset?
grant number
Provides information about the grant number
Answers the question: To which part of the year is the Interpretation or ProxySensor restricted to? Acceptable answers may be "MJJA", "growing season",or [5,6,7,8]
seasonality
Seasonality is critical to properly related measuredVariable and innferredVariable, as the former only senses part of the range of the latter.
Precipitation amount
Major element
Answers the question: What is the median value of the Variable?
has median value
property relevant to facilitate queries, as in most cases the contents of a csv file are not directly represented
Mass spectrometer
The data, metadata, and Model that describe the set of Variables used to relate depth/position to time (chronological information)
Chron data
Subdivision between chronological and paleoenvironmental information reflects the fact that Datasets are fundamentally characterized by two distinct components
Thermodynamic property which quantifies how cold or warm an object, a fluid, or a substance is.
Temperature
Tree
Carbon dioxide concentration
A structured collection of related information, including -but not limited to -measured and/or modelled geograhical, chronological, and environmental data
Dataset
Fundamental unit at which we think about paleoclimate data. Also tends to correspond to the scope of the study
Continuous-flow AMS system
Document
Surface air temperature
Answers the "of what" question for an Interpretation. For intance, sea surface in sea surface temperature.
detail
<p>Atoms can be simply described as consisting of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton">protons</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron">electrons</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron">neutrons</a>. Isotopes of the same element differ by the number of neutrons in the nucleus, resulting in different mass.
</p>
Isotope
Answers the question: Which ProxyArchive underlies this ProxySystem?
proxy archive type
Links ProxySystem to ProxyArchive
Answers the question: In which language was the software code written in?
programmed in
Provides the user with information about the software
A curated aggregation of datasets
Compilation
Encodes what Data/Metadata gathering effort/scientific project led to the curation of the Datasets. Examples: PAGES2k, Iso2k, LR04, OC3, MARGO
Answers the question: Which part of the publication describes the Calibration or Interpretation?
relevant quote
Often it's useful to put a quote from the paper that describes the interpretation
Answers the question: How are the missing values of the Variable identified in the DataTable?
has missing value
Useful for coding around the missing values
Answers the question: What type of InferredVariable does the InferredVariable belongs to?
inferred variable type
Links the InferredVariable values to their type. For instance, the value of 29.1 degC is of type SST. This is important to normalize the variations in VariableNames (e.g. SST, sst, sea-surface temp)
Physical observation
Clay fraction
N
Historic
Methane concentration
Answers the question: In which DataTable can the information/data be found?
found in table
Allows to link the data to the csv table and the models to its output
Answers the question: How is the resource called?
name
Answers the question: What is the minimum value of the Variable?
has min value
property relevant to facilitate queries, as in most cases the contents of a csv file are not directly represented
Mollusk shells
Answers the question: What is the title of the Publication?
title
Part of standard metadata for Publications
Answers the question: At which depth in the ProxyArchive is the Variable measured or inferred?
taken at depth
Provides depth information. Can link to the depth Variable in the DataTable
The age of a sample
Age
Answers the question: Which ProxySensorModel is used in the ProxySystemModel?
proxy sensor model
Links ProxySystemModel to ProxySensorModel
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)
Answers the question: In what Reference(s) is the Calibration described/justified?
calibration references
Relationship needed to link to a Publication desribing the calibration being applied to the dataset
A Model of how the ProxySensor either creates or emplaces the signal into the ProxyArchive. Sensu Evans et al. (2013)
Proxy archive model
We adopted the Evans et al. (2013) framework since this is the only published definition of what is most commonly referred to as ""proxy"" in the paleoclimate community"
Answers the question: Which ProxySensor underlies this ProxySystem?
proxy sensor type
Links ProxySensor to ProxyArchive
Gas chromatography - mass spectrometer
NOSAMS tandetron
Answers the question: On which PhysicalSample was the MeasuredVariable measured?
measured on
Links the MeasuredVariable to the ProxyArchive. Refers to the specific archive (i.e. the specific coral head, lake sediment...) and a specific Variable since ProxyArchive provides a link to the ProxySensor. In some instances, two MeasuredVariables on the same PhysicalSample may have different ProxyArchive page. This would be the case for measurements on various species of foraminifera in a MarineSediment
A Variable that is inferred from one or more MeasuredVariable (s)
Inferred variable
See InferredVariable Ontology for concept description.
An individual who has participated directly or indirectly in the authoring of any resources on the LinkedEarth wiki
Person
The researcher, author on a publication.
Archea
Thermodynamic property allowing to quantitatively measure how warm or cold a material, fluid is.
Temperature
Radioisotope
Spectroscope
Answers the question: Who was the lead on the source of Funding for the Dataset?
principal investigator
Links the source of Funding to the PI (a Person)
Magnetic susceptibility
Climate index
Sclerosponge
Answers the question: What is the mathematical formulation of the Model?
equation
Allows to provide the equation as part of the metadata
Carbonate saturation
Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI)
Spectrometer
Answers the question: In which MeasurementTable are the Variables found?
found in measurement table
Subproperty of foundinTable to link the Data to the Variables
Answers the question: What SoftwareCode was used to generate the Model output?
has code
Links a Model to its SoftwareCode.
Answers the question: Reference material against which the MeasuredVariable is reported?
standard
Crucial for isotopic measurements (for instance, d18O measurements (VSMOW vs VPDB))
Hybrid
Answers the question: What is the name of the journal in which the resource can be found?
journal
Part of standard metadata for Publications
Accelerator mass spectrometer
<p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon">Carbon</a> in nature exists in oxidized (i.e., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate">carbonates</a>), elemental (i.e., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite">graphite</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond">diamond</a>), and reduced (i.e., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane">methane</a> and organic matter]) forms. Carbon has two <a href="/Category:StableIsotope" title="Category:StableIsotope"> stable isotopes</a>: the light isotope <sup>12</sup>C (abundance: 98.9%, mass: 12.000000 amu) and the heavy isotope <sup>13</sup>C (abundance: 1.1%, mass: 13.003355 amu). Since the mass of <sup>13</sup>C is higher than the mass of <sup>12</sup>C, the carbon isotopes are fractionated by chemical and biological processes. In general, <sup>12</sup>C is strongly partitioned into organic matter (reduced form) while the heavy isotope is concentrated in the oxidized forms of carbon.
</p>
Stable Carbon isotope
Source of monetary support underlying the collection/creation/analysis/curation of the Dataset
Funding
http://wiki.linked.earth/MD982181.Khider.2014.Funding1
Allows to associate a grant number following U.S. federal regulation
Answers the question: In which Publication is the model described/applied?
model references
Links a Model to its Publication.
Note: calibrationReferences and modelReferences in the Calibration may not need to be the same. For instance, the calibration data and one mathematical formulation can be provided in one Publication (answering the calibrationReferences) but a different mathematical Model may be applied in another Publication (answering the modelReferences)
PH
Nino 1+2
Answers the question: What is the persistent digital identifier of the Person?
orcid number
LinkedEarth uses ORCID number for membership
Hybrid
In the Evans et al. (2013) framework, this is the combination of sensor, archive and observation models . "A generalized proxy system model encapuslates a simplified representation of prior physical, chemical, biological, and/or geological understanding of the ways in which environmental variation ultimately results in the observations used to retrieve paleoclimatic information."
Proxy system model
We adopted the Evans et al. (2013) framework since this is the only published definition of what is most commonly referred to as "proxy" in the paleoclimate community
Answers the question: In which EnsembleTable is the Model output found?
ensemble table generated by model
"Subproperty of foundinTable to link the Model to its outputs"
d15N
Peat
Answers the question: What is the maximum value of the Variable?
has max value
property relevant to facilitate queries, as in most cases the contents of a csv file are not directly represented
The geographic data and metadata for the dataset
Location
Gives information about where the ProxyArchive comes from.
Answers the question: Who contributed the resource? A contributor may be the same as the authors of the resource or different. For instance, in the case of a legacy dataset, a Linked Earth member may contribute a previously-published dataset that he/she may not have authored
contributor
Allows distinction between contributor to a resource and the author
Answers the question: What is the importance of the Interpretation?
has rank
Allows to rank the environmental variable controlling the interpretation. For instance, the d18O of coral aragonite responds to both temperature and the d18O of seawater (closely linked to salinity). Depending on the locale and/or timescale, one variable may dominate over the other.
Secondary ion mass spectrometer
Answers the question: Which ProxyObservationModel is used in the ProxySystemModel?
proxy observation model
Links ProxySystemModel to ProxyObservationModel
Ocean chemistry
Fluorescence
Reflectance
Answers the question: What is the International Standard Serial Number of the Publication?
has ISSN
8-digit code used to identify publications
Wood
<p>Paleoceanographers use the term <b>biomarker</b> to describe organic molecules found in <a href="/Category:MarineSediment" title="Category:MarineSediment"> marine sediments</a>, initially produced by a variety of organisms either on land or in the marine environment <sup id="cite_ref-rosell2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosell2007-1">[1]</a></sup>. A key characteristic of biomarkers is their ability to survive deposition in the <a href="/Category:ProxyArchive_%C2%A9" title="Category:ProxyArchive é"> archive</a> in terms of their original structure and steroidal configuration (i.e., spatial distribution of the atoms) <sup id="cite_ref-rosell2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosell2007-1">[1]</a></sup>. Their usefulness for paleoceanographic reconstructions largely depends on their <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Degradation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Degradation (page does not exist)">degradation</a> within the <a href="/Category:ProxyArchive_%C2%A9" title="Category:ProxyArchive é"> archive</a> <sup id="cite_ref-rosell2007_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosell2007-1">[1]</a></sup>.<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-rosell2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">? <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rosell2007_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rosell2007_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rosell2007_1-2">1.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosell-Melé, A., & McClymont, E. L. (2007). Biomarkers as Paleoceanographic proxies. Developments in Marine Geology, 1, 441-490. doi:10.1016/S1572-5480(07)01016-0 </span>
</li>
</ol>
Organic index
d170
The class ssn:Observation provides the structure to represent a single observation. An observation is a situation that describes an observed feature, an observed property, a sensor and method of sensing used and a value observed for the property: that is, an observation describes a single value attributed to a single property by a particular sensor. Observations of multiple features or multiple properties of the one feature should be represented as either compound properties, features and values or as multiple observations, grouped in some appropriate structure.
Nino 2
B/Ca
Answers the question: In what unit of measure is (are) the Variable(s) expressed?
has units
Links the units and the values of the Variable
Ice sheet
Answers the question: What is the integration time needed for a ProxySensor to imprint environmental information on the ProxyArchive? Both are included as part of a ProxySystem
has integration time
Property added to link the proxySystem to the IntegrationTime class
A set of Variables organized in columns
Data table
Connects to the csv file where the data values are stored
DataTable containing PaleoData Variables
PaleoData table
Subdivision between chronological and paleoenvironmental information reflects the fact that Datasets are fundamentally characterized by two distinct components
Answers the question: In which Publication was the Dataset or Compilation issued?
published in
Links the resource to its Publication
The Model of how ProxyObservations are made on the archive. Sensu Evans et al. (2013)
Proxy observation model
We adopted the Evans et al. (2013) framework since this is the only published definition of what is most commonly referred to as ""proxy"" in the paleoclimate community
C
Rock
Neodymium
Answers the question: What is the mean value of the Variable?
has mean value
property relevant to facilitate queries, as in most cases the contents of a csv file are not directly represented
Nino 1
Year
Zn/Ca
A Publication that has undergone a formal peer-review process
Peer reviewed publication
Subclass of Publication.Allows to clearly mark datasets generated as part of a peer-reviewed publication.
The actual sample on which the measurements are made. For instance, the lake core analyzed in the lab is the physical sample.
Physical sample
Used to differentiate between the concept of a ProxyArchive and its physical (real) manifestation
A script that describes the model, in any programming language (e.g., Excel, Matlab, Python, R)
Software code
Added to allow for a link towards the code if on a public repository like GitHub
Salinity
Oxygen has three naturally-occuring stable isotopes: 16O, 17O, 18O, with 16O being the most abundant (99.762%).
Two international reference standards are used to report variations in oxygen isotope standards: PDB and SMOW. The use of the PDB standard in reporting oxygen isotope composition is restricted to carbonates of low-temperature origins (e.g., oceanic, lacustrine ). The conversion between SMOW and PDB scales is given by:
\delta^{18}O_{SMOW} = 1.03091 (\delta^{18}O_{PDB}) +30.91
ô18O may be measured on the shells of foraminifera
d180
Answers the question: What is the ChronModel for the ChronData or ProxySystem under consideration?
chron modeled by
Subproperty of modeledBy. The subdivision between chronological and paleoenvironmental information reflects the fact that Datasets are fundamentally characterized by two distinct components
DataTable containing Variables pertaining to chronological information
Chron data table
Subdivision between chronological and paleoenvironmental information reflects the fact that Datasets are fundamentally characterized by two distinct components
Answers the question: What is the Variable's Interpretation?
interpreted as
Links the Variable to its Interpretation
Nino 4
Answers the question: What is the version of the Dataset?
It should follow the x.y.z notation where x refers to changes in metadata and data following a publication (for instance, the creation of a new age model using a different code), y refers to changes to the data following a publication (for instance, adding data further back in time without changing the model underlying the interpretation), and z refers to changes not associated with a publication (for instance, typos).
dataset version
Allows to update a dataset if Data/Models are added and keep track of the various versions
Trace element
Answers the question: What is the international book number of the Publication?
has ISBN
Link to the ISBN: Identifier used commonly to refer to publications
Mineral matter
The Linked Earth Ontology aims to provide a common vocabulary for annotating paleoclimatology data
The Linked Earth Ontology aims to provide a common vocabulary for annotating paleoclimatology data
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
The Linked Earth Ontology
le
http://linked.earth/ontology#
1.2.0
Carbonate ion concentration
Answers the question: What is the PaleoModel for the PaleoData or ProxySytem under consideration?
paleo modeled by
Subclass of modeledBy, pertaining to paleoenvironmental information
Ar-Ar
Nino 3
Radiocarbon
Si
IGSN identifier associated to a physical sample
has IGSN
Needed to properly described physical samples
Color
A document that serves as reference for a Dataset or its components
Publication
Can be used to credit the contributor of the dataset as well as linking toward the conclusions of the study and relevant methods
Rock
The currently accepted U37kprime (Prahl and Wakeman, 1987) varies positively with temperature, and is defines as C(37:2)/(C(37:2)+C(37:3), where C(37:2) represents the quantity of the di-unsaturated ketone and C(37:3) the quantity of the tri-unsaturated form.
Herbet, T.D., 2003, Alkenone paleotemperature determinations in Treatise on Geochemistry, Volume 6, pp 391-432
Uk 37'
Answers the question: What additional details would you give about the resource?
description
This property may be used to provide further details on instrument descriptions, uncertainty description,etc.
Energy dispersive spectrometer
Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy
Diffuse spectral reflectance
Quantities that may change from value to value. They are usually represented as column of values in a data table
Variable
Basic definition of the values in the columns of the csv file
Moisture Content
The combination of ProxyArchive, ProxySensor, and ProxyObservations pertaining to chronological information. For instance, measurements of radiocarbon on foraminiferal shells would have a ChronProxySystem consisting of ProxyArchive: marine sediment, ProxySensor: Foraminifera, ProxyObservations: Radiocarbon. (ref: Evans et al. [2013])
Chron proxy system
Subdivision between chronological and paleoenvironmental information reflects the fact that Datasets are fundamentally characterized by two distinct components.
Agreed that the ProxySystem concept applies to both Chron and PaleoData
Nino 3.4
Porosity
Sand fraction
Answers the question: In which book was the resource published?
book
Separate between journal and book publication
Answers the question: how would you classify the Interpretation? Examples include Isotope, Climateââ¬Â¦
scope
Allows to separate the various types of interpretation
Gas Chromatography - Isotope ratio -Mass Spectrometer
Answers the question: What is the universal resource locator to a resource?
has link
Allows to point to the original source of a resource
Binocular microscope
Laser-ablation (LA) Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
X-ray fluorescence
Bivalves
A Model of the ProxySensor. Sensu Evans et al. (2013)
Proxy sensor model
One component of the ProxySystemModel
Answers the question: In which environment is the script meant to be run in?
has execution environment
Provides information about the operating system version in which the software code was exceuted?
Stable sulfur isotope
Fe/Ca
Because of their population size, foraminifera produce a significant amount of oceanic carbonate, making them a valuable source of paleoceanographic information.
The following parameters are used in paleoceanographic applications:
* Faunal Assemblage
* Geochemical measurements:
* Isotopes
* Stable oxygen isotopes
* Stable carbon isotopes
* Radiocarbon
* Trace Elements
Foraminifera
Mass spectrometer
The use of TEX86 (TetraEther indeX of 86 carbons) as a tool to reconstruct past sea surface temperature variability is based on the relative cyclization of isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetra ethers (GDGTs) produced by marine archaea. TEX86 is defined as [1]:
TEX_{86}=\frac{GDGT-2+GDGT-3+Cren'}{GDGT-1+GDGT-2+GDGT-3+Cren'}
where GDGTs 1-3 indicate compounds containing 1-3 cyclopentyl moieties, respectively, and Cren' denotes the regioisomer of crenarchaeol, a diagnostic biomarker for the Thaumarchaeota, the primary producers of GDGTs in the marine realm. By definition, values of the TEX86 index are comprised between 0 and 1.
Experimental evidence suggests that archaea produce GDGTs with more rings warmer waters, a response observed in cultures of hyperthermophile archaea [2] [3] and mesocosm experiments with natural seawater containing heterogenous archaeal population [4] [5].
References
[1] Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., Schefuß, E., & Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2002). Distributional variations in marine crenarchaeotal membrane lipids: a new organic proxy for reconstructing ancient sea water temperatures? . Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 204, 265-274.
[2] de Rosa, M., Esposito, E., Gambacorta, A., Nicolaus, B., & Bu'Lock, J. (1980). Effects of temperature on ether lipid composition of Caldariella acidophilia. Phytochemistry, 19, 827-831.
[3] Uda, I., Sugai, A., Itoh, Y., & Itoh, T. (2001). Variation in molecular species of polar liipds from Thermoplasma acidophilum depends on growth temperature. Lipids, 36, 103-105.
[4] Wuchter, C., Schouten, S., Coolen, M. J. L., & Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2004). Temperature-dependent variation in the distribution of tetraether membrane lipids of marine Crenarchaeota: implications for TEX86 paleothermometry. Paleoceanography, 19, PA4028. doi:10.1029/2004PA001041
[5]Schouten, S., Forster, A., Panato, E., & Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2007). Towards the calibration of the TEX86 paleothermometer on ancient greenhouse worlds. Organic Geochemistry. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.05.014
TEX86
Answers the question: Which ChronData are included in the Dataset?
includes chron data
Subproperty of includesData. The subdivision between chronological and paleoenvironmental information reflects the fact that Datasets are fundamentally characterized by two distinct components
Glacier ice
Sclerosponge
Answers the question: What is the Resolution of the Variable?
has resolution
http://wiki.linked.earth/MD982181.Khider.2014.paleo1measurement1.mgcarub.ICPAES
Needed to link a Variable to Resolution
Answers the question: At what date was the Compilation created?
compilation date
Separate compilation date from the publication year. An example is LR04 (datsetdate in 2004) but published in 2005
Diffraction
Southern oscillation index (SOI)
Multi-collector (MC) Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS)
Coccolithophores
Answers the question: In which EnsembleTable, DistributionTable, and/or SummaryTable is the Uncertainty reported?
reported in
Links the uncertainty to the model output
Answers the question: Which PaleoData are included in the Dataset?
includes paleo data
Subproperty of includesData. The subdivision between chronological and paleoenvironmental information reflects the fact that Datasets are fundamentally characterized by two distinct components
Model used to derive a time (or age) axis from the ChronDataModel
Chron model
Subdivision between chronological and paleoenvironmental information reflects the fact that Datasets are fundamentally characterized by two distinct components
The sensor comprises physical, chemical, and/or biological components that react to environmental conditions. Sensors often respond to more than one environmental variable, and may have complex responses to the environment they sense, including thresholds (record only part of the range of environmental conditions), seasonal biases (record environmental conditions over a few months of the year), and/or nonlinear responses (Evans et al. (2013))
The sensor comprises physical, chemical, and/or biological components that react to environmental conditions. Sensors often respond to more than one environmental variable, and may have complex responses to the environment they sense, including thresholds (record only part of the range of environmental conditions), seasonal biases (record environmental conditions over a few months of the year), and/or nonlinear responses (Evans et al. (2013)). Signals recorded by the ProxySensor are imprinted onto the ProxyArchive.
Proxy sensor
See ProxySensor ontology for details about the concept.
We adopted the Evans et al. (2013) framework since this is the only published definition of what is most commonly referred to as ""proxy"" in the paleoclimate community
Answers the question: In which laboratory/repository is the Instrument/PhysicalSample located?
housed at
Link to a particular laboratory. Provides circumstantial information about the measurement technique and how it was applied. Allows to give some information about the actual location of the sample
Refers to the time difference between two adjacent values of a Variable.
Resolution
Class added to describe the annual resolution of the archives
Floral
Answers the question: What is the ProxySystem associated with this MeasuredVariable?
has proxy system
Links the MeasuredVariable to its ProxySystem. For instance, Mg/Ca measurements on foraminiferal shells have ProxySystem: MarineSediment.Foraminifera.Mg/Ca
Answers the question: In which SummaryTable can the statistics on the Model Output be found?
summary table generated by model
Subproperty of foundinTable to link the Model to its outputs
Assemblage
The temperature close to the ocean's surface
Sea surface temperature
Answers the question: What is the email address of the Person?
email
Allow to store contact information
Answer the question: Which compilation does a dataset belong to?
part of compilation
Links the dataset to the compilation
Stable Hydrogen isotope
<p>The geochemical tracers contain in the skeletons of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral">corals</a> provide an unaltered record of the chemical and physical conditions that existed in the surrounding seawater at the time of accretion of its calcium carbonate skeleton <sup id="cite_ref-druffel1997_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-druffel1997-1">[1]</a></sup>. Corals are useful oceanic recorders because they are widely distributed, can be accurately dated, provide an enhanced time resolution (monthly) available from the high growth rate, and are nor subjected to the mixing processes that are present in all toxic sediments (i.e., bioturbation) <sup id="cite_ref-druffel1997_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-druffel1997-1">[1]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>.
</p><p>Corals are from the order Scleractinian, a group in the subclass Zoantharia. Scleractinians include solitary and colonial species of corals. may of which secrete external skeletons of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonite">aragonite</a> <sup id="cite_ref-druffel1997_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-druffel1997-1">[1]</a></sup>. The oldest known scleractinians are shallow water corals from the Middle Triassic <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>.
</p>
The polyp portion of the coral secretes calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) as the mineral aragonite <sup id="cite_ref-druffel1997_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-druffel1997-1">[1]</a></sup>. Massive <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermatypic_coral">hermatypic corals</a> (i.e., reef-building corals) are more desirable than the branching varieties for paleoreconstructions. First, massive corals form round, wave-resistant structures that can include hundreds of years of uninterrupted growth. Second, the accretion rate of calcium carbonate is much higher for hermatypic corals that contain symbiotic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooxanthellae">zooxanthellae</a> than for deep species <sup id="cite_ref-druffel1997_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-druffel1997-1">[1]</a></sup>. Most massive reef corals live at water depths of <40m and grow continuously at rated of 6-20 mm yr<sup>-1</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-druffel1997-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">? <sup><a href="#cite_ref-druffel1997_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-druffel1997_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-druffel1997_1-2">1.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-druffel1997_1-3">1.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-druffel1997_1-4">1.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Druffel, E. R. M. (1997). Geochemistry of corals: Proxies of past ocean chemistry, ocean circulation, and climate. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, 94, 8354-8361. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">?</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Gagan, M. K., Ayliffe, L. K., Beck, J. W., Cole, J. E., Druffel, E. R. M., Dunbar, R. B., & Schrag, D. P. (2000). New views of tropical paleoclimates from corals. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19(1-5), 45-64. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00054-2</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">?</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Stanley, G. (1981). Early history of scleractinian corals and its geological consequences. Geology, 9, 507-511. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">?</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Knutson, D. W., Buddemeier, R. W., & Smith, S. V. (1972). Coal chronologies: seasonal growth bands in reef corals. Science, 177, 270-272. </span>
</li>
</ol>
Coral
DD
dD
Answers the question: What are the numerical values of the Variable, Uncertainty, and Model outputs?
has value
Useful if there is only a single value rather than a vector of numbers. Often the case for analytical uncertainty or uncertainty reported as a RMSE
Ostracods
Answers the question: What is the name of the csv file in which the Variable values are stored?
has file name
Links a DataTable with its appropriate csv file
Answers the question: Which Data are included in the Dataset?
includes data
Links Dataset to Data
Zeiss petrographic microscope
Luminescence
Mg/Ca
Silt fraction
Answers the question: Is the InferredVariable value increasing or decreasing as the value of the MeasuredVariable is increasing?
interpretation direction
Answer is only positive or negative. Useful metadata when the calibration equation is not readily available.
Also applies to InferredVariable to faciliate the search in database